unanimously adopted. Resolutions were passed providing for a board of trustees, to be com posed of the 6 bishops now in Japan and 6 Japanese, chosen by the synod, to raise and hold a fund for the endowment of the native episcopacy. The sum of 1,800 yen (about $900) was pledged within the synod by Japanese lay delegates for this purpose. It was decided that the twentieth anniversary of the organization of the Nippon Sei Kokwai, occurring in 1907, should be commemorated by a special endeavor to raise a large amount for this fund.

The Church in the Far East.-The Lord Chief Justice presided over a meeting called to promote more systematic and extended mission work in the far East, May 6. The meeting had been called by the Associations in Aid of the Church of England Missions in North China, Korea, and South Tokio, Japan. Mrs. Isabella Bishop, who had traveled extensively in the far Eastern countries, spoke, from the results of her own observations, emphasizing the claims of those regions on the Church of England. At present that Church was taking an unworthily small share in the mission work there, except in the districts where the Church Missionary Society was working. The destruction of the old faiths in Japan by the contact with Western civilization, resulting in the growth of a race of agnostics, was a serious matter to face, especially in view of the recently formed alliance between England and Japan. The Archbishop of Canterbury dwelt on the vast responsibility that lay on the English Church, owing to the action of England in reference to China and Japan. A subscription was received toward the formation of a second bishopric in North China. The "Ethiopian " Church.-A number of native churches which had been organized in South Africa under the auspices of a bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, having become dissatisfied with that connection, withdrew during the year 1900, and applied, as the Ethiopian Church, to be received into communion with the Anglican Church. The Bishop of Grahamstown commissioned the Rev. Alfred Kettle, known as Father Alfred," of the Community of St. Cuth bert, to visit the different centers of this Church and prepare the members for reception into the Anglican Church and for confirmation. He died in November, 1900, but it then had been shown that the people would be better instructed by persons who had been their own ministers. In May, 1901, 14 of these ministers came to Queenstown to receive instruction under Father Fuller, of the Cowley Brotherhood. Ten of the students were confirmed in November, 1901; 2 had been previously confirmed, and 2 had withdrawn. The 12 confirmed students early in 1902 began the work of preparing their brethren for confirmation, each of them being given a provisional catechist's certificate.

The West Indian Church Mission to West Africa has been maintained by Cadrington College. Barbados, since 1855, and is manned entirely by men of color, partly by natives and partly by men sent out from the West Indies, who have been trained at Codrington College. At a meeting held in London in its behalf, Bishop Ingram, late of Sierra Leone, gave an account of its work on the Rio Pengo, and of the interest taken in it by the people of the West Indies.

ARCHEOLOGY. United States.-A professorship for the study of American antiquities, with an annuity of 6.000 francs for its maintenance, has been founded in the College of France by the Duke of Loubat.

VOL. XLII.-2 A

Evidences are discovered in increasing number of the former existence of a dense population considerably advanced in civilization in Arizona. They are found in the ruins of large buildings and of cities, some of which are estimated to have had 100,000 inhabitants, and in the remains of irrigation works. Traces of large irrigation canals are described as being numerous in certain districts. One 32 miles north of Phoenix, supplied from the Rio Verde, passes for nearly 4 miles through an artificial gorge cut to the depth of 100 feet in the rock; it then divides into 4 branches, 1 of which is more than 40 miles long, and all together would measure 120 miles in length. This system supplied a region of about 1,600 square miles. These and other similar works are said to have been constructed with great engineering skill. The remains of the walls of one of the cities, called Los Muertos, may be traced for many miles; and an immense quantity of burned bone dust is one of the remarkable features of the site. The ruins supposed to be of another large city, on the other side of Salt river, cover an area of 28 miles by 12; and the remains of the structures, of stone and mortar, are frequently marked by the holes in which the timbers were inserted. Marks have been found of volcanic eruptions and of other changes that have occurred since these cities were inhabited and the irrigation canals were constructed, and the period is supposed to have long preceded that of the cliff-dwellers.

