He was one of the founders of the Society of American Artists and an associate of the National Academy of Design.

LATHROP, George Parsons, American author: b. Oahu, Sandwich Islands, 25 Aug. 1851; d. New York, 19 April 1898. He was educated in New York and in Dresden, studying in the latter city from 1867 to 1870, when he returned to New York and for a short time studied law. He went to England and there, in 1871, married Rose, second daughter of Nathaniel Hawthorne. (See LATHROP, ROSE HAWTHORNE). From 1875 to 1877 he was assistant editor of the Atlantic Monthly; editor of the Boston Courier till 1879; resided afterward at Concord, Mass., and in New York. Among his writings in prose and verse the following are best known: Rose and Roof-Tree,' poems (1875); 'Study of Hawthorne (1876); Afterglow, a novel (1876); A Masque of Poets (1877); 'An Echo of Passion' (1882); 'In the Distance) (1882); Spanish Vistas (1883); History of the Union League in Philadelphia' (1883); 'Newport (1884); 'Gettysburg, a Battle Ode' (1888); 'Dreams and Days, verses (1892); 'Gold of Pleasure' (1892). With his wife he published Annals of Georgetown Convent' and 'A Story of Courage (1894), and he brought out an edition of Hawthorne's works, with a biography (1883). The American Copyright League was founded (1883) by Lathrop.

b.

LATHROP, John (also LATHROPP, LAYTHROP), American clergyman: Yorkshire, England; d. 1653. He was educated at Oxford; took holy orders; was rector at Egerton in Kent; and about the year 1624, in London, became minister (succeeding Henry Jacob) of the first Independent and Congregational church organized in England. He and his congregation underwent annoyance and persecution at the hands of churchmen, and for a time (1632-34) Lathrop was imprisoned. During his confinement he was bereft by the death of his wife and by a division in his flock over a question of baptism, and in 1634 sailed to Massachusetts, where he settled as minister at Scituate, removing in 1639 to Barnstable. The records of these towns kept in "an original register" written by him are referred to as authority by Prince in his 'Annals of New England.'

LATHROP, John Hiram, American educator: b. Sherburne, N. Y., 22 Jan. 1799; d. Columbia, Mo., 2 Aug. 1866. He was graduated at Yale in 1819; from 1822 to 1826 was tutor there; adopted the profession of law, which he followed for six years, then abandoned it for that of teaching. He taught at Norwich, Vt., and at Gardiner, Me. Between 1829 and 1840 held professorships of mathematics, natural philosophy, law, history and economics at Hamilton College; was president of the University of Missouri 1840-49; afterward became chancellor of the University of Wisconsin (1849-59); president of Indiana University (1859-60); professor of English literature at the University of Missouri (186062). He was again president of the University of Missouri in 1865, and until the time of his death.

LATHROP, Julia Clifford, American social worker: b. Rockford, Ill., 1858. She was

graduated from Vassar College in 1880 and since 1889 has spent much of her time as a voluntary resident at Hull House, Chicago. She has specialized in the study of the care of the insane, the education of children and in the development of juvenile courts, and has made several tours abroad for the study of methods obtaining in other countries. She served on the Illinois State Board of Charities, was president of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, vice-president of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, and was appointed the first chief of the new Children's Bureau in the Department of Labor at Washington. She is author of reports and articles on care of the insane, civil service, and of 'The Children's Bureau' (1912).

LATHROP, Rose Hawthorne, American author: b. Lenox, Mass., 20 May 1851. She was educated in the public schools, having lived during the years 1853-60 in England, where her father, Nathaniel Hawthorne (q.v.), was United States consul at Liverpool (185357), and in Portugal; studied art in Dresden and London; and in 1871 married George Parsons Lathrop, with whom, until his death, she was associated in literary labors. She has been especially interested in the improvement of conditions for suffering and needy people, and in 1891 established Saint Rose's Free Home for Cancer, and Rosary Hill Home, in New York, where she afterward became head of a Dominican community of the Third Order and directress of a charitable home, her title being Mother Mary Alphonsa. Besides many sketches and stories, her writings include 'Along the Shore, poems (1888), and 'Memories of Hawthorne,' with her husband (1897), with whom she also collaborated in other works.

LATHROP, William Langson, American painter: b. Warren, Ill., 29 March 1859. He was self-taught in art and has devoted himself to landscape painting. He was awarded the gold medal of the Philadelphia Art Club, won the Webb and W. T. Evans prizes, and was also awarded prizes from the Carnegie Institute and Worcester, Mass. His work is represented in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; the Albright Gallery, Buffalo; the National Museum of Art, Washington; and the Minneapolis Art Museum. was elected to the National Academy in 1907.

