(Tehidy Park), 16,969; Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, 13,288; Duchy of Cornwall, 12,516; C. H. T. Hawkins (Probus), 12,119; and Lord John Thynne, 10,244.

The underground wealth of Cornwall is, however, not only diminishing in quantity and quality, but the process of raising it is becoming too expensive to be continued. No copper lodes of great importance have been discovered of late years, while the surface or stream tin is nearly exhausted. Almost all the Cornish tin is now raised from deep mines at heavy expense, and has to compete with the vast supplies which arrive from foreign countries. The Cornish miners are an intelligent and independent body of men. They are in request in whatever part of the world mining operations are conducted; and it may fairly be asserted that the solution of every intricate problem in mining geology is generally assigned to a Cornish agent,. and every task requiring skill, resource, and courage intrusted to a Cornish miner. About 28,000 persons used to be employed in the mines, but emigration to more remunerative fields abroad has recently reduced that number most materially. For many centuries a tax on the tin, after smelting, was paid to the earls and dukes of Cornwall. The smelted blocks were carried to certain towns to be coined, that is, stamped with the duchy seal before they could be sold. By an Act of 1838 the dues payable on the coinage of tin were abolished, and a compensation was awarded to the duchy instead of them.

the end of the 15th century, and little attention was paid to it until the last years of the 17th. No mine seems to have been worked exclusively for copper before the year Economic Geology and Mines.-The granite, the slate, 1700; and up to that time the casual produce had been and the serpentine of Cornwall are of the first importance. bought by Bristol merchants, to their great gain, at the The mines are among the chief features of the county. rate of from £2 10s. to £4 per ton. In 1718 a Mr. Coster Granite is largely quarried in various districts, especially at gave a great impulse to the trade by draining some of the Luxulian, on the Liskeard moors, and at Penryn, and has deeper mines, and instructing the men in an improved served for the material of London and Waterloo bridges, method of dressing the ore. From that period the present the docks of Chatham, and many great public works. The trade in Cornish copper may be said to date its rise, the granite of Cornwall is for the most part coarse-grained; annual produce, with occasional exceptions, having until but in this respect it differs considerably in different places, recent times progressively increased. In 1851 the mines of and the coarse-grained rock is often traversed by veins of Devon and Cornwall together were estimated to furnish onefiner texture. From the Delabole quarries, in the Devonian third of the copper raised throughout other parts of Europe series, near Tintagel, the best slate in the kingdom is ex- and the British Isles (De la Beche). It has been calculated tracted, and is largely exported; 120 tons are raised on that the clear profits from fourteen of the most productive an average daily. These slates were in great repute in the mines in Cornwall (both tin and copper), during the pres16th century and earlier. Serpentine is quarried in the ent century, have reached to £2,756,640, the value of the Lizard district, where alone it is found, and, besides its use entire produce having been £13,158,203. From this gross as a decorative stone, it is exported in small quantities to sum the expenses of labor, materials, working costs, and Bristol for the manufacture of carbonate of magnesia. China- "dues" or royalties have to be deducted. The number of clay is prepared artificially from decomposed granite, chiefly years during which these fourteen mines have been worked in the neighborhood of St. Austell, and is exported to an varies from 5 to 66. annual amount of about 80,000 tons. The chief mineral productions of Cornwall, considered as objects of trade, are tin and copper, the former being found nowhere in the United Kingdom except in Cornwall and Devon. Both these metals occur most plentifully in the Devonian series, but for the most part in the neighborhood of granite, or of its modification, elvan. The veins of ore are arranged in groups as follows:-1. That of St. Austell, chiefly stanniferous; 2. St. Agnes, chiefly stanniferous; 3. Gwennap, Redruth, and Camborne, chiefly cupriferous; 4. Breage, Marazion, and Gwinear, of mixed character; 5. St. Just and St. Ives, mainly stanniferous. Besides tin and copper, antimony ores are found where the Devonian rocks are much traversed by traps, as at Endellyon, Port Isaac, and St. Germans. Manganese is also found under similar conditions. Some lead occurs, and some small mines are worked, but with no great results; and iron, in lodes, as brown hæmatite, has been worked extensively near Lostwithiel and elsewhere. Metals occur in the lines of fault and fissure, which extend through the different geological formations of Devon and Cornwall. In Devon and in East Cornwall these lines run nearly N. and S., and are crossed by others running E. and W. In West Cornwall the lines are more bent, and the main fissures take a direction nearly parallel with the general range of land. Metallic fissures are locally termed lodes. Ores are not disseminated through all parts of the fissures in which they are found, but are gathered in patches known as "bunches of ore," the intervening portions containing strings and specks of metal, but in quantities too small to be profitably worked. It should be observed that in all lodes or fissures, whatever may be the nature of their produce, the parts most highly inclined are always the most productive. Tin occurs not only in lodes but in streams of stones and minute grains, carried from the head of the lode, where it neared the surface, apparently by some great force of water, which must have rushed from N. to S., since the great streams of tin are in all instances carried toward the S. coast. Stream tin is found immediately on the hard rocky surface of the country, and is covered by numerous tertiary deposits, which indicate that much of the coast line has been depressed and again raised, since the first deposit of the tin stones. Oxide of tin also generally occurs in the gossan," or ochreous substance which forms the upper part of a good copper lode. The native ore from the mine or the stream-work is known as black tin. White tin is the metal after smelting. In the stream-works tin pebbles are sometimes found of 10 or 12 lb weight, and great masses of rock richly impregnated with metal have occurred weigh ing more than 200 lb. But the small or grain tin, as it is called, is of better quality.

