charity, from the care and training of waifs to the efforts to protect and redeem the idiotic and the insane. It has tended to deprive the penalties of the law of their former barbarity, without diminishing their efficiency in defending the peaceful and the virtuous. In a word, it has given to the civilization of this age a rank not attained by that of any other age, although other ages may have transcended us in the excellence of their literature and the perfection of their art. The social problems which a nation in any generation has to face cannot be solved by the pure intelligence of that nation as manifest in that generation. The knowledge of the bulk of any community is only half-knowl edge, and is inadequate to social control. France, in the Revolution, cut loose from religion, rejected her national tradition, and relied on the immediate intelligence of her people. The outcome was a fiasco; and after the Revolution had dealt its first blow at the past, there was no hope of progress for the nation till tradition, with its halo of religion, had been rehabilitated. The tem porary failure here observed was such a failure as is bound to appear whenever reform proceeds solely on the conclusions of intelligence. We are not determined in the larger part of our action or non-action by the investigations and decisions of our intelligence, but by tradition which operates through our instincts, and brings already formed a solution for most of the cases on which we are called to act. If we work not all the evil we might do, it is not because our intelligences sit in judgment on every proposed act, but because we are. moved in our conduct by tradition, by an inheritance of impulses which are able to make themselves effective in our lives by the fact that they were involved in the religion of our ancestors. It is this sanctified inheritance which maintains society, in its evolution, true to itself, and enables it to preserve what is best in its experience and the nobler features of its ancient ideals. It is this which enables a nation to carry itself steadily forward, in spite of the vagaries of immature thought and the aberrations of temporary passion. INDEX. Administrative power, 77 Agitation, 36, 53, 92, 94 America occupied by Europeans, 1 Aristocratic spirit, 79 Authority and discipline, 72 Capital, private, 71 Change, from individual to corporate industry, 51; in institutions, 31, 106, 107 Christianity, 114 Cities, 25, 34 Class, conflicts, 58, 60; separation, 107 Co-education, 88 Colleges, smaller, 96 Colonial life, 2 Colonies, growth of, 83, 88 Combinations of laborers, 56 Conflict, 36, 54, 56 Conventionalities, I Co-operation, 63, 66, 73-76, 97 Corporations, 41-51 Defectives, 74, 76 Democracy, 9; in America, 11-13, 17; disappears, Dependence increasing, 26 De Tocqueville, 108 Discipline, 72 Distinction, social, 72 Division of employments, 73 Duty, 113 Education, 78, 90, 98, 101 Egypt, laborer in, 37 Emancipation of Spanish America, 15 Employments, division of, 61, 66 Encomiendas, 16 English in colonizing, 5, 13, 16 Equality, 2, 20-22, 71, 76, 79, 107 European, occupation of America, 1; tendency as to democracy, 29 France as a republic, 17 French Revolution, 58, 98 Frontier, 24 Fundamental tendency, 78 Government, an experiment, 104; complex, 65; primitive, 64; support of schools, 87 |