Dr. Henry M. Baum, president of the Records of the Past Society, of Washington, D. C., has affirmed that during a two months' tour among the ruins of the cliff-dwellers he hardly averaged 10 miles in any one of the cliff-dwelling districts without coming across some of their habitations, and that he saw enough dwellings to accommodate 2,000,000 people. He expresses himself convinced that the cliff-dwellers and the mesa and valley dwellers were all of a contemporaneous civilization which dates earlier than the heavy lava overflow in the southwest. "The pottery, stone implements, and skulls found in these three classes of ruins are all the same. It is quite evident that the vast civilization of the entire country was extinguished by a flow of lava," of which the evidences are abundant throughout the entire region.

In the exploration of 20 mounds along the shores of Perdido, Pensacola, and Choctawhatchee Bays and Santa Rosa Sound, on the northwest coast of Florida, Mr. Clarence B. Moore observed a new form of burial in which a skull alone or a skull with a few bones is laid beneath an inverted vessel of earthenware. A similar method of interment was practised in Georgia, where the remains were cremated. The decoration of the purely aboriginal earthenware recovered from the mounds and cemeteries is largely symbolical, and its make shows a mixture of styles, including some features of the ware of the middle Mississippi region and of that of Georgia and the Caro

linas.

Parts of the skeleton of a man found at Lansing, Kan., in March, 1902, while digging out a tunnel, were the subject of a discussion at the meeting of the American Congress of Americanists in October. The bones, which were 20 feet below the surface, were believed by some anthropologists who had examined them to be of extreme antiquity. On the other hand, a statement had been published that they were the remains of a convict who had been buried near the end of an old mining-shaft. In a paper by Prof. S. W. Williston, of Chicago, this statement

was pronounced absurd, and it was maintained that the bones were marked by incrustations of the hardness betokening antiquity, and that the character of the surrounding deposits pointed in the same direction. The author believed that the discovery was genuine and the bones were those of a Pleistocene man, and argued that they had been covered at one time by an accumulation of at least 35 feet of river loess. In a paper by Dr. Ales Hrdlika, who had examined the skeleton, the bones were described as quite hard and porous, not sufficiently chalky to mark a blackboard, fully preserving their structure, and showing no traces of fossilization. Considered anthropologically, all the parts of the skeleton, and the skull in particular, approached closely in every character of importance the average skeleton of the present Middle States Indian.

Mexico. Early in the year a most important and interesting discovery was made in the heart of the Mexican capital. It consisted of the unearthing of the remains of an Aztec temple and many idols, only two squares from the great central plaza, or what is called the Zocolo. The temple proved to be the Aztec house of many gods, located several years ago on a map projected by the Mexican archeologist Señor Batres, representing the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, or Mexico, as it existed when first seen by the Spaniards in 1519. This map shows the city as an island intersected with canals running nearly at right angles, corresponding to the present streets of the city. After great research Señor Batres succeeded in locating to his own satisfaction the public buildings, palaces, and temples of the Montezumas on this map, in each case giving his authority for so doing. The great temple, or teocalli, on the top of the pyramid of which the Mexicans sacrificed their thousands of victims to the war-god, is shown nearly in the center of the island city representing Tenochtitlan, the site of which at the present day is occupied by. the great cathedral and plaza. Back of the great temple Batres located a much smaller one, which he said was called Coateocalli, meaning in the language of the Aztecs "the house of many gods." He gave as his authority for the existence of this temple Father Duran, who wrote that the palace of the Acevedos was built upon its site. No known record was left of the existence of this palace; but Batres found, by searching the municipal archives, a reference to an ordinance regarding the supply of water, under date of Oct. 27, 1710, in which reference was made to the property owned by the Acevedos family on the corner of Relox and Cordobanes Streets, and consequently he there located his temple of the many gods. As the corner was occupied by a fine old building, it was not supposed that any trace of the old temple could be found, even if Batres were correct in his location of it.