Tin occurs in both granite and slate; copper for the most part in granite. The most important Cornish copper ore is the sulphuret, commonly known as grey ore by the miners; but copper pyrites, or the bisulphuret of copper, occurs far more frequently in both Cornwall and Devon. The tin of Cornwall has been known and worked from a period long before the dawn of certain history. Copper, which lies deeper in the earth, and consequently cannot be "streamed” for, was almost unnoticed in the county until

Stannary Courts.-By ancient charters, the tinners of Cornwall were exempt from all other jurisdiction than that of the stannary courts, except in cases affecting land, life, and limb. The earliest charter is that of Edmund earl of Cornwall, but the freedom then assured was rather confirmed than given for the first time; and it is probable that the customs of the stannary courts are of high antiquity. Twenty-four stannators were returned for the whole of Cornwall. Their meeting was termed a parlia ment, and when they assembled they chose a speaker. In earlier times, the combined tinners of Devon and Cornwall assembled on Hingston Down, a tract of highland on the Cornish side of the Tamar. After the charter of Earl Edmund, the Cornish stannators met (apparently) at Truro; those of Devonshire at Crocken Tor on Dartmoor. An officer was appointed by the duke of Cornwall or the Crown, who was Lord Warden of the Stannaries, and the parliaments were assembled by him from time to time, in order to revise old or to enact new laws. The last Cornish stannary parliament was held at Truro in 1752. For a long series of years little or no business was transacted in the stannary courts; but the necessity for a court of peculiar jurisdiction, embracing mines and mining transactions of every description within the county of Cornwall having become more and more apparent, a committee was appointed to report on the subject, and an Act of Parliament was afterwards (1836) passed, suppressing the law courts of the stewards of the different stannaries, and giving to the vice-warden their jurisdiction, besides confirming and enlarging the ancient equity jurisdiction of that office. Several statutes have since been passed defining and amending the stannary laws. From the judgments of the vice-warden an appeal lies to the Lord Warden, and from him to the Supreme Court of Judicature. The court, thus renewed, has greatly benefited the mining interests of Cornwall.

