genesis and growth of the "Old World Idea" in regard to Church and State, which obtained in full force in every European government at the time of American colonization, with which the American liberty stands in so sharp a contrast, and from the bonds of which the story will show the colonies gradually setting themselves free.

As to works cited, it is proper to specially note that the citations from Bancroft's "History of the United States" refer to the 23d (8 vol.) edition, Boston, 1864; also, that in the sketch of the "Old World Idea," in view of its special place in this treatise, the author has felt at liberty to depend largely upon the very acute and comprehensive monograph, "Church and State," by A. Innes of Edinburgh, whose page is cited in every instance of direct quotation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I

THE AMERICAN PRINCIPLE

Its unique character-American law-Church and State-Definition
of the principle - Strictly an American idea - Growth — Roger
Williams-Contents of liberty-Not simply freedom of conscience
- Dr. Francis Lieber - Spinoza - Liberty not toleration - Lord
Stanhope - Paine - Relation to civil law - Heresy - Interferences
of civil Russia-In England - Mutual limitations of
Church and State in America - Independence of each other-
Williams quoted-William Penn-Fostering environment of colo-
nial life-Points of distinction - Lieber - Kent - Rawle - Cooley

-

II

THE OLD WORLD IDEA

-

-

-

Church and State in Europe - A problem of western Christendom - A
Christian problem -The Hebrew theocracy - Pagan conditions—
At first Christianity religio illicita Spread of the Church-Per-
secution by Diocletian - Toleration of Galerius - Constantine-
Edict of Milan- Proclamation to the peoples of the East - A full
Religious Liberty-Repression of heathenism by sons of Constantine
- Christianity established by law - Ambrose - Augustine - His
maxim- Episcopal power The Church saves society Rome
Epochs of development - Claims of the Church-Gregory the Great
- Charlemagne - Subjection of the Church to the empire - Hilde-

brand - Henry IV. Canossa Investitures Innocent III.

Church supremacy - Frederic II. - Rise of nationalism-Boniface

VIII. — Edward I. — Philip the Fair - No freedom of conscience in

nationalism - Protestantism - Lutheran and Reformed - Power of

princes― Cujus regio, ejus religio-Conceded by Protestants-Peace

of Augsburg-Luther-Confession of Augsburg-Calvin-Helvetic

Confessions-French Confession-Zwinglius - Belgic Confession-

Arminius - Church of England - Church of Scotland - Westmin-

ster Confession Erastus - Grotius

Cartwright

1

-

-

-

-

-

Spinoza

-

PAGE

1

-

-

Hooker - Exceptions to supremacy of State few Cromwell

Vane-Quakers-John Locke - English Toleration Act-Burke

- Anabaptists

III

COLONIAL BEGINNINGS

Most of the colonies begun under dominance of the European principle

-Persecution wrong or right according to the character of the doc-

trine Pilgrim tolerance - Massachusetts intolerance - John Cot-

Virginia conformity Three systems

Four groups of

colonies-Origin of colonial establishments - Influence of English

government

ton

-

-

IV

CHURCH OF ENGLAND ESTABLISHMENTS

Established by charter or legislation and remaining until the Revolution

-

1. Virginia

-

Religious motive in foundation of colony-Sir Walter Raleigh

Church established - Robert Hunt - Whitaker-Governor Dale —

"Lawes Divine, Moral and Martial”— - Argal - Wyatt - Virginia

becomes a royal province- Care for the Church - Religious legisla-

tion Ministers- Lord Baltimore expelled from Virginia - Early

toleration - Puritans in Virginia - Severer measures Romanists

- Sir William Berkeley-Boston ministers driven away - Vestries

and patronage—The period of the commonwealth — Quakers —

The Restoration - Stringent laws against dissent - Scattered settle-

ment-"Virginia's Cure". Clerical morals-Schools and printing

-Francis Mackemie - Toleration Act- Huguenots- Persecutions

- Baptists - Other sects- Methodists - Scotch Presbyterians -

Whitefield-Samuel Morris - Irregular religious services-Gov-

ernor Gooch Presbytery of Newcastle -Acts of repression-

Samuel Davies-John Rodgers - Forbidden to preach - Davies's

triumphant defence - Growing disaffection to the establishment –

Causes of it"Disarming Papists"-Two-Penny Act-"Par-

sons' Cause"

