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KING'S MOUNTAIN, N. C., a village in York County, 80 miles northeast of Columbia. In the vicinity is a high hill where a battle took place 7 Oct. 1780, between about 1,000 Americans, under Sevier, Shelby, Campbell and Williams, and 1,100 British, under Ferguson. The latter were defeated with a loss of 250 killed and wounded, among whom was the commander, and 664 taken prisoners after an hour's fighting. Ferguson, shouting to his men: "Crush the dammed rebels to the earth,» prepared for one final charge, and fell at the head of his regulars pierced by seven bullets, dying, according to tradition, by the hand of Colonel Williams, who was also slain. His men, disheartened by his fall, surrendered. The Americans lost only 28 men killed, although a large number were wounded. After the battle 10 of the prisoners notorious for their crimes were hanged, having first been regularly tried and condemned by their captors. This was one of the most brilliant victories of the war, and exercised an important influence in precipitating the downfall of British power in the South. The 75th anniversary of the battle was commemorated by a celebration on the ground. Consult Draper, 'King's Mountain and its Heroes' (Cincinnati 1881) and McCrady, (South Carolina in the Revolution' (New York 1901).

KING'S PEAKS, the highest points in Utah, two nearby summits of Uintah Mountains in northern part of the State. Altitude 13,496 and 13,498 feet. Named from Clarence King, director of the 40th Parallel Survey. Nearby are Emmons Peak, 13,428 feet, and Gilbert Peak, 13,422 feet.

KING'S SPEECH, The, in British Parliamentary procedure, is the speech read from the throne in the House of Lords at the commencement of each session. It reviews the political situation and outlines the ministerial legislative program. The Parliament is opened by the king in person, accompanied by the queen; he reads the speech, which is composed by the Prime Minister in consultation with his Cabinet. In the absence of the king Parliament is opened by commission, when the speech is read by the Lord Chancellor. The reply to the speech is called the address. Consult Anson's Law and Custom of the Constitution.'

KINGSBOROUGH, VISCOUNT, Edward King, Irish writer and antiquarian, generally known as Lord Kingsborough, a title which he held only by courtesy: b. 1795; d. 1837, in a debtor's prison in Dublin. He is noted for his great work Mexican Antiquities,' the publication of which was begun in London in 1830 and continued for several years. See KING, EDWARD VISCOUNT KINGSBOROUGH.

KINGSFORD, Charles Lethbridge, English historical writer: b. Ludlow, Shropshire, 1862. Educated at Oxford, on graduation he became a member of the editorial staff of the Dictionary of National Biography. From that time on he devoted most of his time to literary work in one form or another. He was assistant secretary and examiner in the Educational Department (1905-12), since which latter date he has given still greater attention to historical writing and to matters historical. He takes a great interest in the Royal His

torical Society of which he is one of the most active members. Among his published works are Song of Lewes'; The Crusades (with T. A. Archer, 1894); Henry V, in 'Heroes of the Nations (1904); Chronicles of London' (1905); Stow's Survey of London' (1908. This contains an introduction and notes); 'Sir Otho de Grandison' (1909); J. Pecham, De Paupertate' (in collaboration with Little and Tocco, 1910); The First English Life of Henry V (1911); English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century) (1913); The Grey Friars of London' (1915). Much of his work, which appeared in the Dictionary_of National Biography, English Historical Review,' 'Encyclopædia Britannica, Camden Miscellany, Archæology and London Topographical Record, has not reappeared in separate book form.

KINGSFORD, William, Canadian historian: b. London, England, 12 Dec. 1819; d. Ottawa, Ontario, 29 Sept. 1898. He entered the army and came to Canada in 1837 with the 1st Dragoon Guards, receiving his discharge in 1841. He then took up surveying and engineering, and was at various times employed upon the construction of the Hudson River, Panama, Grand Trunk and Canadian Pacific railways. He made his home in Canada and published 'Plank Roads in the United States and Canada' (1851); The Canals: Their History and Cost' (1865); and The History of Canada,' a voluminous work in 10 volumes which was published in 1880, and on which he was engaged for 13 years.

