wave-building on the other hand, just as was Sabine Bank in its day-but, like that bank, it is bound to be overwhelmed by one of the few great forces of nature to which human ingenuity and strength must bow."

WEST-INDIAN HURRICANES.

IN Cram's Magazine for October, Dr. Eugene

West Indies as a weather observer under General Greely, records some of the data acquired by him in that capacity regarding the typical late summer storms, of which the one that devastated Galveston is the most recent example.

An old resident of Barbados, who had accurately observed one of the most destructive hurricanes of the century, is quoted as saying:

The strongest houses were caused to vibrate to their foundations, and the surface of the very earth trembled as the destroyer raged over it. No thunder was at any time heard; had the cannon of a hundred contending armies been discharged or the fulmination of the most tremendous thunder-claps rattled through the air, the sounds could not have been distinguished. The horrible roar and yelling of the wind, the noise of the tumultuous ocean, whose frightful waves threatened the town with destruction, if all the other elements might spare; the clattering of tiles; the falling of roofs and walls, and the combination of a thousand sounds, formed the most hideous din, which appalled the heart and bewildered if not alienated the mind. No ade

quate idea of the sensations which then distracted the mind and confounded the faculties can possibly be conveyed to those who were distant from the scene of terror. The sheltered observer of the storm, amazed and in a state of stupor, was fixed to the spot where he stood; the sight and hearing were overpowered, and the excess of astonishment refused admission to fear. What must have been the mental agonies of those wretched fugitives who, destitute of a place of refuge, were the sport of the dreadful and ruthless tempest, and alive to all its horrors! This unparalleled uproar continued without intermis sion for over three and one-half hours-the raging blast then veering from the west and other points to the southward of it, attended with avalanches of rain.

The storm now and then for a few moments abated, at which time the dreadful roar of the elements having partially subsided, the falling of tiles and building materials, which by the last dreadful gusts had probably been carried to a lofty height; the shrieks of suffering victims; the cries of terrified inhabitants, and the howling of dogs were clearly audible, and awakened the mind to a distressing apprehension of the havoc and carnage which had been and still were desolating the island. . . . Almost every merchant ruined, and few of them possessing so much as a suit of clothes to walk the streets in. Every vessel thrown high up into the bay. . . . A piece of lead which weighed 150 pounds was carried to a distance of more than 1,800 feet; and another piece, 400 pounds in weight, was

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lifted up and carried a distance of 1,680 feet. Rafters and beams were flying through the air with frightful rapidity, and shingles pierced in several instances hardwood trees and remained sticking in them. Another instance is related that part of a child's trumpet was driven into an evergreen tree, where it buried itself in the trunk. If an object so light as a piece of tin can be driven into wood, the force required to bury it in the tree may be imagined."

Dr. Murray-Aaron describes the Caribbean Sea as a great salt-water cauldron," for the most part surrounded by more or less continuous moun

tain-chains. It is supposed that the initial impulses of these fierce tropical storms come from the sides of the sub-Andean Cordilleras.

While the fury of these storms in their native places is greater than that of our Western cyclones, their appearance on our coasts is so gradual, and we are now so thoroughly warned of them by our weather bureau, that great loss of life can only in these times be attributed to criminal neglect on the part of the people in paying no attention to these warnings. When it shall dawn upon those going to sea and those living in specially exposed regions that these warnings are really meant to warn, such great loss of life as we have in the past witnessed will cease to be possible. These storms have usually lost some of the fury with which they are wont to visit certain of the West-Indian group by the time they reach the Atlantic coast. None has yet, nor is ever likely to do, the terrible damage that befell Savannah la Mar, Jamaica, in 1744. That thriving town, rich with the gains of sugar and rum on land and endless freebooting by sea, was in one dread hour so utterly swept from existence that not one dwelling, not one soul, nor ox, nor horse, was left as a reminder of the furies that saw the sun go down on a thriving community and its place covered by morn with many feet of sand, cast up by the mighty tidal wave that had come as a fitting climax."

IN

FRUIT-GROWING IN AMERICA.