Patrick Henry - Persecution of Baptists-Fall of

-

the establishment

-

-

-

-

2. The Carolinas

-

Charter - Anglican Church established — Toleration — Religious con-

Dissenters "Fundamental Constitutions" - Atheists ex-

PAGE

19

67

74

74

-

-

Irreligion outlawed — Religious destitution — Anglican immigration

- Plot against dissenters - First clergyman in colony-Governor

Archdale Act of 1704- Dissenters disfranchised — A lay ecclesi-

astical court-The people of the colony-Quakers - Act of 1704

annulled-Letters of the clergy - Morals of the clergy — Few

churches

Establish-

- Charter abrogated and province divided

ment only nominal in North Carolina - South Carolina church laws

-Chapels of ease - Three-fourths of the population averse to the

establishment

PAGE

115

V

PURITAN ESTABLISHMENTS

All New England outside of Rhode Island-Congregationalism-Es-

tablished by colonial legislation — Distinctions among the colonies. 133

-

--

1. Plymouth

-

-

From Scrooby to Holland-Attempts to emigrate to America-Lord
Bacon-Plymouth Company-Emigration as a church-Mayflower
Compact Freedom of conscience Freeman's law Tolerant
spirit-Religious legislation -"Presbyterian Cabal"-Criticism
by Massachusetts - Quakers - Hubbard - Chauncy - Lechford —
Oldham - Doughty-Thomas Morton-Governor Bradford-Com-
parative isolation of Plymouth - United with Massachusetts

2. The Massachusetts Theocracy

-

-

Charter to

First settlers on the Bay - Coming of Endicott Salem

"Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay"- Religious atti-

tude of the Puritans — Endicott's administration — Religious aim

"The Planters' Plea". -"Scottow's Narrative"-Company's in-

structions-Organization of Church at Salem - Civil power over

religion - Expulsion of the Brownes "New England's Planta-

tion"— Emigration of 1630-John Winthrop - Dudley-Cotton's

"Abstract of Laws"- Tax for support of Church - Voluntary sup-

port in Boston-Morton of Merry-Mount - Freemen - Franchise

made dependent on membership in State-Church Reasons for

exclusiveness — Act of 1635 completing the establishment — Inquisi-

torial power-No right of presentation - Origin of the establishment

Domicile - Heresy Contempt Non-attendance at church -

Romanists - New England Confederacy - Power of the ministers-

Civil Code - Roger Williams-Process against him- His flight-

Reasons for the persecution-Mrs. Hutchinson - Antinomian con-

troversy - Sir Harry Vane - Wheelwright - Synod of 1637

-

133

PAGE

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Action of general court Remonstrance Banishment of Mrs.

Hutchinson-Church trial and censure - Harvard College - Samuel

Gorton — “Presbyterian Cabal” — “New England's Jonas Cast-up

at London" - Cambridge Synod - Civil interferences - William

Pynchon Clarke and Holmes at Lynn - Saltonstall's letter

Cotton's reply "Simple Cobler of Aggawam"- The English

commonwealth - More repression - Popery and Christmas-Moral

laxity - Non-church members - Half-Way Covenant- Synod of

Boston, 1662-Widening of franchise - Quakers - Their offensive

conduct Frantic legislation Executions Disapproval of the

people - Reproof of the king-Judgment on the persecution - Its

effect on the theocracy - Suffrage and Episcopacy - Royal commis-

sioners to the colonies - New law of franchise - Baptists persecuted

- Popular disapproval — The charter revoked - Governor Andros-

Struggle for Episcopal services- - Proclamation of religious liberty

by James II. - Boston regards it suspiciously-Accession of Will-

iam III. - New Massachusetts charter absorbs Plymouth - All

religious restriction on suffrage removed-Church support — The

Five-Mile Act-The Great Awakening - Futile efforts to obtain a

synod in 1725— Loss of ministerial power

-

-

-

3. Connecticut

-

-

-

Foundation a protest against ecclesiasticism of the Bay-The younger
Winthrop and Hooker Saybrook Character and attitude of
Hooker Settlement on the Connecticut in 1638- Civil power in
the Church Church polity- Liberality-The franchise - Legis-
lative care of the churches- High moral and non-political purpose
of magistrates No persecutions — Organization of churches —
Maintenance of the ministry - Beginnings of voluntary system
Meeting-houses -- The legislature an Ecclesiastical Court- Legis-
lative interest in Spiritual Affairs - Half-Way Covenant-Religious
life-Report on state of religion by the general association of min-
isters to the legislature - Saybrook Synod and Platform-By the
legislature made law Dissent Quakers Charter of 1662-
Royal commissioners - Acknowledgment of liberty of opinion
Report of Governor Leete, 1680- Under James II. and William III.
-First movements towards organized dissent - Episcopal Church
at Stratford-Act of 1708 - Defection of Cutler and Johnson-
Disorders-Church rates-"Act for ease of such as soberly dis-
sent," 1727 — The Great Awakening — Disturbances - New law for
dissenters, 1743 - Distinction against Romanists- The Moravians
at Sharon and Kent - Silenced and driven away - Protest of Zin-
zendorf The "Separates," or "New Lights". Absence of theo-
cratic ideal

-

-

148

238