Fisheries.-The fisheries of Cornwall and Devon are the present derived from lands in Somerset and Devon as well most important on the south-west coasts. The pilchard is as in Cornwall itself. The history of the duchy is virtually in great measure confined to Cornwall, living habitually in that of Cornwall. There has been little to connect it with deep water not far west of the Scilly Isles, and visiting the the general history of the country except during the Civil coast in great shoals, one of which is described as having | War, when Cornwall was for the most part royalist, and extended from Mevagissey to the Land's End, a distance, some sharp fighting took place within its bounds. Be including the windings of the coast, of nearly 100 miles. sides much skirmishing, there were two important battles, In summer and autumn pilchards are caught by drift nets; that of Braddock Down (Jan. 19, 1642-3), and that of later in the year they are taken off the northern coast by Stratton (May 15, 1643), both gained for the king. seine nets. Forty thousand hogsheads, or 120 million fish, have been taken in the course of a single season, requiring 20,000 tons of salt to cure them. The northern shoals are by far the largest. Twelve millions have been taken in a single day; and the sight of this great army of fish passing the Land's End, and pursued by hordes of dog-fish, hake, and cod, besides vast flocks of sea-birds, is one of the most striking that can be imagined. The fishery gives employment to about 10,000 persons, and a capital of nearly £300,000 is engaged in it. The headquarters of the fishery are Mount's Bay and St. Ives, but boats are employed all along the coast. When brought to shore the pilchards are carried to the cellars to be cured. They are then packed in hogsheads, each containing about 2400 fish. These casks are largely exported to Naples and other Italian portswhence the fisherman's toast, "Long life to the Pope, and death to thousands." Besides pilchards, mackerel are taken in great numbers on the southern coast. Conger eels of great size, weighing from 60 to 120 lb, are found near the shores, and among other fish taken should be mentioned mullet and John Dory. Recently a brisk trade in "sardines" has been established-young pilchards taking the place of the real Mediterranean fish.

History. Although there can be no doubt that Cornwall and Devonshire are referred to under the general name of Cassiterides, or the "Tin Islands," it cannot be said that we have any authentic historical knowledge of either county until after the Roman conquest of Britain. It remains uncertain whether Phoenician or Carthaginian traders actually visited Cornwall, or whether they obtained their supplies of tin through Gaul. But we know that the tin of the district was largely exported from a very early period, and that the mines were still worked under the Romans. Cornwall formed part of the British kingdom of Damnonia, which long resisted the advance of the Saxons westward, and remained almost unbroken in power until the reign of Ine of Wessex (688-726). From that time the borders of the British Kingdom gradually narrowed, until, about the year 926, Athelstane drove the Britons from Exeter, and fixed the Tamar as the limit between them and the Saxons of Devon. At this period, and perhaps for some time after, the Britons of West Wales (the name given by the Saxons to the old Damnonian kingdom) retained their line of chiefs, though under some kind of subjection to the kings of Wessex. The British bishop, Conan, submitted to archbishop Wulfhelm of Canterbury after Athelstane's conquest, and was reappointed by him in 936. The Cornish see was afterwards merged in that of Crediton, and in 1050 the place of the united sees was transferred to Exeter, where it remained till 1876. But Cornwall, although the mass of the people remained Celtic, speedily received Saxon masters, and in the Domesday Survey the recorded names of the owners of land in the days of the Confessor are all Saxon. The conqueror bestowed nearly the whole county on his half-brother, Robert of Mortain, and thus arose what Mr. Freeman styles "that great earldom and duchy of Cornwall which was deemed too powerful to be trusted in the hands of any but men closely akin to the royal house, and the remains of which have for ages formed the apanage of the heir-apparent to the crown." Of the earls, the most important were the brother of Henry III., Richard, king of the Romans, and his son Edmund. In 1356 the earldom was raised to a duchy by Edward III. in favor of his son, the Black Prince, and of his heirs, eldest sons of the kings of England. Since that time the Prince of Wales has always been duke of Cornwall. When there is no Prince of Wales the revenues of the duchy are appropriated by the Crown. When the duchy was first created by Edward III, the lands belonging to and dependent on it included not only the great open moors of Cornwall, and Dartmoor forest in Devonshire, but 9 parks, 53 manors, 10 castles, 13 boroughs and towns, and 9 hundreds. Considerable changes and reductions have, however, been since made, and the income of the duchy is at