Last winter the work of renovating, or practically rebuilding, the edifice occupying the corner was undertaken for the purpose of furnishing suitable quarters for the offices of the Department of Justice. Capt. Diaz, son of President Diaz, had charge of the work, and it is due chiefly to him that the discoveries were made. While his workmen were leveling the patio, or central courtyard of the edifice, preparatory to putting down a new pavement, they came in contact with some solid stone work, which proved to be a flight of stone steps leading down below the surface. Diaz, appearing just in time, ordered the men to open a trench parallel with the steps, cautioning them to use their tools carefully. The trench was opened the entire

length of the patio, and at the farther end, scarcely 2 feet below what had been the surface of the patio, the men came upon what appeared to be a round, smooth rock, which might have been taken for an ordinary boulder. This rock proved to be a sculptured monolith weighing several tons, representing a tiger recumbent, or an ocelotl ready to spring. Further excavating brought to light another great rock sculptured to represent a serpent's head, which corresponds with two others previously discovered, and which it is said formed the corner pieces of the wall that surrounded the great teocalli, within which dwelt 7,000 Aztec priests.

After these two huge monoliths were removed from the trench, the excavating was continued till the base of the steps was reached, 13 feet. below the level of the present city, where they rested on a solid foundation which, being the base of the temple, is without question the level of the former city. This proves that the present city of Mexico is 13 feet above the city of the Aztecs that was destroyed by the Spaniards. Near the foot of the temple many small objects. were found, such as idols, remains of idols, incense gum, spear-heads, and ornaments, as if they had been thrown down from the temple and left there by the Spanish iconoclasts. These were all carefully cleaned and preserved for the study of Señor Batres, after which they will be

placed in the National Museum of Mexico. The stumps of two trees that evidently had grown from crevices in the stones near the foot of the temple show that the temple must have been allowed to remain in ruins after its destruction several years, otherwise the trees would not have grown there. Then came the final covering up of the temple with the trees, and the building of the edifice above at its present level.

The weight of the tiger that was found is 4 tons, and it measures 2 meters 30 centimeters long, 1 meter 5 centimeters wide, and 94 centimeters in height. Its mouth is open, showing huge teeth and a part of its tongue. Its great round eyes add to its ferocious look. It is well modeled, with its tail properly coiled round it on one side, as the animal is often seen in nature. On each side of the head and neck is a mane resembling somewhat the pendant part of the headdress on the Egyptian Sphinx. On its under side are vestiges of paint, showing that the animal was originally painted with red and yellow in spots, to carry out the imitation of the American tiger more perfectly. Cut in its back is a cylindrical cavity about 18 inches in diameter and 5 inches deep. The sides and bottom of this cavity are sculptured with representations of Aztecfigures or warriors.

The serpent's head represents the reptile with its mouth open and its upper lip rolled up over

its forehead, disclosing the upper jaw with great husks projecting down over the under lip. It is said that there were four of these heads, one in each corner of the great wall around the teocalli, and the design corresponds to similar heads graven on the Aztec calendar stone. On the under surface of the heads Señor Batres thinks he has deciphered a hieroglyph which he calls tres acatl, the date of the foundation of the great teocalli.

IDOL.

Among the other relics unearthed was a curious little idol cut out of a piece of volcanic rock, about 10 inches in height. The workmanship is rather crude, but decidedly interesting, representing a head with scarcely any body, intended evidently to be in a sitting posture with folded arms across the chest. The incense gum which was found resembled pieces of bone, but upon being carefully cleaned of the earth in which it had been buried all these centuries, it burned upon the application of a lighted match and gave, off the proper perfume. Several large stones are sculptured to represent skulls or death's-heads. They were fashioned with long wedge-shaped projections at the back, evidently for the purpose of holding them in place in some wall or edifice, the decorative part of which they formed. The work was rather rudely done, and a coat of white paint, still preserved on some of them, added to their horrible aspect. An extremely interesting relic was part of a foot of a colossal statue in baked clay. The piece showed the toes perfectly modeled, with the edge of the sandal beneath and the knots of the thongs holding it over the instep of the foot, as worn at the present day by the Mexican Indians. Other smaller pieces of this statue were found, such as a piece of the knee showing a bit of the ornamented dress; and in handling them one could easily imagine the great war-chief in full regalia as he

STONE HEADS FROM EXCAVATION IN MEXICO.

guarded the portals of the temple when set upon by the Spaniards and hurled down the steps to the bottom to lie there crushed and broken with the rest of the ruin.