N the November Harper's, Mr. Theodore Dreiser gives some remarkable figures of the great fruit growing industry of America. He shows the enormous difference in our fruit-growing capacity between the present time and 1814, when only half a barrel of raisins could be found in the city of New York to make plum puddings in celebrating the treaty of peace. To-day, California alone ships more than 100,000,000 pounds of raisins a year.

$80,000,000 WORTH OF STRAWBERRIES A YEAR.

Mr. Dreiser says that $80,000,000 worth of strawberries are grown and consumed in the United States in a single season. Nowadays the strawberry season begins in the large cities in the late November and ends the following August, and the prices vary from one dollar to six cents a quart. Only twenty years ago, all of the strawberries eaten by New York and Brooklyn people were grown in Long Island and New Jersey. The producing area has been gradually extended through Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and then the fast freight lines. brought in the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, and

even Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Now it costs but two cents to ship a box of strawberries from Southern Arkansas to New York. What oranges mean to Florida, and what oranges and grapes mean to California, are fairly well known, but Mr. Dreiser's showing of the importance of the fruit industry in Georgia and Alabama is most striking. Alabama, Texas, Missouri, and Tennessee are beginning to emulate Georgia in the production of peaches. In the last-named State, peaches have come to be king, instead of cotton, and cotton plantations have been supplanted by choice orchards, and packing-houses, canning-factories, and crate-factories have followed the extensive growing of fruit.

PEACHES ARE KING IN GEORGIA.

"There is a section of the State, traversed by one of the large east-coast roads, which is full of the new-found riches of fruit. This part of the State is singularly productive, and during the dull summer months, when cotton and grain crops are laid by, there are busy scenes among the peach-pickers and peach-packers. The whole section of the State, from Griffin to Smithville, thence to Albany, Cuthbert, and Fort Gaines, is one unbroken stretch of fruiting trees and perfect-bearing species. There is one man at Marshallville who individually controls 120,000 trees. Possibly this is one of the largest peach orchards in Georgia. One combination of men in Fort Valley controls 300,000 trees. In the neighborhood of this town are 700,000 trees in full fruitage this year. And yet the peach industry is known to be in its infancy here. In spite of tons of fruit shipped to Eastern and Western markets, the industry has just begun. The railroad traversing this one section handled 1,786 refrigerator-cars last season, loaded and iced at the various points of shipment. In the past ten years the same road has built 25 miles of spur tracks to accommodate growers whose orchards were coming into fruitage."

The little State of Delaware alone produces 4,000,000 baskets of peaches. Last year Connecticut furnished the same number; Maryland equals Delaware, and Michigan surpasses both. Mr. Dreiser tells of one peach farmer in Michigan whose orchards yield him $80,000 a year.

THE FAR WESTERN FRUIT.

As late as 1882, the California and Colorado fruit was sold in the East only at fabulous prices and in very small quantities. To-day, there is, in the fruit season-in fact, during the whole year— not a single city square in the business districts which has not its fruit store or stand covered

with the beautiful fruit of the Pacific Slope, to be sold at prices which allow every office-boy to indulge in handsome California pears, peaches, and grapes as a luncheon staple.

To show how rapidly fruit trade can grow where a demand is suddenly found together with the possibility of supplying it, Mr. Dreiser says that in 1896 a few crates of Rockeyford melons were shipped out of Colorado for the first time. The New York commission merchants at once saw the possibilities of this fruit, and the very next season 133 carloads were raised; in 1898 1,500 carloads were sent out, and to-day 23,000 acres, scattered through 19 States, are devoted to the raising of Rockeyford melons. The Gov. ernment has never secured an adequate census of the entire fruit trade of the United States. Mr. Dreiser estimates that $1,000,000,000 a year would be a moderate estimate.

THE MAN WHO INVENTED THE SUNDAY
NEWSPAPER.

IN
N an article on "The Journalism of New
York," in the November Munsey's, Mr.
Hartley Davis tells how the great metropolitan
dailies are made and marketed. Mr. Davis
says the "great dailies" rely on the Sunday
editions for their profits, and that three-
fourths of the total net earnings come from that

source.