Antiquities.-No part of England is so rich as Cornwall in antiquities of the primeval period. These chiefly abound in the district between Penzance and the Land's End, but they occur in all the wilder parts of the country, They may be classed as follows: (1.) Cromlechs. These in the west of Cornwall are called "quoits," with a reference to their broad and flat covering stones. The largest and most important are those known as Lanyon, Caerwynen, Mulfra, Chûn, and Zennor quoits, all in the Land's End district. Of these, Chún is the only one which has not been thrown down. Zennor is said to be the largest in the British Isles, while Lanyon, when perfect, was of sufficient height for a man on horseback to ride under. Of those in the eastern part of Cornwall, Trethevy, near Liskeard, and Pawton, in the parish of St. Breock, are the finest, and have remained intact. (2.) Rude uninscribed monoliths are common to all parts of Cornwall. Those at Boleit, in the parish of Buryan, are the most important. (3.) Circles, none of which are of great dimensions. The principal are the Hurlers, near Liskeard; the Boskednan, Boscawen-ûn, and Tregeseal circles; and that called the Dawns-ûn, or Merry Maidens. All of these, except the Hurlers, are in the Land's End district. The other circles that may be mentioned are the "Trippet Stones," in the parish of Blisland, and one at Duloe. (4.) Long alignments or avenues of stones, resembling those on Dartmoor, but not so perfect, are to be found on the moors near Roughtor and Brown Willy. A very remarkable monument of this kind exists in the neighborhood of St. Columb, called the "Nine Maidens." It consists of nine rude pillars placed in a line, while near them is a single stone known as the "Old Man." (5.) Hut dwellings. Of these there are at least two kinds, those in the eastern part of the county resembling the beehive structures and enclosures of Dartmoor, and those in the west comprising "but-clusters," having a central court, and a surrounding wall often of considerable height and thickness. The beehive masonry is also found in connection with these latter, as are also (6.) Caves, or subterranean structures, resembling those of Scotland and Ireland. (7.) Cliff castles are a characteristic feature of the Cornish coast, the chief being the "Little Dinas," near Falmouth, Trevelgue, near St. Columb, and Treryn, Mên, Kenedjack, Bosigran, and others in the west. These are all fortified against the land side. (8.) Hill castles, or camps, are very numerous. Castle-an-Dinas, near St. Columb, is the best example of the earthwork camp, and Chûn Castle, near Penzance, of the stone.

Of early and medieval antiquities the most noticeable are crosses, scattered all over the country, and of various dates, from the 6th to the 16th century, many resembling the early crosses of Wales; inscribed sepulchral stones of the 7th and 8th centuries, of which the "mên scryffa," in Madron is a good example; and oratories of the early Irish type. St. Pyrans is the most important of these.

The Cornish churches for the most part belong to the Perpendicular style of architecture, and are generally low in the body, but with high and plain granite towers. The rich tower of Probus, however, is an exception, as well as the church of St. Mary Magdalene at Launceston, the exterior of which is covered with sculpture. Within, the chief feature is the absence of a chancel arch. The cas tles of Launceston, Trematon, and Restormel seem to be of the time of Henry III., but the mounds which occur in the first two are no doubt much earlier,-possibly marking British strongholds. Tintagel has but a few shapeless walls. Of later castles there is Pendennis (built temp. Henry VIII.); St. Michael's Mount, although castellated at an early period, has nothing more ancient than the 15th century.

Language. The old Cornish language survives in a few words still in use in the fishing and mining communities, as well as in the names of persons and places, but the last persons who spoke it died toward the end fo the 18th cen tury. It belonged to the Cymric division of Celtic, in which Welsh and Armorican are also included. The

most important relics of the language known to exist are three dramas or miracle plays, edited and translated by Edwin Norris, Oxford, 1859. A sketch of Cornish grammar is added, and a Cornish vocabulary from a MS. of the 13th century (Cotton MSS. Vespasian A. 14, p. 7a). The best dictionary of the language (indeed the only one) is Williams's Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum, London, 1865. Some valuable remarks on this ancient language will be found in Max Müller's Chips, vol. iii. See also CELTIC LITERATURE, vol. v. pp. 259, 281.