KINGSLEY, kingz'li, Calvin, American clergyman, educator and editor: b. Amesville, N. Y., 8 Sept. 1812; d. Beirut, Syria, 6 April 1870. He entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1841, the same year he graduated from Allegheny College. He was professor of mathematics in his Alma Mater (1846-56), editor of the Western Christian Advocate (1856-64). The General Conference of 1864 elected him bishop. In 1867 he visited the mission stations in Europe and two years later he set out to visit all the mission stations of the Orient, beginning with Japan. It was on his home journey that he was suddenly stricken at Beirut, where he is buried in the Protestant Prussian cemetery. He was author of "The Resurrection of the Dead' (1847, several eds.); 'Round the World: a Series of Letters' (2 vols., 1871).

KINGSLEY, Charles, English clergyman, novelist and poet: b. Holne Vicarage, near Dartmouth, Devonshire, 12 June 1819; d. Eversley, Hampshire, 23 Jan. 1875. He was a pupil of Derwent Coleridge (q.v.) from whose care he passed to King's College, London, and thence to Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he was graduated with high honors in 1842. Soon after graduation he took orders in the Established Church and obtained the curacy of Eversley, and became its rector in 1844. This living he retained till his death, but he also held in succession two canonries, one in the cathedral of Chester (1869-73), and one in the chaoter of Westminster from 1873 till his death. From 1860 to 1869 he was professor of modern history at Cambridge. Early in his career as a clergyman of the Church of England, he associated himself with F. D. Maurice, Julius Hare

and others, both in their religious views and in their social aims. With them he considered it the peculiar duty of the Church to improve the condition of the working-classes, not only by inspiring them with Christian feeling and Christian principle, but also by encouraging and aiding them in bettering their material position. With the latter object he was a strong advocate of co-operative association. His first literary works of importance, Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet' (1850), and 'Yeast, a Problem' (1851), gave expression to his sentiments on social questions, and both of them, but especially the first, made a great impression when they appeared. The principal of his later novels are 'Hypatia' (1853), Westward Ho!' (1855), perhaps the most popular of his stories, and Hereward the Wake,' 'Last of the English (1866). Other works of his are 'Glaucus, or The Wonders of the Shore'; 'Town Geology'; 'The Roman and the Teuton,' historical lectures; 'The Water Babies,' a fairy-tale of science; and 'At Last,' a visit to the West Indies. He was also the author of numerous sermons, lectures and essays, and of various poems, the chief of which are The Saint's Tragedy,' and 'Andromeda, the latter one of the most successful experiments in English hexameter. He was a strong opponent of the Tractarian movement in the Church of England. A statement he made in a review, especially directed at John Henry Newman, that regard for truth for its own sake was not a characteristic of Roman Catholic theologians, was followed by some sharp correspondence, and incidentally was the cause of the writing of the famous "Apologia"> of Newman. Consult Letters and Memories of Charles Kingsley,' by his wife (1877). See 'HYPATIA'; 'THE WATER BABIES'; WESTWARD Ho.'

KINGSLEY, James Luce, American scholar and educationalist: b. Scotland, Conn., 1778; d. 1852. Graduated from Yale he soon became a teacher there and, in 1805, first professor of ancient languages, a position he retained for 26 years, during which he raised his department to one of the most progressive in the college. On his retirement from active duty as the head of the department he had created, he retained the title of professor of Latin until his death. He was one of the best authorities of his day in American history, though his many duties prevented him giving attention to literature and especially to historical composition, which his lectures showed he might have made a success. Among his published works are A History of Yale College (1835); and 'Ezra Stiles' (a biography of the president of Yale College, published in Sparks' 'American Biography'). Consult sketch of his life by D. C. Gilman.

