Navigation. The number of vessels entered and cleared at Limon and Punta Arenas during 1900 was 605, of 689,460 tons. The merchant fleet of Costa Rica consisted of 2 sailing vessels, of 541 tons, and 3 steamers, of 783 tons.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The railroad from Limon to Alajuela, with its branches, has a length of 137 miles. The line from San José to Tiveves, 59 miles, will, when completed, establish rail communication between the Atlantie and Pacific coasts.

The number of letters and other mail-matter that passed through the post-office in 1899 was 1,772,914 in the internal and 637,163 in the foreign service.

There were 880 miles of telegraph-wire in 1899; number of despatches, 342,572. The telephonelines had a length of 200 miles.

CRETE, an island in the Mediterranean, formerly a Turkish vilayet, since Dec. 21, 1898, an autonomous province under the suzerainty of the Porte administered by a High Commissioner of England, France, Italy, and Russia. The High Commissioner is Georgios, Prince of Greece, born June 24, 1869, second son of Georgios I, King of the Hellenes. He was appointed for three years on Nov. 26, 1898, entered on his office on Dec. 21, 1898, and was reappointed on Dec. 15, 1901. The Constitution was adopted on April 28, 1899. The High Commissioner has supreme command of the military forces. The legislative body is the Boule, 64 members of which, of whom 3 are Mohammedans, are elected by universal suffrage for two years, in the proportion of 1 to 5,000 inhabitants, and 10 members, including 1 Mohammedan, are nominated by the Prince. The electoral system provides for minority representation. The Boule sits for two months every two years. The ministers are appointed by the Prince, and take part in the discussions of the Chamber without having the right to vote. The representatives at Rome of the protecting powers are authorized by their governments to decide questions affecting the foreign relations of Crete. The Council appointed on Sept. 7, 1901, was composed as follows: Finance, J. A. Tsouderos; Interior and Public Safety, Manoussos R. Koundouros; Public Instruction, Worship, Justice, and Foreign Affairs, A. D. Boreades.

Area and Population.-The island has an area of 3,326 square miles. The native population at the census of June 17, 1900, was 303,543, comprising 269,319 Greek Catholics, 33,496 Mohammedans, and 728 Jews. Compared with 1881 there were 62,256 more Greeks and 39,955 fewer Mohammedans. The number of foreigners in 1900 was 6,096, including 3,593 Hellenes and 1,071 Turks. Canea, the capital, had 21,025 inhabitants; Candia, 22,331.

Finances.-The revenue for the year ending Aug. 31, 1901, was estimated at 6,471,860 drachmas, and the expenditure at 6,281.277 drachmas. The revenue is derived mainly from direct taxes and duties on consumption. The chief expenditures were 1,789.553 drachmas for finance, 1,444,492 drachmas for communications and public safety, 1,344,214 drachmas for the interior, 749,508 drachmas for public instruction, and 703,510 drachmas for justice. The intervening powers promised to advance 4,000,000 drachmas to Crete, and Great Britain and Italy did advance 1.000,000 drachmas each, Russia 352.500 drachmas, and France 12,500 drachmas. This constitutes the total public debt, excepting 1,500,000 drachmas which the protecting powers in 1901 decided that Crete should pay to the Ottoman Public Debt Commission, besides the concession of the salt VOL. XLII. 14 A

monopoly for twenty years, thereby canceling all pecuniary claims of the creditors of Turkey against Crete.

Commerce and Production. The chief product is coarse olive-oil from which soap is manufactured. Wine is made, and oranges, chestnuts, and carobs are exported. The silkworm is raised. Goats and sheep are reared. Commerce is carried on mainly with Greece and Turkey. The total value of imports in 1900 was 11,076,055 drachmas; exports, 5,590,436 drachmas.

