Avenue and Wesley Avenue abutting on the westerly boundary of the district. In the entire district there were 162 lots, of which 23 or 24 fronted on the work. Many of the lots, by reason of the diagonal direction of Wesley Avenue, were small and of irregular shapes. Four of the lots of full size and rectangular in shape belong to the appellant. Two of them face Lake Shore Boulevard and two of them face Wesley Avenue. They extend lengthwise on both sides of the entire block of Brooklyn Avenue, which was improved. The appellant's two lots fronting on Wesley Avenue also abutted on the crossing.

After the work was done the assessment was made, and the appellant's lots were assessed, respectively, $419.96, $509.69, $442.19, and $576.27, aggregating $1,948.11. Of the 162 lots in the district, only four, those belonging to the appellant, were assessed for more than $276; twenty-seven for sums between ten dollars and one hundred dollars, the remainder for sums under ten dollars, of which forty were assessed for but one cent apiece. The appellant claims the assessment is void, and to show its invalidity relies upon three propositions: First, that the district established by the resolution was ignored and disregarded by the superintendent of streets, who, it is claimed, in excess of his jurisdiction, imposed a frontage system of assessment; secondly, that the assessment appears on its face to be without uniformity and regardless of benefit; and, lastly, that the assessment upon each of the appellant's four lots is confiscatory.

The complaint is in the ordinary form in such cases. In her answer the defendant denied the essential allegations of the complaint and set forth the assessment, alleging that it "was without reference to, disproportionate to, irrespective of and contrary to any or all benefits received or to be received by each of said lots or portions thereof," and that "said purported assessment was and is disproportionately, unequally, and unjustly placed upon the various lots or portions of lots or subdivisions of land mentioned in said diagram and purported assessment, without regard to the district declared to be benefited in said resolution of intention of the city council, and that said assessment was and is without uniformity and is confiscatory, and void." The findings negatived the appellant's allegations of fact, and support the conclusions of law.

While the usual number of cases is cited in the appellant's briefs, her reliance is chiefly placed upon the decision of the supreme court in Spring Street Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 170 Cal. 24, [L. R. A. 1918E, 197, 148 Pac. 217]. In that case in declaring an assessment void a statement of Mr. Justice Redfield of the supreme court of Vermont was quoted as follows: "We have no doubt that a local assessment may so transcend the limits of equality and reason that its exaction would cease to be a tax or contribution to a common burden and become extortion and confiscation. In that case it would be the duty of the court to protect the citizen from robbery under color of a better name." (Allen v. Drew, 44 Vt. 174.)

In the Los Angeles case it appeared that the city of Los Angeles, having determined to widen one of its streets, condemnation proceedings were prosecuted to judgment to take a strip five feet wide from the lots fronting on either side of the street. The judgment in favor of the lot owners aggregated something over two hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars, of which twenty thousand dollars was awarded to the owner of one lot, which may be designated the Hamberger lot. Under the Los Angeles charter the duty of levying the assessment for the cost of the improvement rested in the board of public works. In its original assessment it charged the remainder of the Hamberger lot with $12,794.10. Protests against the assessment having been made, the city council adopted a recommendation of its street committee that the assessments on the lots fronting on the widened street should be the same in amount as that allowed in the condemnation proceedings, and that surplus costs of the improvement should be levied in accordance with the front-foot rule upon all the lots in the assessment district. The board of public works was directed to make a new assessment, which it did in accordance with the recommendation of the committee. In transmitting the new assessment the board of public works expressed its opinion that the original assessment was correct, and called attention to the fact that under the new method certain lots which received larger benefits than others were assessed for smaller amounts. Protests against the second assessment were overruled by the council. The court determined that the reassessment was not even a quasi-judicial act of the board intrusted

with the duty of making the assessment. The defense was that the property owners had had their day in court before the city council and the action of the council in overruling their protests, in the absence of fraud, should be held conclusive. Citing Chase v. Trout, 146 Cal. 350, [80 Pac. 81], and other cases in the opinion, the supreme court said the record "furnishes convincing evidence that the assessment was ordered prepared without the slightest exercise of judicial discretion, and so unwarrantedly, arbitrarily, and unjustly, as to work a confiscation of the property and to be, therefore, in no legal sense an assessment at all." (Spring Street Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 170 Cal. 32, [L. R. A. 1918E, 197, 148 Pac. 220].)