KINGSLEY, John Sterling, American zoologist: b. Cincinnatus, N. Y., 7 April 1854, graduated from Williams College in 1875, was professor of zoology at the University of Indiana (1887-89); at the University of Nebraska (1889-91), filled a similar position at Tufts College from 1892 to 1913, and at the University of Illinois since 1913. He edited The American Naturalist (1886-96) and after 1910 the Journal of Morphology and has published 'Elements of Comparative Zoology) (1896; 2d ed., 1904); 'Vertebrate Zoology (1899); 'Popular Natural

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History) (1890); Guides for Vertebrate Dissection (1907), and translated Hertwig's 'Manual of Zoology' (1902, 1912), and 'Anatomy of Vertebrates' (1912).

KINGSLEY, Mary H., English author: b. London, 1862; d. 1900. She came of rather noted literary stock, being daughter of George Henry Kingsley and niece of Charles Kingsley; and she was thus thrown frequently into the society of the noted writers and thinkers of her day in England. As a result she was a much more advanced thinker than the women of the latter half of the 19th century. She was a great admirer of Darwin, Lubbock and Huxley and others of their school who were then teaching the world of science to think along new lines of thought and investigation. She became a deep student of biology and in 1893 went to Portuguese West Africa to continue her studies in this field. While there she visited parts of the country never before visited by Europeans. Biology and botany took her again to Africa three years later, when she again showed the same venturesome spirit and desire to investigate the country in the interest of science. She traveled through great stretches of the country, including the Niger Coast, Gabun and Kamerun. Later on she continued her African studies and explorations in South Africa where she was attached to the hospital at Simons Town. There she did good work in nursing sick Boer prisoners but virtually at the expense of her own life. Among her published works, which are all well written and of great charm and interest, are Travels in West Africa (1897), and West African Studies' (1899).

KINGSMILL GROUP. See GILBERT

ISLANDS,

KINGSTON, Charles Cameron, Australian statesman: b. Adelaide, 1850; d. 1908. Graduated in law at his native city, he at once became interested and active in politics, and was, in 1881, elected to the assembly of Adelaide, a seat he held for years. After holding the office of Attorney-General he became Premier in 1893 and held the chief executive office for eight years, when he entered the Federal Cabinet of the Australian Commonwealth, with the Cabinet office of Minister of Trade and Commerce (1901-03) from which date until his death he was a member of the Commonwealth. He was very advanced in his politics and favored most of the measures put forward by the Labor and Socialist parties. Among the measures which he strongly advocated were a very radical adjustment of the franchise and fundamental changes in the laws relating to tenure of land and the position of labor. He was instrumental in the passage of laws of a very radical character for the regulation of factories and the employment of labor, for the extension of the franchise to women, and the regulation of many other social questions, among them inheritance and income taxes and progressive regulations for the protection of workmen.

KINGSTON, Duchess of (ELIZABETH CHUDLEIGH), English adventuress: b. 1720; d. Paris, 1788. She was the daughter of Thomas Chudleigh, a man of no particular social standing, who died when his daughter was only six years old, leaving the family in poverty.

Elizabeth Chudleigh grew up to be a young woman of remarkable beauty, wit and intelligence. Through these gifts and some distant family connections she succeeded in being appointed maid of honor to the Princess of Wales. Of this advantage she made the best possible use for her own advancement. This was not particularly difficult since the Princess was the mother of Prince George who was destined to become king as George III in 1760. At the age of 24 she was privately married to Captain Hervey, a man of high social standing; but his and her own irregular conduct caused their separation in a short time. She then became openly, in succession, the mistress of several prominent men until finally she succeeded in becoming the wife of the second Duke of Kingston with whom she had been living in irregular union for some years. The latter, who was passionately attached to her, left her his large fortune by will (1773), which she was able to retain in spite of an attempt on the part of the relatives of Kingston to break the will on the plea that the Duchess was a bigamist, having one husband living when she married Kingston. After Kingston's death she wandered about Europe, England proving uncongenial on account of the attitude of the relatives of her late consort. She was for a while in Russia, principally at Saint Petersburg; but the cold weather of the northern land disagreeing with her, she went to Paris where, notwithstanding her advanced age, she continued to lead as dissolute a life as she had in her youth, since the Kingston wealth enabled her to keep open house, at a time when the court of France was noted for its disregard of the formalities of family life. Elizabeth Chudleigh has another interest apart from the romance of her life, in the fact that she is stated, on very good authority, to have been the original from. which were drawn the characters of Beatrice, in Thackeray's Esmond' and Baroness Berustine in his Virginians.'

