CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL

HISTORY

EMBRACING THE PERIOD COVERED IN THIS VOLUME

A.D. 1844-1861

DANIEL EDWIN WHEELER

Events treated at length are here indicated in large
type; the numerals following give volume and page.

Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of
the careers of famous persons, will be found in the INDEX
VOLUME, with references showing where the several events
are fully treated.

A.D.

1844. "INVENTION OF THE TELEGRAPH." See xvii, 1.

1845. Florida and Texas admitted to the United States; beginning of
President Polk's Administration.

Sir John Franklin sails on his last search for the Northwest Passage.
England and France war on the Argentine Confederation.

1846. War between the United States and Mexico; General Taylor
captures Monterey; California and New Mexico occupied by United
States troops. See "THE ACQUISITION OF CALIFORNIA," xvii, 34.
Treaty with England arranges the Oregon boundary.

Elias Howe patents the sewing-machine.

"THE DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE." See xvii, 25.

Great Famine begins in Ireland. Corn-Law agitation at its height in
England. "REpeal of the ENGLISH CORN LAWS;" see xvii, 11.

Unsuccessful uprising of the Poles. Cracow annexed to Austria.
Election of Pope Pius IX; his reforms. See "THE REFORms of Pius
IX," xvii, 109.

1847. General Taylor conquers Northern Mexico; Battle of Buena
Vista. General Scott captures Vera Cruz, marches on the city of
Mexico, wins repeated battles, and enters the capital in triumph, Septem-
ber 14th. See "THE MEXICAN WAR," xvii, 66.

"FAMINE IN IRELAND." See xvii, 84.

Tumult occasioned in Italy by the papal reforms; civil war of the
Sonderbund in Switzerland; France finally subjugates Morocco. See
"THE FALL OF Abd-el-KADER," xvii, 48.

1848. Peace signed between Mexico and the United States; cession
of large territory by Mexico.

"DISCOVERY Of Gold in CALIFORNIA." See xvii, 188.

The Mormons settle in Utah.

MONS," xvii, 94.

See "MIGRATIONS of the MOR-

Italian uprisings in Milan and Sicily; Sardinia grants a constitution
to its subjects. See "THE Revolution oF FEBRUARY In France,”
xvii, 137. Gathering of a workingmen's convention in Paris.

Outbreak of revolution in Vienna (March 13th) and in Berlin (March
18th). See "REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS IN GERMANY," xvii, 152.
Meeting of the German Parliament at Frankfort.

Venice declares itself a republic.

Sardinia begins war for the "libera-
tion of Italy"; Battle of Custozza. Bloody outbreak of communists in
Paris. Unsuccessful revolts in Poland and Bohemia.

"THE REVOLT OF HUNGARY." See xvii, 172.

Storming of Vienna by government troops. Flight of Pius IX from
Rome. Louis Napoleon elected President of France.

The English crowd back the Boers in Southern Africa; the Boers
migrate and form the Transvaal Republic.

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated as President of the United States.
Rome declared a republic. The Sardinian troops defeated by the
Austrians at Novara, and the Sardinian King resigns his throne to his son,
Victor Emmanuel II. Austria again dominant in Italy. Rome stormed
by French troops. See "Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic,"
xvii, 198.

Venice surrenders to the Austrians after nearly a year of siege.
Hungary declared a republic; her forces crushed by the Russians in aid
of Austria.

Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein at war. A German confederation
established.

"Livingstone's AFRICAN DISCOVERIES." See xvil, 213.

The Punjab annexed to British India.

1850. Death of President Taylor. Congress passes the Clay com-
promise measures admitting California as a free State, but compelling
the return of fugitive slaves by the North.

Tai-ping rebellion begins in China.

1851. First great world's fair in the Crystal Palace, London.
Discovery of Gold in AusTRALIA." See xvii, 238.

"THE COUP D'ÉTAT OF LOUIS NAPOLEON;" see xvii, 230. Napo-
leon dismisses the Assembly, and is elected President of France for ten
years.

1852. Napoleon III proclaimed Emperor of France.

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated as President of the United States.
The Gadsden Purchase made from Mexico, including Southern
Arizona and New Mexico. Surveys begin for a transcontinental rail-
road; Dr. Kane sets out on his arctic explorations.

Russia quarrels with Turkey, claims a protectorate over all Christians

in Turkish dominions; war begun, a Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope.
England and France interfere.

Great successes of the Tai-pings in China.

1854. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill intensifies the slavery agi-
tation in the United States; formation of the Republican party. See
"THE RISE of the RepublICAN PARTY," xvii, 256.

France and England declare war against Russia; bombardment of
Bomarsund; the allies land in the Crimea; battles of the Alma, of Bala-
klava, of Inkerman, siege of Sebastopol.

"THE OPENING OF JAPAN." See xvii, 265.

1855. "THE Capture of SEBASTOPOL." See xvii, 286.
Russian successes against the Turks in Asia.

Overthrow of Santa Anna, Dictator of Mexico.

Opening of a railway across the Isthmus of Panama.

1856. Tumult and bloodshed in Kansas. Walker, the filibuster, seizes
temporary control of Nicaragua.

End of the Crimean War; Russia withdraws from the Danubian Prov-
inces.

Second war between England and China; Persians attack Afghanistan.
1857. James Buchanan inaugurated as President of the United States.
The decision in the Dred Scott case extends slavery into the Territories.
Mormon Revolt in Utah.

"THE INDIAN MUTINY;" see xvii, 297. Nana Sahib heads the insur-
gents; recapture of Delhi and Cawnpore; relief of Lucknow.

England ends the Persian War. France joins England against China.
The first Atlantic cable laid and broken.

1858. Jews admitted to share in the government of England.

End of the Indian Mutiny; the East Indian Company transfers its
authority to the Crown.

1859. John Brown's Raid.

Charles Darwin announces the doctrine of evolution. See " DARWIN
PUBLISHES HIS ORIGIN OF SPECIES," xvii, 326.

Russia captures Shamyl, and subdues the entire region of the Caucasus.
Cavour, the chief statesman of Sardinia, arranges an alliance with
France and begins a war with Austria to establish "United Italy."
"BATTLES OF Magenta and SOLFERINO." See xvii, 318.

Lombardy added to the Italian Kingdom; Venice remains Austrian.
1860. Garibaldi and his "Thousand" attack the Neapolitans in
Sicily; they capture Naples. Victor Emmanuel seizes the States of the
Church. See "THE KINGDOM OF ITALY ESTABLISHED,” xvii, 334.

French and English troops seize Peking and dictate peace terms.
Election of Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, as President
of the United States. South Carolina secedes from the Union.
1861. "EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIAN SERFS." See xvii, 353-

END OF VOLUME XVII