Political Affairs.-M. Venezelo, whose proposal to establish an independent autonomous Government in Crete, a principality on the model of Bulgaria, resulted in his dismissal from office by Prince George in 1901, took the lead of the Opposition party. He did not propose a permanent principality, but one which should serve as a transitional arrangement and by the elimination of international control to a great extent and the removal of the international troops hasten the realization of a union with Greece. The democracy of Greece, however, and the Cretan patriots suspected an ambitious design of the High Commissioner. The storm of popular disapproval evoked by his proposal caused M. Venezelo to abandon the idea and put forward as his program the earliest possible union with Greece as the only solution of the Cretan question. Demonstrations in favor of immediate union, like those which in 1901 drew from the protecting powers an admonition to Prince George declaring their resolve to maintain the status quo, were supported by all parties and elements except the remnant of the Moslem population, reduced to a third of its former numbers. The substitution of a Greek force for the international troops was urged by the Government as the general desire. The Moslems insisted on the retention of the international troops, whose protection alone enabled them to live in the island. Those who still remained were mostly congregated in the towns. The small proprietors had sold or abandoned their farms and the beys had parceled out their estates among Christian tenants. The number of Mohammedan officials was constantly decreased. Parts of the Evkaf, or pious foundations, of the Mohammedans were appropriated by the Christians. When some Mussulman boatmen were murdered by Christians who had escaped the general disarmament the Mohammedan community of Canea appealed to the ministers of the four powers at Rome and to the Sultan as suzerain of the island to redress their grievances. A new independent party was started by M. Koundouros, who retired from the Cabinet in the beginning of June and was replaced by M. Mylogiannakis. This party, which clamored likewise for speedy annexation to Greece, was encouraged by the Government as a rival to the growing Opposition party. The requests which Prince George made to the powers on accepting a prolongation of his mandate remained unanswered. In the summer the High Commissioner visited St. Petersburg and Vienna. Although party spirit in Crete raged more violently than ever, the Christian, peasants, who form the bulk of the population, were comparatively unaffected. reaped an abundant grain harvest in 1902 and the grape and olive crops were excellent.

They

CUBA, a republic in the West Indies. By the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain signed at Paris on Dec. 10. 1898, Spain relinquished the sovereignty of Cuba and the United States assumed the obligations for the protection of life and property. United States troops, already in occupation of parts of the

imports of Cuban produce into the United States in 1900 were sugar for $18,243,639 and tobacco for $9,703,331, and among the exports of United States produce to Cuba were provisions for $5,214,489, iron and steel manufactures for $3,717, 127, breadstuffs for $2,122,553, lumber for $2,122,553, and cattle for $2,042,710. In a special message to the Cuban Congress President Palma requested Congress to pass laws for the reestablishment and development of stock-raising, suggesting that measures be taken to stimulate private enterprise, especially by removing all duties from cows and from bulls of established breeds, stallions, and jackasses, also for one year from fencing wire. He proposed to prohibit the slaughter of cows fit for breeding. Of 16,000,000 acres now unproductive, more than half the area of Cuba, nearly the whole is good grazing ground, capable of supporting 4,000,000 head of stock. President Palma estimated that in the first year of his administration 400,000 cattle would arrive, the average consumption for food being 300.000. Half of those arriving he thought ought to be pastured for six months before slaughtering, insuring an addition to the national income estimated at $2,000,000, and he suggested prohibiting the slaughter of lean cattle for three months after importation.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-There are 950 miles of railroads, of which British companies own 551 miles.

The length of telegraph-lines is 2,300 miles, with 3,450 miles of wire.

Establishment of the Republic.-An electoral law was framed by a committee of the constitutional convention. On Jan. 1, 1902, presidential electors were chosen, who, on Feb. 24, 1902, elected Tomas Estrada Palma President of the republic and Señor Estevez Vice-President. In fulfilment of the joint resolution of the United States Congress, approved on April 20, 1898, for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its authority and gov ernment in the island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect, the President of the United States was authorized in the army appropriation act approved on March 2, 1901, to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people so soon as a Government shall have been established under a Constitution which, either as a part thereof or in an ordinance appended, defines the future relations of the United States with Cuba in substantial agreement with the Platt amendment. These provisions are that the Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or compact with any foreign power which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or otherwise lodgment in or control over any portion of the i-land; that it shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provisions for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the island, after defraying the current expenses of government, shall be inadequate; that it consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a Government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for

discharging the obligations imposed by the treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba; that all acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy be ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder maintained and protected; that the Government of Cuba execute and as far as necessary extend the plans already devised or other plans to be mutually agreed upon for the sanitation of the cities of the island to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious disease may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and their residents; that the Isle of Pines be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty; that to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba and to protect her people, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States; and that by way of further assurance the Government of Cuba embody these in a permanent treaty with the United States.

