He removes the Archbishoprick from Caerleon to Menevia 197 Traces of his Memory in Devon and Cornwall Tydecho, Amwn Ddu, and other Armorican Saints Aneurin; Question of his identity with Gildas Account of the Britons of Cumberland Dunawd, Founder of the Monastery of Bangor Iscoed 206 Brochwel Ysgythrog, defeated by Ethelfrith Arrival of Cadfan with a company of Saints from Armorica 213 Archiepiscopal Pall claimed by the Bishops of St. David's Families of Gwynllyw Filwr, and Ynyr Gwent Inundation of Cantref y Gwaelod Festivals of Saints represented by modern Fairs and Wakes 240 THE WELSH SAINTS FROM THE ACCESSION OF CYSTENNYN GORONOG He returns and is appointed Archbishop of Menevia The Archbishoprick removed to Llandaff Daniel or Deiniol, the First Bishop of Bangor Consecrated probably by St. David Cyndeyrn or St. Kentigern, the First Bishop of Glasgow He retires to Wales, and founds the Bishoprick of St. Asaph His alleged Correspondence with the Pope St. Oudoceus, Bishop of Llandaff Not the Author of the Chronicle of the Kings of Britain 277 288 Refusal of the Britons to submit to the Pope 289 Silence of Bede respecting an Archbishoprick in Wales. 291 292 293 295 Massacre of the Monks of Bangor by Ethelfrith SECTION XIV. THE WELSH SAINTS FROM THE DEATH OF CADWALLON A. D. 634 TO INDEX Reign of Cadwaladr Confounded with Ceadwalla, King of Wessex Peris Edwen SECTION XV. THE WELSH SAINTS FROM THE DEATH OF CADWALADR A. D. 664 TO THE END Little known of the history of this Generation Saints after the Conformity of the Welsh to the Church of Rome Welsh Saints of uncertain date Curig Lwyd Objection respecting the number of Saints Epistle of St. Aldhelm to Geruntius respecting the Ton- The Britons at this time not under Papal Jurisdiction . 299 300 301 302 304 305 APPENDIX, No. I.—Saints of Britain from Cressy's "Church History of Brittany" 305 306 307 309 311 APPENDIX, No. II-Anglo-Saxon Saints to whom Churches have SECTION I. The comparative Antiquity of the Foundation of Churches and Chapels in Wales ascertained from the nature of their Endowments. ACCORDING to popular opinion, many of the churches in Wales were founded by certain holy persons or Saints whose names they retain, as if Llangadog and Llandeilo,* or the Churches of Cadog and Teilo, were not so called in consequence of any formal dedication, but named after their founders, who are alleged to have lived in the fifth and sixth centuries. Lest however it should be urged that the Welsh Records and Traditions, which support this opinion of their high antiquity, are of insufficient authority, it may be proved that churches of the class alluded to are necessarily, from the nature of their endowments, the most ancient† in the Principality, if indeed they were not founded in the early age to which they are attributed. In the absence of positive evidence to the fact, it will readily be granted that the Welsh churches were at first few, and that they were afterwards multiplied to serve the occasions that required them. How soon certain districts were apportioned for their maintenance, cannot well be determined. It is, however, probable that the districts first appropriated * Usually written "Llangadock" and "Llandilo," but the Welsh mode of spelling is here preferred, in order to render the meaning of the names more obvious. + These observations apply to churches as regards their original establishment, the antiquity of the edifices which now exist, being more of an architectural question, does not belong to the purpose of this Essay. were extensive; but when once they were attached to particular churches, the sacred nature of ecclesiastical property would tend to preserve their limits inviolate. If therefore any such extensive appropriations can be discovered, it may be presumed that the churches to which they belong are those of the earliest date. An example may be taken from the northern part of Radnorshire, where the churches of Nantmel, Llangynllo, and Llanbister are ascribed or dedicated to Cynllo. This tract of country was probably the scene of his ministry, or it will be sufficient if it be allowed that he possessed some influence over it. Whenever tithes would be assigned for the support of the clergy, this tract would be divided into three districts, which should maintain the ministers of the three churches mentioned. It would afterwards be found that these churches were insufficient for the accommodation of districts so extensive. Chapels of Ease were therefore built in the more remote parts; and whenever the minister of the mother church found it inconvenient to attend in person, he would appoint Curates, to whom he allowed a certain stipend out of his own income; for he still maintained his right to the tithes of the whole district as before. In process of time the district would be subdivided, and certain parts assigned to the Curacies, which would thus become Parochial Chapelries; and though the Curacy might become Perpetual, the minister still retained the right of nomination. He also maintained his right, though perhaps little more than nominal, to the tithes of the several parts which would together constitute so many parishes according to their modern arrangement, At this day the district of Nantmel, in the county of Radnor, includes the several parishes of Nantmel, Llanfihangel-Helygen, Llanyre, and Rhayader. Nantme is a Vicarage in the patronage of the Bishop of St. David's; Llanfihangel and Rhayader are Perpetual Curacies in the gift of the Vicar of Nantmel, and the Curacy or Chapelry of |