Parliamentary Representation.-The duchy returns 13 members to Parliament, 4 for the county (2 from the east division and 2 from the west division) and 9 from the following boroughs:-Truro, 2 (pop. 11,049); Penryn (pop. 3679) and Falmouth (pop. 5294), 2; St. Ives, 1 (pop. 6955); Liskeard, 1 (pop. 4700); Bodmin, the assize town, 1 (pop. 4672); Helston, 1 (pop. 3797); and Launceston, 1 (pop. 2935). The only unrepresented town of importance is Penzance, which has a population of 10,414.

1765 he was made aide-de-camp to the king and gentleman of the bedchamber; in 1766 he obtained a colonelcy in the 33d Foot; and in 1770 he was appointed governor of the Tower. In public life, he was distinguished by independence of character and inflexible integrity; he voted without regard to party, and opposed the ministerial action against Wilkes and in the case of the American colonies. But when the War of Independence broke out, he accompanied his regiment across the Atlantic, and served not without success as major-general. In 1780 he was appointed to command the British forces in South Carolina, and in the same year he routed Gates at Camden. In 1781 he defeated Greene at Guilford,1and made a destructive raid into Virginia; and in 1781 he was besieged at York Town by French and American armies and a French fleet, and was forced to capitulate. With him fell the English cause in the United States. He not only escaped censure, however, but in 1786 received a vacant garter, and was appointed governor-general of India and commander-inchief in Bengal. As an administrator he projected many reforms, but he was interrupted in his work by the advance of Tippoo Sahib. In 1791 he assumed in person the conduct of the war and captured Bangalore; and in 1792 he Tippoo Sahib, which stripped the latter of half his realm, and placed his two sons as hostages in the hands of the English. For the Permanent Settlement of the Land Revenue under his administration, see BENGAL, vol. iii. p. 492. He returned to England in 1793, received a marquisate and a seat in the Privy Council, and was made master-general of the ordnance with a place in the Cabinet. Five years afterwards (21st June, 1798) he was appointed to the viceroyalty of Ireland, and the zeal with which he strove to pacify the country gained him the respect and good-will of both Roman Catholics and Orangemen. On 17th July a general amnesty was proclaimed, and a few weeks afterwards the French army under Humbert was surrounded and forced to surrender. In 1801 Cornwallis was replaced by Lord Hardwicke, and soon after he was appointed plenipotentiary to negotiate the treaty of Amiens (1802). In 1805 he was again sent to India as governorgeneral. He was in ill health when he arrived at Calcutta, and while hastening up the country to assume command of the troops, he died at Ghazepore, in the province of Benar, October 5, 1803.

Gentleman's Seats.-The principal houses to be noticed in Cornwall are Mount Edgecumbe (earl of Mount Edgecumbe), originally Tudor of Queen Mary's time, but much altered; the grounds and gardens are, however, more important than the house; Cotele, on the Tamar (dow-laid siege to Seringapatam, and concluded a treaty with ager countess of Mount Edgecumbe),-a most striking place, the house Tudor, temp. Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, and little changed; it contains the ancient furniture; Antony, the seat of the Carews; Pentillie (A. Coryton, Esq.); Port Eliot (earl of St. Germans); Trelawne (Sir Jolin Trelawny); Menabilly (Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq.); Boconnoc (Hon. G. M. Fortescue), where are the finest woods in the county; Lanhydrock (Lord Robartes), built between 1636-1651, and containing a very picturesque gallery, with richly moulded roof; Glynn (Lord Vivian); Pencarrow (dowager lady Molesworth); Heligan (John Tremayne, Esq.); Carelew (Col. Tremayne), where the gardens are fine and interesting; Tregothnan (Viscount Falmouth); Clowence (Rev. A. H. M. St. Aubyn); and St. Michael's Mount (Sir John St. Aubyn), from its site one of the most remarkable places in Great Britain. Bibliography.—Besides the works which have already been

