Gypsum-Various localities. Hayesine-Occurs in globular masses, in layers alternating with those of salt, in Columbia Mining district, Esmeralda county. (R. H. Stretch.) Hematite-Abundant in California; perhaps the most important locality is north of Auburn, Placer county. Hessite-In the gold drift, El Dorado county. (W. P. Blake.) In the Reist mine, on the great quartz lode, at Whisky Hill, Tuolumne county. Horneblende-Throughout the State. The variety "asbestos," at many localities. Moun- Ilmenite-El Dorado county, near Georgetown, from gold washings. (W. P. Blake.) Iridosmine-With platinum and gold, in the beach sands of the northern counties. Found also as a residue in melting large lots of gold dust. Kerargyrite-Localities numerous, particularly in the decomposed surface ores of the silver mines of Nevada, Idaho and Arizona. In California, in the mines of the Slate Range district. Limonite-Common in California. In Oregon, near Portland, occurs in an extensive bed. Magnesite-Occurs massive at various localities in the Coast Ranges. Associated with the quartz of the veins of California. Magnetite-At various localities in the State. In extensive beds, massive, and of superior quality, in Sierra county. Malachite-(Green Carbonate of Copper)-Abundantly in surface ores of the copper mines of the State. Mariposite—A provisional name for a supposed new species, attached by Prof. B. Silliman to the light apple-green colored mineral, occurring with dolomite and quartz in the Veta Madre of California. Marcasite-Localities numerous. Marmolite-In the vicinity of the New Idria Quicksilver mines. (J. D. Whitney.) Mispickel-Commonly associated with gold in the auriferous quartz veins of California. Petroleum-Abundantly distributed throughout the coast counties, from San Diego to Crescent City. Platinum-With iridium and iridosmine, on the coast at Cape Blanco, Southern Oregon. Analysis of a sample of the mixed metals from Port Orford, in 1854, gave forty-three and fifty-four, and one hundred per cent. of platinum. (W. P. Blake.) Proustite (Light Red Silver Ore)—In the veins about Austin, Lander county, Nevada. At the Daney Mine, and sometimes in the ores of the Comstock Lode, Nevada. Pyrargyrite-(Ruby Silver)—In the silver mines of Nevada. It is particularly abundant in the mines about Austin, Lander county, Nevada. Pyrites-Common throughout the State. Pyrolusite-A very pure ore of Binoxide of Manganese occurs in considerable quantity on "Red Rock," in the Bay of San Francisco. Pyromorphite-Occurs frequently in the auriferous quartz veins of the State that are marked Quartz-Fine crystals are obtained in the mines of California and Nevada. The vitreous, chalcedonic, and jaspery varieties are not uncommon in various parts of the State. Salt-(Rock Salt)-Abundant as an incrustation throughout California. It also occurs in enormous quantities in the beds of dry lakes in Nevada. Sassolin (Boracic Acid)-Clear Lake, Lake county. (W. P. Blake.) Scheelite-In the Mammoth district, Nevada. (Dr. C. T. Jackson.) Serpentine-Abundant throughout the State. Selenite-In shales of Lone Tree Cañon, east side of Monte Diablo range. (J. D. Whitney.) Silver (Native)-It is of comparatively rare occurrence in California, but found frequently in the mines of Nevada, Idaho and Arizona. Silver Glance-Abundant in the silver mines of Nevada. Sphene-In the granite of the Sierra Nevada. (W. P. Blake.) Stephanite-The crystals have been taken from the mines on the Comstock lode, Nevada. Stibnite-In large masses near the San Emidio Cañon, also in acicular crystals and granular masses at the Lake quicksilver mine. Stromeyerite-Heintzleman mine, Arizona. Sulphur-In large deposits at foot of Clear Lake. In considerable quantity at several localities in Colusa county, and at other points within the State. Tetrahedrite-Occurs in the Veta Madre of California; abundantly in the Sheba mine, Nevada. Tellurium-Native, and associated with silver and gold, in some of the auriferous quartz veins of California. Native tellurium occurs foliated in a mine at Angel's Camp, Calaveras county. It is also associated with silver and gold in a mineral which is probably to be referred to a new species, containing more silver than gold. (B. Silliman, M. D., Dec. 2d, 1867.) It appears that Mr. G. Kustel had previously noted the peculiar composition of this mineral, in a communication to the Mining and Scientific Press, May 20th, 1865. Tourmaline-San Diego county, north side of valley of San Felipe, in feldspathic veins. Tungstate of Manganese-Mammoth District, Nevada. (Proc. Cal. Acad., III, p. 199, C. T. Jackson.) Wulfenite-(Molybdate of Lead)-Found in small yellow crystals in the upper part of the California Mine, Comstock lode, Nevada. (W. P. Blake.) Zircon-Occurs with garnets in mica slates of Monte Diablo. (Geology of Cal.; vol. I, p. 22; J. D. Whitney.) CHAPTER XI. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Introductory Remarks. Woolen Mills: The Pioneer Mills-Mission Mills-Pacific MillsMarysville Mills. Cotton Manufactures-Flouring Mills-Sugar Refineries. Iron Works: The Pacific Rolling Mills-Union Iron Works-Miners' Foundry, etc.-Boiler Works. Brass Foundries-Saw Mills and Lumber-Wire and Rope Works-The Pacific Cordage Factory-Tanneries-Powder Works-Fuse Factory--Paper Mills-Glass Works-Manufacture of Salt-Soap Factories-Candle Factories-Glue Factory-Chemical and Acid Factories-Matches-Oil Works-Rice Mills-Lime and Cement-Lead Works-Marble Works and Quarries-Potteries-Boots and Shoes-Saddlery and Harness-Wagons, Carriages, Cars, Agricultural Implements, etc.-Furniture-Matting-Pianos, Organs, Billiard Tables-Breweries and Distilleries-Brooms, and Broom Corn-Wood and Willow Ware California Type Foundry-Cigar Manufactories-Manufacture of Clothing, Shirts, etc.-Furs-Meat Packing and Curing-Dried and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables, etc.