The morning edition does not pay, because the heaviest burdens of expense-tele. graph and cable tolls, big salaries, correspondents' accounts, and the like-are saddled upon it. The morning edition is depended on to give prestige, standing, and influence to the property.

MR. GODDARD'S INNOVATION.

"The Sunday newspaper was the first to show a radical departure from old methods. It influenced the evening, and together they have had a marked effect upon the morning editions. Much of the so-called yellowness' first displayed. itself on Sunday. To Morrill Goddard belongs the chief credit, or responsibility, of the modern Sunday newspaper. For years he has been known as the father of the Sunday newspaper,' and he has now reached the advanced age of thirty-three. He comes of a good Maine family, was graduated from Dartmouth when he was twenty, and entered upon newspaper work on the New York World. At twenty-five he was placed in charge of the Sunday edition, and free swing was given to him. It is Mr. Pulitzer's policy to ask certain results of his editors, and then to give them full authority.

THE SUNDAY EDITION A SEPARATE ENTITY. "Mr. Goddard was the first man to make the Sunday edition a separate entity. Theretofore it had been under the care of a so-called Sunday editor, working under the direction of a busy managing editor, who had little time to give to it. Artists and writers in the city department furnished the matter at the Sunday editor's request when they had time.

The first thing Mr. Goddard did was to organize his own staff of artists, writers, and assistant editors, who worked for him exclusively. He made up his mind that the Sunday newspapers were not interesting, and it was his business to make them so. In a little time he had the whole establishment in a turmoil. The cables sang with messages to Mr. Pulitzer, then in Paris, warning him that this young man is ruining your property.'

tions.

ITS INFLUENCE ON CIRCULATION.

By way of beginning, Mr. Goddard printed a page picture of a wonderful monkey in Central Park. Up to that time, two and three column cuts were about the limit of size, and the page drawing was a novelty. It was not long before Mr. Goddard was printing double-page illustraThere were big, smashing headlines, too, and stirring articles about things that had never before been described in newspapers. It made the judicious grieve and the conservative rage; but the circulation mounted upward by 10,000 and 15,000 copies a week. In five years, Mr. Goddard had increased the sales of the Sunday World from 200,000 to 600,000 copies. Then he left the World to take a similar position on the Journal, and in three years he had built up the circulation of its Sunday edition from 100,000 to 600,000 copies.

66

During his régime, the magazine idea has been introduced into the Sunday newspaper. The comic supplements alone are estimated to have increased the circulation of those Sunday editions which carry them by 50,000 a week. The colored illustrations and the half-tones were other important innovations, although the wisest 'circulation sharps' say they cannot trace any increased sales to them.

"These colored supplements go to press about three weeks in advance of the date of issue. The black-and-white supplement, with the exception of one section, is printed two weeks in advance, and yet the rush in the Sunday department is often as great as in the editorial rooms of the dailies."

THE WORLD'S WORK.

HE first number of Doubleday, Page & Co.'s new

ber. The editor is Mr. Walter H. Page, a member of the firm which publishes the magazine. Mr. Page has had a very full and successful editorial career at the helm of the Forum, and later as editor of the Atlantic Monthly. He outlines the special field and ambitions of the new magazine in his opening editorial remarks. Calling attention to the vast industrial and commercial progress in this country resulting from American character and enterprise, he hails the age when, "to an increasing number, work has become less and less a means of bread-winning and more and more a form of noble exercise. The artist always took joy in his work; it is the glory of our time that the man of affairs can find a similar pleasure in his achievements. It is with the activities of the newly organized world, its problems, and even with its romance, that this magazine will earnestly concern itself, trying to convey the cheerful spirit of men who do things."

A MAGAZINE OF DEPARTMENTS.

The World's Work is divided into departments, the first, under the title "The March of Events," dealing through short articles with such current topics as "The After-Glow of the Boer War," "The Coal Strike and the Public," "The Rebuilding of Galveston," "The Outlook for Young Men;" questions arising from our new colonial experiments, the Chinese problem, and various social and economic questions of the day. Following this department is a group of features, many of them illustrated, including travel sketches, fiction, and nature-study, as well as discussions of public questions. The magazine ends with two departments following out more definitely its peculiar aim, "Short Stories of Men Who Work," and "Among the World's Workers;" the latter being occupied with giving examples of the country's prosperity as seen in the industrial conditions at various business centers.