The old city of Tenochtitlan was at such a distance (13 feet) below the level of the present city

of Mexico because the Spaniards did not rebuild upon the foundations of the city they destroyed with the material at hand after the destruction, as would be supposed, but brought material from elsewhere and built upon the ruins. Cortez compared the city, as he first saw it with its canals and little islands, with Venice. When he retook the city after he had been driven out the destruction took place. It may be that the Spaniards had no intention of rebuilding the city after the heroic defense made by the Aztecs, in which they left their countless dead and dying strewn about to breed pestilence in the air. The great temples and massive palaces were destroyed by the victors, after which Cortez withdrew to Coyocan on the mainland. Later he built his palace at Cuernavaca, which still exists, and while his lieutenants were subjugating the surrounding districts he devoted much time to tilling portions of the land granted him, where it is said he planted the first sugar-cane brought to the American continent.

The evidence is to the effect that the ruined city of Tenochtitlan was abandoned to the survivors of its terrible conquest, who stalked about mid the ruins, eking out an existence the best way they could for many years before the reconstruction was begun. This is shown by the stumps of the two trees unearthed at the base of the temple. The Franciscans built a little mission church where the cathedral is to-day, and it is known that the cathedral was not begun on this site till a century later.

In the year Prof. Marshall H. Saville, of the American Museum of Natural History, completed the four years of explorations in Southern Mexico planned by the museum, the funds for which were supplied by the Duke of Loubat. The first two seasons of these years were spent in explorations among the famous ruins of Mitla, where Mr. Saville made important discoveries and surveys. The last two seasons' work were devoted to explorations in the State of Oaxaca. Early in the year Prof. Saville went to Mexico City, where he fitted out this last expedition, assisted by the Government archeologist, Señor Batres, an arrangement having been made with the Mexican Government by which Prof. Saville is allowed to retain a certain number of his finds. The expedition fixed its headquarters at Oaxaca, which is near the extensive remains of Xoxocotlan and Cuilapam, centers of culture of the ancient Zapotecans, a powerful Indian tribe who had developed a high state of civilization, but differing in many important respects from that of the Aztecs of the valley of Mexico, and the Mayas of Yucatan. Three months were spent in making the excavations and studies, during which huge burial mounds were opened, disclosing the tombs of the ancient inhabitants. The tombs were found in a good state of preservation, some with sculptured lintels and doors closed with huge stone slabs, and long drains for the purpose of drawing off water that might accumulate in them. Within were found noteworthy objects of great archeological value, which afford a vivid glimpse of the culture of the ancient and little known people.

Not far from the places where Prof. Saville carried on his explorations is a range of hills on which, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet above the sea, are the remains of a great fortified city whose builders are lost to history, to which the name of Monte Alban has been given. It is thought that this may have been the capital of the old Zapotecan Empire. The entire section of the country about is thickly dotted with

mounds indicating that at one time the country was densely populated by an industrious people. The mounds vary in height from 6 to 75 feet, some of them being in the form of a pyramid, while others are rectangular, and a few circular. Many have been plowed over, and thus their original outlines are destroyed. Statues appear buried in many places, and the plows too have wrought havoc and destruction among many of them.

A peculiar feature of the tombs were the cemented floors, in some instances these being one above the other, and indications of a structure on top of the whole. In some of them a flight of stone steps led upward to the platform or floor above. The tombs were of stone neatly dressed, covered with stucco, which had been painted red. The lintels over the entrances consisted of a stone slab, the outer part also painted red. Above the lintel were stucco decorations, sculptures, and hieroglyphics, and sometimes funeral urns of terra-cotta were found. One of which Prof. Saville found in front of a tomb in a large mound in the excavations of the ruins at Cuilapam, and was allowed to bring away. It was in pieces, which have been carefully put together, and it is now in the Museum of Natural History, New York. In one of the explorations made by carrying a trench through the entire mound a tomb was found with the characteristic cemented floors and adobe construction of the other mounds, with a door sealed with large stone slabs. The façade of the front wall was in the form of a frame in which were five terra-cotta funeral urns. One in the center had a death'shead on each side of it, made of stucco. The inside of the tomb was covered with food vessels, incense burners, and the remains of skeletons. Niches in each side of the walls also contained human remains. All the bones and skulls were painted red. There were several detached heads on the floor, which had been cut off. The walls of the chamber had been covered with plaster, but in the lapse of the time since they were built, probably on account of earthquakes, too, the greater part had fallen off. The plaster had been decorated with paintings in various colors, which had not altogether lost their brightness, although only traces remained. Over these bright-colored decorations a thin coat of stucco had been laid, upon which in black outlines was painted a series of human figures in the costume of the ancient people. One of the most important features in this and many of the other tombs was the hieroglyphic inscriptions found on the stone door lintel and wall chambers in form of writing entirely different from any heretofore found in Mexico, and the first ever found in Zapotecan territory.