These conditions having been fulfilled, President Roosevelt in a message to Congress dated March 27, 1902, recommended measures for diplomatic and consular representation in Cuba. The people of Cuba having framed a Constitution and elected a President, preparations were made by the Secretary of War to terminate the military occupation and permit the installation of the Government of Cuba on May 20. The Cuban Senate and House of Representatives was convened by Gov. Wood on May 5 to pass on the credentials of their members, after which they officially informed the American military Governor of the election of Estrada Palma as President of the republic. President Palma selected his Cabinet on May 17 from both the Nationalist and Republican parties and included one Independent. It was composed as follows: Secretary to the Government, having charge of the Rural Guard, Sanitation, the Post-Office, and the Signal Service, Diego Tamayo; Secretary of State and of Justice, Carlos Zaldo; Secretary of Agriculture, Emilio Terry; Secretary of Public Works, Manuel Luciano Diaz; Secretary of Public Instruction, Eduardo Yero; Secretary of Finance, Garcia Montes. Gov. Wood formally transferred the government and control to President Palma and the Cuban Congress on May 20, advising them that the transfer was made on the understanding and condition that the new Government, pursuant to the appendix to the Cuban Constitution adopted by the constitutional convention on June 12, 1901, assumed the obligations which the United States had assumed with respect to Cuba by the treaty with Spain signed at Paris on Dec. 10, 1898. The judicial and subordinate executive officers appointed by the Government of occupation continued in the discharge of their functions, except such of them as Gov. Wood had already replaced with nominees of the President-elect, and all the laws promulgated by the provisional military Government remained operative until they should be changed by the new Government. Gov. Wood, in the proclamation of transfer, recited the obligations imposed on Cuba in her relations with the United States by the American Congress and accepted in the appendix to the Cuban Constitution of

kroner for the Ministry of the Interior, 4,950,168 kroner for the Ministry of Justice, 6,970,705 kroner for the Ministry of Worship and Public Instruction, 10,226,370 kroner for the Ministry of War, 6,742,635 kroner for the Ministry of Marine, 4,164,676 kroner for the Ministry of Finance, 77,164 kroner for the Ministry for Iceland, 3,836,304 kroner for extraordinary state expenditure, and 13,646,159 kroner for improvement of state property and reduction of debt. The reserve fund kept at the disposal of the Government to provide for sudden emergencies amounted on March 31, 1901, to 17,891,915 kroner. The actual revenue for the financial year 1902 amounted to 96,800,000 kroner and expenditure to 76,700,000 kroner. The receipts included 30,000,000 kroner of the loan concluded in 1901, of which 10,000,000 kroner were used, leaving 20,000,000 kroner unexpended and a total balance in the treasury of 40,000,000 kroner on March 31, 1902. In the budget for the year ending March 31, 1904, the revenue is estimated at 70,200,000 kroner, including a balance in the treasury on April 1, 1903, estimated at 11,000,000 kroner, and the expenditure is estimated at 74,500,000 kroner, showing a probable deficit of 4,300,000 kroner. The amount of the public debt on March 31, 1901, was 217,294,224 kroner. The foreign debt was 149,012,250 kroner, the domestic debt 68,281,974 kroner. The rate of interest is generally 3 per cent. The value of state railroads on March 31, 1901, was 247,492,711 kroner and of other investments and the domains 81,751,643 kroner, including the war chest.

The city of Copenhagen had a revenue of 23,647,206 kroner in 1900, 19,363,676 kroner of expenditures, a debt of 59,255,344 kroner, and property valued at 66,936,304 kroner. The revenue of the provincial towns in 1899 amounted to 18,264,393 kroner, their expenditures to 14,882,386 kroner, their debts were 36,750,368 kroner, and the value of their property was 61,439,805 kroner. The collective revenue of rural communes 23,023,172 kroner, their expenditure was 20,669,605 kroner, their debts amounted to 19,466,375 kroner, and the value of their property to 48,357,907 kroner. Provincial places collected 3,600,570 kroner of revenue, expended 3,132,596 kroner, had 5,556,737 kroner of debts, and owned 7,477,508 kroner of property.

was

The Army.-Young men from the age of twenty-two are liable to serve eight years in the regular army and its reserve and eight years longer in the extra reserve. When drawn for service they are drilled six months for infantry, three months for field-artillery and engineers, eight months for cavalry, and four months for fortress-artillery. Recruits who fail to become proficient are required to go through a second period of drill, which is eight months for infantry, eleven months for cavalry, and twelve months for artillery and engineers. All troops are called into camp for annual exercises lasting from twenty-five to thirty days. The army is organized in 2 divisions, one of 2 and one of 3 brigades, the brigade consisting of 3 regiments of infantry and 1 regiment of cavalry. There are 31 battalions of infantry of the line. 11 battalions of reserve, 5 regiments of cavalry, 2 regiments of field artillery of 6 active batteries, and 4 reserve batteries each, 1 regiment of fortress-artillery, and 1 regiment of engineers. The total strength on the peace footing was 824 officers and 8.945 men in 1901; war footing, 1,448 officers and 60,138 men.