mentioned, the following are important:-Bibliotheca Cor-
nubiensis, a catalogue of the writings, both MS. and printed, of
Cornishmen, and of works relating to the county of Cornwall,
by G. C. Boase and W. P. Courtney, London, 1874; A Glossary
of Cornish Names, by the Rev. J. Bannister, Truro, 1871; Re-
port on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, by
H. T. de la Beche, London, 1839 (this report contains the most
complete general view of the geology of Cornwall; valuable
papers on the subject are scattered through the Transactions of
the Geol. Soc., and the Journals and Reports of the Royal In-
stitution of Cornwall, established in 1818); A Handbook to the
Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon, by J. II. Collins, Truro,
1871; Cornish Fauna, by J. Couch, Truro, n. d.; Annual Re-
ports of the Royal Polytechnic Society of Cornwall, established
1833. Of county histories the earliest is Carew's Survey of
Cornwall, first published in 1602. The collections of Hals and
Tonkin were partly printed by Davies Gilbert in 1838, with
additions of his own, under the title of The Parochial Hist. of
Cornwall. Lyson's Cornwall, 1814, remains the most useful
and most accurate history of the county. The Parochial and
Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor, by Sir John
Maclean, London, 1873, &c. (published in parts) is exhaustive
for that division. The folk lore of Cornwall is well illustrated
in Popular Romances and Drolls of the West of England, by
R. Hunt, London, 1865; and in Traditions and Hearthside
Stories of West Cornwall, by W. Bottrell, Penzance, 1870-3.
Murray's Handbook for Cornwall and Devon, 8th ed., 1872, is
also a work well worth consultation. On the antiquities of the
county the following authorities are important:-Dr. W. Bor-
lase's Antiquities of Cornwall, 1754 and 1769; W. C. Borlase's
Nania Cornubiæ, 1872, and a paper by the same author in the
Archæol. Journ., vol. xxx., on "Vestiges of Early Institutions in
Cornwall;" Blight's Ancient Crosses of Cornwall, 1858; Hadda
and Stubbs' Councils, vol. i.; Blight's Churches of West Corn-
wall, 1865.
(R. J. K.)

CORO, or SANTA-AÑA DE CORO, a maritime town of Venezuela, South America, and capital of the province of Falcon, is situated in a sandy plain at the inner angle of a peninsula, dividing the Gulf of Venezuela from the Caribbean Sea, 155 miles W.N.W. of Valencia. It is ill built, the streets are unpaved, and there are no public buildings of consequence except two churches. The climate is hot but not unhealthy. The water-supply is brought by mules from springs at some distance from the town. About seven miles to the north-east is the port, near the mouth of the little Rio Coro. The export trade with the West Indies, in mules, goats, hides, cheese, pottery-ware, indigo, and cochineal, is considerably less than formerly. Coro is one of the oldest settlements of the Spaniards on the north coast of S. America. It was founded on the 26th July, 1527 (St. Ann's day), by Juan de Ampués, who named it Santa Ana de Coriana after the Indian tribe inhabiting the spot. It came also to be known as Venezuela (or Little Venice), which was the name given originally to an Indian village founded on piles in the water on the cast side of the lake of Maracaibo. In 1578 Caracas was made the seat of the government of the country instead of Coro, and in 1583 the bishopric of Coro, founded in 1536, was transferred thither. In 1815 Coro was made the chief town of a province. It suffered greatly in the Venezuelan war of independence Population about 7000.

COROMANDEL COAST, the eastern seaboard of India between Cape Calimere, in 10° 17′ N. lat. and 79° 56' E. long., and the mouths of the Kistnah or Krishnah. The shore, which is shallow, is without a single good naturai harbor, and is at all times beaten by a heavy sea. Communication with ships can be effected only by catamarans and flat-bottomed surf-boats. The north-east monsoon, which lasts from October till April, is exceedingly violent for three months after its commencement. From April till October hot southerly winds blow by day; at night the heat is tempered by sea-breezes. The principal places 1 But on the third day after the battle, pursued by Greene, he fled to Wilmington.-AM. ED.

CORNWALL, BARRY. See PROCTER. CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, SECOND EARL AND FIRST MARQUIS (1738-1805), was the eldest son of Charles, the first earl Cornwallis. Having been educated at Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge, he entered the army. For some time he was member of Parliament for Eye; in 1761 he served a campaign in Germany, and was gazetted to a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 12th Foot. In 1762 he succeeded to the earldom and estates of his father; in