At Cuilapam, 7 miles southwest of Oaxaca, 7 large chambers and a like number of small stone graves were uncovered. The excavations of the mounds were especially striking on account of the jadeite ornaments and other votive offerings found. They embraced beautifully carved breast ornaments, necklaces, beads, earrings, miniature idols, and various symbolic figures. Also fragments of mosaic work were found, the most interesting of which are two small circular mirrors made of bits of highly polished hematite cemented to thin disks of pottery. A significant point brought out by these discoveries is the fact that they fully confirm the writings of the old Spanish historians who have described the strange and elaborate burial customs of the Zapotecans, and also that the great underground tombs were used as ossuaries, or places reserved

only for the deposit of the bones of the dead, and not for burial. After a certain lapse of time when the flesh had decayed, the bones and heads were painted red, and with elaborate ceremony they were placed in the tombs with food and incense. One problem is definitely settled as to the character of the mounds; the rectangular ones were found to be burial-places and contained the most important tombs, but the pyramidal ones were temple structures.

While Prof. Saville was carrying on his excavations and explorations among the ruins of Xoxocotlan and Cuilapam, Señor Batres went to the ruins on Monte Alban. These have been known to exist many years and have been visited by American and foreign scientists, but Señor Batres through his government position was able to make many new and most important discoveries. Monte Alban rises to a height of about 1,200 feet above the valley of Oaxaca where the other remains are found. Its sides and top have been cultivated by the natives for years. A great central courtyard embracing many acres between quadrangular mounds, which, besides containing temples, may have served for defense, is used as

a corn-field. The mounds were arranged in a systematic order around this great court, and Señor Batres spent much time superintending the work of clearing the mounds of the brush and trees that covered them, employing many Indians from the surrounding towns. At the base of a great mound where excavations had been previously made by other explorers, including Prof. Saville, he rescued sculptured images the existence of which was known at three of the corners, and by their location discovered one at the fourth corner at the base. An important discovery was made in one of four pyramidal mounds, the remains of which stand in a row down the middle of the great courtyard, which is now turned into an Indian corn-field. first object encountered was a sculptured, rectangular column of porphyry, 4 meters in height, 60 centimeters across the face. and 40 centimeters across the sides. On the face of this monolith

The

is an elaborate figure with a death's-head, evidently the portrait in bas-relief of a dead monarch. On one side are figures supposed to be two priests, with several rows of hieroglyphs, and on the other side a single priest with more hieroglyphs. The back is covered with hieroglyphs. But the greatest discovery was the finding of a pot of jade objects in the mound. The jade resembles Burmese jade, and has never yet been found on this continent, while the jar containing the jade is of evident Maya origin. Pieces of similar jade have been found in other parts of Mexico, and they have been regarded by many as evidence of the former communication of the aboriginal races of Mexico with the Chinese, but scientists still believe that jade may yet be found in its native state somewhere in Mexico. The specimens found at Monte Alban are beautiful in color, elaborately carved, and highly polished. One piece is about as large as the palm of the hand, of a rich deep blue, graven to represent a human face, said to resemble that of a China

man.

During the work of clearing and in some minor excavating, many great slabs of stone with carvings in bas-relief were found. Some represented men, some animals, and some were covered with hieroglyphs. The slabs usually covered the tombs, and one represents the figure of a monarch or prince, apparently wearing a royal headdress, sitting on some high place with the sign of speech extending from the mouth, with a row of hieroglyphs following. The stone is 3 meters in height and 2 meters in width.