The Navy. The Danish navy contains one old turret-ship, the Helgoland, of 5,370 tons,

armed with one 36-ton gun, 4 22-ton guns, 4 5-inch guns, and 2 24-inch quick-firers. The barbette ship Iver Hvitfeldt, of 3,450 tons, carries 2 28-ton and 4 5-inch guns and 2 24-inch quickfirers. The cruiser Tordenskjold, of 2,530 tons, has a 52-ton gun in an armored barbette and 2 5-inch guns. The armor-clad coast-defense vessels Gorm, of 2,400 tons, and Herluf Trolle, of 3,470 tons, launched in 1899, carry 2 26-ton or 18-ton guns in armored turrets. The Skjold, of 2,160 tons, has a single 26-ton gun. The Lindormen, of 2,100 tons, has a pair of 13-ton guns. The Odin, of 3,230 tons, has 18-ton guns in a central battery. A new turret-ship of 5,317 tons, launched in 1900, has 2 pairs of 26-ton guns. Nearly all the vessels of the navy were built at Copenhagen. The Valkyrien, of 3,020 tons, the Fyen, of 2,740 tons, and the Geiser, Hekla, and Heimdal, of 1,310 tons, are deck-protected cruisers of recent construction.

Commerce and Production.-The European agricultural crisis affected Denmark as seriously as any country and led to a diversification of crops, a contraction in the area under cereals, and a great extension of pastoral industry which with the encouragement of the Government and by the aid of agricultural schools has placed Denmark in the first rank of dairying countries, and not only restored but augmented the former prosperity. There were exported 40,578 cattle, 20,543 horses, and 2,095 sheep in 1900. The quantity of beet-sugar produced was 49,678 tons. The manufacture of oleomargarine was 18,254 tons. There were 21,879,576 gallons of beer brewed, and the distillation of spirits amounted to 7,479,845 gallons. The catch of fish in 1899 was valued at 7,455,871 kroner. The total value of imports in 1900 was 526,803,000 kroner; of domestic exports, 281,919,000 kroner; total exports, 393,570,000 kroner. The special imports were valued at 416,200,000 kroner, of which 96,200,000 kroner represent food substances, 81,300,000 kroner articles for personal or domestic use, 43,100,000 kroner fuel, 71,300,000 kroner seeds, manure, and fodder, and 124,300,000 kroner raw products. Of the domestic exports 235,500,000 kroner represent food substances, 4,500,000 kroner articles for personal or domestic use, 2,000,000 kroner seeds, manure, and fodder, and 39,900,000 kroner raw products. Of the general imports 44,534,000 kroner and of exports 14,085,000 kroner were colonial produce; of the imports 7,655,000 kroner and of the exports 3,448,000 kroner were beverages; of the imports 58,372,000 kroner and of the exports 6,306,000 kroner were textile manufactures; of the imports 47,081.000 kroner and of the exports 12,079,000 kroner were metals and metal manufactures; of the imports 25,626,000 kroner and of the exports 2,162,000 kroner were timber and wood manufactures; of the imports 47,362,000 kroner and of the exports 4.470,000 kroner were coal; of the imports 2,513,000 kroner and of the exports 21,852.000 kroner were live animals; of the imports 52,037,000 kroner and of the exports 231,228,000 kroner were dairyproduce and provisions; of the imports 66,873,000 kroner and of the exports 13.339,000 kroner were cereals. The values in kroner of the commerce of Denmark with various foreign countries in 1900 are given in the table on the next page.

The imports of Danish butter into Great Britain increased from £767,190 in 1870 to £8,029,625 in 1900: imports of eggs, from £67,654 in 1878 to £923,551 in 1900; and in the latter year £3,058,782 of Danish bacon was imported.

Navigation.-The number of vessels in the foreign trade entered at Danish ports during 1900