He

LATHYRUS, lath'e-rus, a genus of plants of the family Leguminosa, the vetchlings or everlasting peas, which resemble Vicia but have usually fewer leaflets (often two), broader petals, an obliquely truncate staminal tube, and a style longitudinally flattened and bearded on the inner face. The species are numerous and grow in sandy and waste places, or in meadows. L. pratensis, the meadow vetchling, a climbing plant, two or three feet long, with yellow flowers, is a familiar example in many parts of the northern hemisphere. Another species (L. maritimus) the beach-pea, is equally widespread. The roots of L. tuberosus are eatable. L. sativus and other species are used as green fodder for cattle in India, but are harmful to pigs; and several species contain a poisonous principal injurious to the human systetm. L. latifolius and L. sylvestris, of southern Europe

and England, respectively, are both perennials and known as the everlasting pea. L. odoratus, a native of the East, is a common flower garden plant, with fragrant flowers. L. sylvestris wagneri is grown as a fodder plant in Germany, France and the United States. It yields abundant green forage and when well started is very resistant to drought. Nearly 60 species of the genus are cultivated for their handsome flowers -yellow, red, scarlet, purple and blue. The larger kinds are well adapted for arbors and shrubberies, where they may climb upon some support.

LATIMER, Hugh, English prelate, reformer and martyr; b. Thurcaston, Leicestershire, about 1490; d. Oxford, 16 Oct. 1555. He was educated at Cambridge, took holy orders, and by and by began to preach Protestant doctrine, which led to vigorous opposition. As one of the representatives of the University of Cambridge, he supported Henry VIII's doubts on the validity of his marriage with Catharine of Aragon; was made chaplain to the king in 1530, and bishop of Worcester in 1535. In 1539 he resigned his bishopric, not being able to accept the Six Articles, and was put in prison, but on the accession of Edward VI he was released and became highly popular at court. This continued until Mary ascended the throne, when Latimer was cited to appear, with Cranmer and Ridley, before a council at Oxford, and condemned. After much delay and a second trial Latimer and Ridley were burned at the stake. His dying words are famous: "Be of good cheer, Master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day light such a candle by God's grace in England as (I trust) shall never be put out." His preaching was popular in his own time for its pith, simplicity and quaintness, and his 'Sermons are still read. Consult Lives by Demaus (1869); R. M. Carlyle (1899).

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The 9th and 20th characters, however, had consonantal as well as vocalic values. Unlike the Greek, the Latin alphabet was not borrowed directly from the Phoenician, but through the medium of the Greek alphabet of the DoricChalcidian colony of lower Italy.

2. The Parts of Speech.-In Latin there are the following parts of speech: noun (which includes substantives and adjectives), pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, interjection and conjunction. Numerals are considered as adjectives or adverbs accordingly as they are cardinals or ordinals. Participles partake of the nature and functions of both the adjective and the verb. Words which undergo a change in form to indicate a change in meaning are said to be inflected. The last four parts of speech mentioned above are uninflected. The inflection of nouns and pronouns is called declension; that of verbs, conjugation.

3. Gender, Number and Case.-In Latin one and the same nominal form indicates simultaneously gender, number and case without any of these categories having a distinctive mark.

A. Gender. There are three genders in Latin: masculine, feminine and neuter. It is difficult, however, to foretell a priori what would be the gender of a given word. In general, masculine and feminine mark a difference of sex, and neuter denotes inanimate objects, but there is also a grammatical gender which must not be confused with the natural gender.

B. Number-Latin distinguishes two numbers: singular and plural. The dual, which in Indo-European served to designate two objects, has completely disappeared, although there are traces of some dual forms, such as duo and ambo, which however are treated as plurals.

C. Case-Latin possesses six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and ablative. The ablative was formerly a local case and with it is confused a case primitively distinct, the instrumental or case of accompaniment and of means. There are also some traces of a locative case, now lost. The use of prepositions with some of the cases supplies some deficiencies of the mere cases in expressing word relationship. The functions of the cases are as follows: nominative.

dative...

accusative...

vocative... ablative:

real ablative..

case of subject or of predicate attribute case of complement of noun, whether subjective or objective

case of person or thing interested

.. case of direct complement of verb; of extent of space and duration of time; of limit of motion case of direct address

case of point of departure or origin

instrumental ablative.. case of means, instru

locative ablative (in part).

locative

ment, manner and accompaniment

case of place in which case of time at which or place in which

It is characteristic of Latin that from the very beginning there is a tendency to reduce the number of cases. In the singular the instrumental has disappeared, the locative has only a precarious existence and the vocative and nominative tend to be confused. In the plural Latin never had but one form for the dative, ablative, instrumental and locative, not to mention the single form for the nominative and vocative, whose identity goes back to the Indo-European.