KINGSTON, Canada, city, port of entry, capital of Frontenac County, in the province of Ontario. Situated at the mouth of the Cataraqui River and at the outflow of the Saint Lawrence from Lake Ontario. At Kingston the Rideau Canal from the Ottawa River at Ottawa City connects with the Saint Lawrence River and the system of the Great Lakes.

It is on the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway, between Montreal and Toronto, and is connected with the Canadian Pacific Railway, east, west and north, by means of the Kingston and Pembroke Railway. During the season of navigation, the Richelieu and Ontario and other lines of steamers connect it with Montreal and other points on the Saint Lawrence River, and with Rochester, Toronto, Bay of Quinte and intermediate points, in the West. Kingston is midway between Montreal and Toronto, being 170 miles to the west of the former, and 163 miles to the east of the latter.

The harbor, sheltered from Lake Ontario by Amherst, Simcoe and Wolfe islands, is considered one of the best on the lake. The fortifications of Kingston are third in importance in Canada, those of Quebec and Halifax taking precedence.

Kingston was for many years the most important commercial and shipping centre in Upper Canada. There the first mill was built in 1784, the first regular newspaper established in 1810; in the neighborhood the first steamboat was built in 1816, and others soon followed.

The city has large grain elevators and is an important point for the transshipment of grain coming down from the western lakes. Some of the chief manufactures of the city are locomotives, cotton, hosiery, leather, flour and cereals, boats and shipbuilding.

The leading educational institutions are Queen's University (q.v.), with which is incorporated the Kingston School of Mines; the Royal Military College, the Dairy School, Regiopolis College, the Kingston Business College and the Collegiate Institute. The city has a General Hospital, the Hotel Dieu Hospital, an Orphans' Home and House of Providence, while just outside the city limits are the Provincial Penitentiary_and Rockwood Hospital for the Insane. The Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals and the city, county and university buildings are handsome stone edifices, adding to the attractions of the city, which has electric and gas lighting, waterworks and street railways. A bronze statue of Sir John A. Macdonald stands at the main entrance to the city park, while the Sir George A. Kirkpatrick memorial fountain faces the park in front of the county buildings.

In July 1673, the site of Kingston was first visited by Frontenac, the French governor of Canada, accompanied by La Salle. There the Indians were assembled for a conference, and during his stay the governor erected a fort built of wood and surrounded by palisades. Thus originated Fort Frontenac at Cataraqui, the first fort on the lower lakes west of Montreal. In 1675, La Salle obtained from Louis XIV a grant of Fort Frontenac and the seigniory of Cataraqui, with the adjoining islands, and two years later he partially completed a new stone fort replacing the wooden one. The fort and the mainland subsequently reverted to the French Crown, but a large part of Wolfe Island is still held by titles originally derived from La Salle. Owing to Indian incursions Fort Frontenac was abandoned and partly destroyed in 1689. In 1695, however, during Frontenac's second term as governor, the fort was rebuilt, and, until the time of the English conquest, was maintained as one of the chief French centres of authority, communication and trade for the West. From there, in 1756, Montcalm launched his successful attack upon the British post of Oswego. But in 1758 Bradstreet captured and partly destroyed Fort Frontenac.

After the British conquest of Canada, Cataraqui was practically deserted until the arrival of the Loyalist refugees during the Revolutionary War. When Carleton Island was ceded to the United States by the treaty of 1783, Cataraqui was again occupied by the British government as a military and naval station; and in 1784 it was made the centre of the Loyalist settlements in the West, the place being renamed Kingston in honor of George III. Kingston was the chief naval and military post in Upper Canada during the War of 1812-15. A new fort was constructed on Point