[1] In neither the briefs in this case nor in the opinion in the Los Angeles case is the phrase "due process of law" used. The facts in the Los Angeles case and the language used by the supreme court clearly show that the determination was based upon the rule that property of the individual shall not be taken without due process of law. The purpose of the constitutional guaranty is to exclude arbitrary power from every branch of the government. It is a restraint upon the legislative, executive, and judicial departments. (State v. Guilbert, 56 Ohio St. 575, [60 Am. St. Rep. 756, 38 L. R. A. 519, 47 N. E. 551]; Ulman v. Baltimore, 72 Md. 587, [11 L. R. A. 224, 20 Atl. 141, 21 Atl. 709]; Chicago etc. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, [41 L. Ed. 979, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 581, see also, Rose's U. S. Notes].) In the Los Angeles case the property owners were within the constitutional guaranty.

In the case of Beck et al. v. Ransome-Crummey Co., post, p. 674, [184 Pac. 431], in discussing the application of the rule. of due process of law, this court, for the purpose of illustration only, referred to the analogy between the steps necessary for a municipal corporation to acquire jurisdiction to order the performance of public work, the cost of which is to be made chargeable upon private property, and the steps necessary to be taken to vest jurisdiction in a court to proceed to hear and determine a civil cause. In considering the question of the erroneous, arbitrary, or fraudulent exercise of jurisdiction the analogy is no less illustrative of the principles involved.

[2] After the court acquires jurisdiction of the defendant and subject matter of a particular case, it may proceed to judgment. So long as the judgment is one within the general power of the court extending over all similar cases, and within the issues of the particular case, the judgment, when it shall have become final, is conclusive upon the parties and in regard to all matters adjudged, regardless of any error on the part of the court. It may be attacked for fraud by a suit in equity in which the burden of both pleading and proving the fraud rests upon the complainant. (United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U. S. 61, [25 L. Ed. 93]; Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U. S. 454, [10 Ann. Cas. 689, 51 L. Ed. 879, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 556]; Central Land Co. v. Laidley, 159 U. S. 103, [40 L. Ed. 91, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 80, see, also, Rose's U. S. Notes].)

[3] If there is fraud, or arbitrary action in excess of the jurisdiction of the court, either may be shown in a proper proceeding, unless the injured party has waived his rights by consent to the act or in some other way. These rules apply as well to assessment proceedings as to judgments of courts.

[4] The guaranty of the right to be heard does not necessarily require a determination in a court proceeding. The individual may be fully protected by an opportunity given to present to the local governing body his objections to an assessment such as is involved in this case. Its decision, in the absence of fraud, or arbitrary action amounting to fraud, may be as conclusive as the judgment of a court in a civil action. (Lambert v. Bates, 137 Cal. 676, [70 Pac. 777].) In the Los Angeles case an appeal was made to the council and its action in sustaining the assessment which it had procured to be made was so gross and arbitrary an action as to amount to fraud. [5] In the present case the appellant did not appeal from the action of the superintendent of streets, who levied the assessment, to the city council. Fraud is never to be presumed. It cannot be assumed that if the defendant had just cause of complaint the council would not upon appeal have ordered the assessment corrected. In the Los Angeles case the assessment was made without any exercise of official discretion, and the council arbitrarily refused to protect the property owner. In this case the dis

cretion of the superintendent of streets was exercised, perhaps erroneously, but the property owner did not seek the protection of the council. In effect, she permitted a default judgment to be entered against her by a tribunal having jurisdiction of her cause.

[6] On the trial, over the objection of the plaintiff, evidence was received showing that the appellant's four lots were assessed for taxes in the aggregate of $1,650. Evidence was also introduced showing that the superintendent of streets levied the assessment upon the lots by the exercise of a discretion in a manner which may have been erroneous but which involved the examination and determination of the comparative benefits he believed would flow to the respective lots by reason of the work. This examination and determination was essentially judicial in its nature. If either his method or conclusions were erroneous, the statute furnished a means for the property owners to protect themselves. At any time within thirty days after the date of the warrant issued upon the making of the assessment, the owners aggrieved may in writing state their objections to the assessments. Thereafter, and upon notice, the council is required to hear such objections and may remedy and correct any of the acts or determinations of the superintendent of streets, confirm, amend, set aside, alter, modify, or correct the assessment in such manner as to it shall seem just, directing the superintendent of streets to correct the warrant, assessment, or diagram in any particular or to make and issue a new warrant, assessment, or diagram to conform to the decision of the council. All decisions and determinations of the council upon notice and hearing in this regard are made final and conclusive upon all persons entitled to appeal under the provisions of the section as to all errors and irregularities which the council might have avoided or remedied or which it cau then remedy. The section continues: "No assessment, warrant, diagram or affidavit of demand and nonpayment, after the issue of the same, and no proceedings prior to the assessment, shall be held invalid by any court for any error, informality, or other defect in the same," where the resolution of intention shall have been passed and posted in such manner as to give the council jurisdiction to order the work to be done. (Street Improvement Act of 1911, sec. 26, Stats.