4. The Noun.- Variation_of accent plays no part in the declension of Latin nouns, for since prehistoric times Latin had an accent at SINGULAR.

The declension of neuter nouns differs a little from the paradigm below in the nominative, vocative and accusative cases, which in the plural always end in -a.

5. Pronouns.- Pronouns in Latin fall into five chief classes: personal (including possessives), demonstrative, relative, interrogative and indefinite. Although in many respects pronouns do not differ to a great extent from nouns in declension, they have essential characteristics which show clearly that they have their own declension. This is particularly true of personal pronouns whose declension is therefore given here:

PLURAL.

a fixed place, and the displacements of the Indo-European movable accent, of which some traces are found in Greek, have entirely disappeared in Latin. Moreover, the Indo-European variation of the quality or quantity of stemvowels, a phenomenon called ablaut or vowel gradation, which is not preserved intact in any one language, leaves but few traces in Latin. The Indo-European noun was composed of a stem, to which was added an ending which, concurrently with the vocalic variations of the stem, marked at once the number, gender and case. Since the vocalic variation of stem was almost entirely eliminated in Latin, Latin declension is to be recognized by the endings. The Latin grammarians laid down five types of declension according to the relation between the nominative and genitive:

sẽ, sēsē së, sësë

6. The Verb.-The conjugation of the Latin verb depends entirely upon the contradistinction of two stems, that of the present and that of the perfect. Related to the latter is the stem of the verbal adjective in -to-, which serves notably to form the perfect of the passive and of deponents. The contradistinction, did not, at least originally, imply an entirely temporal idea, but merely an action viewed as uncompleted or completed respectively. Moreover, the two stems were at first independent of one another, but, as the language developed, they were gradually linked together (conjungere) as parts of the same system and parallel temporal forms based upon each of the two stems appeared.

In the conjugation of the verb there are two voices active and passive. The active indicates a fact, an action, a state pure and simple. The passive has a double meaning: 1, impersonal, with the meaning of the indefinite second or third person; and 2, a middle-passive, expressing, as in Greek, that the subject is interested in the action expressed by the verb, often with a reflexive sense. A certain number of verbs of middle or active meaning have only passive endings; these are called deponents. As regard forms, the conjugation of the verb

distinguishes personal and non-personal forms. The former, which are the more important, comprise the tenses and moods provided with personal endings; the latter, declinable or indeclinable forms which by their origin and their morphology are attached to the substantive.

Personal forms comprise three moods: indicative, or mood of reality or affirmation; imperative, which serves to give orders; and subjunctive, or mood of subordination, which marks will and anticipation and in Latin also wish, possibility and condition. Each of the stems has three tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect or past, and future; the imperative has no past and the subjunctive no future or future perfect. Each of these tenses has two numbers: singular and plural; there is no dual. Each of these numbers has three persons: first, second and third (except the imperative which has not the first).

Non-personal forms comprise: a, verbal substantives: infinitive (present and perfect in the two voices), gerund and supine, which form a sort of declension of the active infinitive; and b, verbal adjectives: participles (present and future active, perfect and future passive).

Latin has not merely one conjugation, but it is difficult to find a satisfying classification. The distinction into four conjugations, imagined by the Latin grammarians and still in use in the teaching of Latin, takes into account only the present and even here unites two different formations. In the perfect it is even altogether improper. But the division into thematic and non-thematic or athematic verbs is equally unsatisfactory. The four conjugations now generally adopted in teaching are those whose stem ends in a (first conjugation), -ē (second conjugation) and -i (fourth conjugation), together with the third conjugation which includes, among others, all those verbs whose stem ends in a consonant and requires a thematic vowel to join it to the personal or tense endings. There are quite a few verbs which do not fit

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The personal endings of the tenses (indicative and subjunctive) of the perfect stem in the passive and in deponents are formed by the participle and the auxiliary verb.

Bibliography.- Bennett, Charles E., The Latin Language) (Boston 1907); Brugmann, Karl, 'Kurze vergleichende Grammatik' (Strassburg 1902); Hale, W. G., and Buck, C. D., 'A Latin Grammar) (Boston 1903); Kühner, Raphael, 'Ausführliche Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache' (2d ed., Vol. I, Hanover 1912); Lindsay, W. M., "The Latin Language) (Oxford 1894); Roby, 'Latin Grammar'; Sommer, F., Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre (Heidelberg 1902).

HERBERT F. Wright, Sometime of the Department of Latin, The Catholic University of America.