THE COST OF NATIONAL CAMPAIGNS.

An article on "The Cost of National Campaigns" gives a striking idea of the sudden and huge increase in the expense of getting a President elected. The writer estimates that the cost of the Presidential campaign in 1864 was $200,000 for both parties, and that the cost of the National Committee's operations alone in 1900 will be over $5,000,000; whereas "a Presidential campaign, including also Congressional, gubernatorial, and lesser campaigns, causes the total expenditure of perhaps $20,000,000.

A WARNING TO AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS.

American manufacturers "may make the mistake of thinking their goods will continue to sell themselves. It is not to be expected that nations like Great Britain, Germany, and France will permit themselves to be deprived of markets they have long controlled without a serious struggle. They will undoubtedly imitate our goods, and perhaps improve upon them; and they still have a great advantage over us in their carefully systematized methods of gaining and holding foreign trade."

The World's Work has a somewhat larger page than the REVIEW OF REVIEWS, and therefore considerably larger than the usual magazine size. The new magazine is carefully printed on handsome paper, and the illustration scheme is dignified by unusually well-executed full-page portraits of Secretary Hay, the Hon. Richard Olney, Rudyard Kipling, and Joel Chandler Harris.

TH

THE CENTURY.

HE November Century is an exceptionally sumptuous magazine, with illustrations unusual in quality, even for the Century Company's products. The opening article, Mr. Maurice Thompson's "My Midwinter Garden," is resplendent with Mr. Harry Feun's drawings of the symmetrical flowers printed in three colors.

Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer hails "A New Sculptor" in Hendrick Christian Andersen, a young Norwegian-American, only twenty-eight years old, who has accomplished most striking results in the expression of character through his figures. Mr. Andersen's most conspicuous works are his equestrian statue and the two groups called "Serenity" and "Fellowship," intended for casting in bronze.

BISHOP POTTER ON OUR DUTY IN THE PHILIPPINES.

An important article of interest is Bishop Henry C. Potter's on "The Problem of the Philippines." Bishop Potter says that the duty of the United States does not seem to be obscure. He thinks that it was a blunder of Dewey's that, after his great naval achievement, he failed to see that his task at Manila was at an end. "But at this writing there is no honorable way out. To throw up our task now would be a cruelty to those whom we abandoned, and a confession of our impotence which would disgrace us before the world. We must go on now, whether or no we find the task more expensive in men and means and less profitable commercially than originally we expected. A great nation cannot abandon a weaker people which it has before all men adopted as its ward without confessing that, great as it claims to be, it has nothing to impart, nothing to sacrifice, in order to give freedom and good government to those who have not forfeited all claim to such gifts because they have looked for them in the wrong direetion."

ACTING AS A PROFESSION.

Mr. Bronson Howard makes an exceedingly readable article on "Our Schools for the Stage." He considers that at last the profession of acting has in English-speaking

communities taken its proper, natural place with other artistic professions, instead of being considered a mere desperate resort in the last emergency of need, as it undoubtedly was considered a third of a century ago. He says we have been the first in the world to establish a fully organized school for the training of young men and women for the stage with a large corps of teachers, additional lecturers, and special exercises in every requirement, physical and intellectual. Even the Con

servatoire of Paris has no such organization as a school as the American Academy of the Dramatic Arts, founded by Mr. Franklin H. Sargent, its president.

HARPER'S MAGAZINE.

ROM the November Harper's we have selected Mr. Theodore Dreiser's article on "Fruit-Growing in America" to review in another department.

Prof. W. O. Atwater continues his investigation of the dangers and usefulness of alcohol in an article entitled "Alcohol Physiology and Temperance Reform." The sum and substance of Professor Atwater's full discussion is that, while all investigators agree that alcohol in large quantities is injurious, their judgments as to the results of small doses are conflicting; probably where men are called on for great muscular exertion, or continued nervous expenditure, the balance of testimony would be against the use of alcohol, even in small quantities. Professor Atwater thinks it very necessary that the public should have a better understanding of the nature of the drink-evil; and he thinks the time has come for the calm and careful study of the causes and the adaptation of treatment to the nature of the drink-disease, as against the conventional temperancework.