It is the opinion of Señor Batres that the ruined city was the sacred city of the people who built it. The area cleared is 3 kilometers in length by half a kilometer in width, and mounds of less importance cover the surrounding mountains, but these have not yet been touched. Those so far uncovered appear to be the bases of the great structures that surmounted them, and the remains of these structures or temples have been found on some of them. Excavations and explorations of these remarkable ruins are to be continued during the season of 1903.

South America. The remains of the Calchaqui, a South American Indian race with characteristics much like those of the Northern Pueblo Indians, who were exterminated by the Spanish in the seventeenth century, have been the object of exploration by Dr. Juan B. Ambrosetti. Their monuments are found over a territory in the Argentine Republic stretching 900 miles from north to south, and about 200 miles from east to west. Their houses, constructed like those the remains of which are found in Colorado and Arizona, were built both in the valleys and on the mountains to a great height. Several of their villages have been explored by Dr. Ambrosetti, who has recovered from them a large number of articles of various kinds in stone, copper, bronze, turquoise, gold, and silver.

England. The excavations at Silchester on the site of a large Romano-British city which has been identified with the Calliva or Calleva Attrebatum of the Antonine itineraries have been carried on continuously, by the aid of the Silchester Excavation Fund, since 1890. The area of 100 acres, enclosed by the remains of the Roman wall, nearly 2 miles in circumference, has been explored steadily and systematically till only a fractional part remains, and the foundations of the houses and public buildings have been traced more and more fully and with more precision from year to year. The new information gained each year has been most largely in

extension and addition to that already obtained, and the work has been little marked by sensational novelties of discovery. An area of 6 acres in the northern half of the town was examined in 1901. One of the houses had been enlarged after it was built to nearly double its former size, and presented two features that were specially remarked upon. One was the foundation of an almost perfectly circular room, and the other was the evidence that the house was half-timbered. Wattle work and plaster had been combined, and large pieces showed the ruts in the plaster formerly traversed by the osiers or small branches which held its substance together. The work resembled that which has been found in neighboring houses, and has perhaps been traditionally followed from the days of the city's prosperity to the present. This half timber-work-familiar in such medieval cities as Brunswick and Hildesheim-seems to have been widely prevalent; and remains have been found of Germano-Roman work-clay filling in a half-timber construction -on the Danube which presents a likeness to what has been found at Silchester. In a long room in one of the houses were a number of large jars fitting into holes in the flooring. In this room were also masses of bones of fowls, pheasants, and other birds. It is not easy to conjecture the height of these houses. The walls were about 18 inches thick and mostly of flint and rubble, and being of such material can not have been very lofty.

The recent architectural discoveries at Stonehenge were described in a paper on that subject read to the members of the Royal Institute, Jan. 20, by Mr. Detmar Blow, who with Dr. Gowland superintended the excavations which were made in October, 1901, for Sir E. Antrobus, owner of the estate. The author pointed out that the great monolith called the leaning stone was the largest in England, Cleopatra's Needle excepted. It was one of the pillars of the highest trilithon, and stood behind the altar-stone, near which it leaned at an angle of 65 degrees. Half-way up it had a fracture one-half across it, and the weight of stone above that fracture was a dangerous strain upon it. It had now been brought to a vertical position. One Roman coin and one George III penny were found quite near the surface. Numerous chippings of the sarsen and bluestone of which Stonehenge was built were discovered. The flints found were used for the softer sarsen and bluestones, and the handhammers and mauls for rough dressing. From this the deduction had been made that the building belonged to the Paleolithic period. All authorities agreed that it was the work of a highly civilized people. The construction was one of a stone development, and the surface of the stone was finished much like that of granite. The design of the pillars was, in Mr. Blow's opinion, evolved from the shapes of the flint instruments used by the workman, to which his hand had grown accustomed. Each pillar had a bold entasis in its elevation, and in its plan foreshadowed the column. With the aid of illustrations the author described the method by which the leaning stone had been raised in the work of restoration and the sifting process by which the implements, etc., had been recovered. Stonehenge had generally been supposed to be of the bronze age till these implements were discovered, and this was believed to be the only occasion on which the implements were found actually next to the stone building where they were used. In the discussion of the paper, Sir Norman Lockyer remarked that the conclusion was justified from