The literary feature of this number of Harper's is the collection of "The Love-Letters of Victor Hugo," which are published with comments by M. Paul Meurice. The letters in this section are addressed to Mlle. Adèle Foucher, when Hugo was but eighteen years of age and his sweetheart was seventeen.

SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE.

HE November Scribner's opens with the concludlent account of the Siberian Railway. Now it takes thirty-eight days to go from Vladivostok to Moscow, and part of the journey has to be done by horse-power and a very large part by steamer. The uninterrupted railway journey from Moscow to Irkutsk, 3,371 miles, occupies about nine days. Mr. Norman comments on the extremely low fare-only $44.30, including sleepingcar accommodations; "and this is for a train practically as luxurious as any in the world, and incomparably superior to the ordinary European or American train." In the eastern stretches of the journey the rate of speed is very low, going lown to 12 miles an hour, and Mr. Norman tells us that this speed cannot be greatly increased until new rails are laid. The present weight of the rails is but little over 16 pounds to the foot, about half the weight used on the Pennsylvania road between New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Norman thinks this gigantic enterprise will ultimately cost no less than $500,000,000. "Since the great wall of China, the world has seen no one material undertaking of equal magnitude. That Russia, single-handed, should have conceived it and carried it out makes the

imagination falter before her future influence upon the course of events."

Mr. Samuel Parsons, Jr., looking at the Paris Exposition from the standpoint of a landscape artist, says: "We may criticise some of the details, as the French themselves do more than any one else; but we must concede that probably never has such a glorious panorama of artistic life presented itself as in the ensemble at Paris in 1900." The one fundamental criticism Mr. Parsons has to make is the confined area allotted for the exposition; the Paris fair having but 250 acres all told, as against 800 acres occupied by the White City at Chicago.

Mr. Jesse Lynch Williams has a pleasant description of "The Cross Streets of New York;" Mr. J. M. Barrie concludes his serial, "Tommy and Grizel;" and there are short stories by Mr. Henry James and Mary Katherine Lee, the latter being illustrated very daintily in color.

William Allen White to review among the "Leading Articles of the Month."

The magazine opens with a readable illustrated article on "The First Flight of Count Zeppelin's Airship." Count Zeppelin is an officer in the German army, and his interest in airships is primarily that of a military tactician seeking for a new and terrible engine of war. His airship is not a balloon, but rather a row of seventeen balloons confined in an enormous cylindrical shell with pointed ends, shaped like a cigar. The airship was tried last July, with five passengers occupying two aluminum cars suspended below the body of the shell. The balloons serve to lift the structure in air, and it is driven backward or forward by means of large airscrews, operated by two benzine engines. The machine cost the inventor more than $1,000,000. It is an enormous affair, nearly 420 feet long, or longer than a firstclass battleship, and its total weight is eleven tons. Mr. Eugen Wolf, the writer of this article, and one of the passengers on the trial trip, says there is every rea son to believe this airship will attain a velocity of 26 feet a second, or 17 miles an hour. There are two 16horse-power engines; and, if a third can be added by the saving of weight, the ship should make 30 feet per second. It was sunset when the airship was tried, and it rose very smoothly, quietly, majestically, described a large circle, and executed various maneuvers. The trial was made over the water, and the ship rose 1,300 feet above the lake. When the trial was completed the airship sank slowly, and rested on the water as smoothly as a sea-gull. Count Zeppelin and his assistants are now hard at work improving upon every point, and they look forward confidently to ultimate results which will make the airship a practicable vehicle.

THE GERMAN SOLDIER'S TRAINING.

Mr. Ray Stannard Baker has been studying in Germany the process of "Making a German Soldier," and writes on that subject in this number of McClure's. Mr. Baker says that the first great event in the life of the German boy is his confirmation, and the second his first week as a soldier. The boy and his parents decide whether he will enter as a freiwillige, to serve for one year only, or whether he must take the full service of two years. The physicians reject great numbers of