-Miscellaneous Manufactures-Works Projected or in Progress. The State of California possesses such marked and manifold advantages, aside from its geographical position, as to insure the rapid building up of large manufacturing interests within its limits. Foremost among these advantages is the vast and widely diffused water-power found in all the hill and mountain districts throughout the northern and eastern sections of the State. Extending along the western watershed of the Sierra, and following the lateral range that, near its northern end, sets off toward the coast, is a belt of country five hundred miles long and seventy-five miles wide, crossed by more than twenty large rivers, many of them formed from several forks--each, for a good portion of the year, a fair sized stream. Besides these rivers, there are many creeks flowing in like manner across this belt, and which, though not perennial, carry heavy bodies of water for at least one half the year. All these rivers have their sources about the summits of the lofty Sierra or its outlying ranges, whence they descend rapidly towards the great interior plains, a portion of them flowing directly into the sea; many of them making a fall of more than six thousand feet in flowing a distance of seventy or eighty miles. The amount of propulsive power that may be generated by an entire and economical appropriation of these waters would, to one unacquainted with their volume and the favorable condition under which they exist, seem incredible. To state it as being equal to the force exerted by five hundred thousand horses would be to keep well within bounds. Already nearly two hundred quartz mills, over fifty flour, and one hundred and fifty saw mills, are driven by such inconsiderable portions thereof as have been diverted for this purpose. If all the water power existing in the New England States were added to that of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, it would scarcely exceed that still running to waste down the side of the Sierra. The generally open character of the country, the deep alluvial soil and its freedom from stones, and the facility with which lumber can be obtained for fluming, render the construction of ditches a matter of comparative ease throughout this region. Already a costly and wide extended system of aqueducts is to be found in the mining canals that ramify nearly all parts of it, supplying water to many of the quartz mills, as well as to hydraulic, sluice, and other modes of earth washing. This water, after having been used for the latter purposes, could, in many cases, be made subservient to the propulsion of machinery; and it will doubtless happen hereafter that as the auriferous earth becomes exhausted in different localities, the water once used for washing will be afterwards availed of for milling and manufacturing purposes. Locating manufactories, foundries, and machine shops in this well watered district, will be but to bring them to the door of the consumer; since, in the mining communities to be planted here in the future will be found the best customers of these industrial institutions, which will thus be saved the expense attendant on the carriage of their wares to distant markets. These streams run directly across the principal mineral belt of the State; a country rich in every species of agricultural, as well as mineral and other kinds of natural wealth-wherefore, it is obvious, that all these several interests must be blended, growing up in harmony, mutually depending upon and aiding each other. In case it should be found expedient, however, to locate these establishments further down where the fall is insufficient to create a water power, then the magnificent forests on the mountains above will afford an unfailing fuel supply-the construction of short railroads, only, being necessary to insure the delivery of lumber and firewood at the points where needed in endless quantities, and at very low prices. It is, furthermore, worthy of remark in this connection, that many kinds of stone suitable for the foundation works, and where required for the superstructure also of buildings, abound in almost every part of this region, and generally under very favorable circumstances for quarrying and removal. While in the coast and other mountain ranges of the State the water power, as well as the wood and lumber supply, is much more restricted than in the region just considered, there is still a sufficiency of both in many places to enable the business of manufacturing to be carried on to a considerable extent, some of these streams having already been appropriated for driving machinery. In the larger towns, more especially in San Francisco and its suburbs, destined, from the advantages of its position, to become a point at which more manufacturing will probably be concentrated than at any other on the coast, coal can be obtained at rates that will render the cheap generation of driving power, through the agency of steam, always practicable. Or what is still more probable, petroleum, now promising to be brought into use so successfully as a steam fuel, will come to be extensively introduced in these localities. Should the result anticipated from the experiments now being made with this fuel be ultimately realized, the coast region of California will be rendered quite independent of other sources of fuel supply-the deposits of this substance being widely diffused, easily obtained, and wholly inexhaustible. In addition to this immense power already created, and so convenient to hand, or that can be so cheaply generated, California enjoys in her genial and salubrious climate another great advantage over most manufacturing countries. In that part of the State where these multifarious industries are likely to grow up, it can almost be said that there is no winter. The heat of the summer in the interior is long continued, and in many localities for a time oppressive, though never debilitating, owing to the cool nights that prevail throughout that season. During the remainder of the year the weather there is for the most part delightful, out door laborers seldom suffering from either heat or cold. In California the mill-wheel is rarely ever pinioned by frost, or the paths that lead to the workshops and factories obstructed by snow and ice. Neither is the craftsman ever forced to go shivering to his task, or to labor in a chilled and freezing atmosphere-the benignant climate invigorating the system and relieving toil of its greatest hardships. Here the shops, and factories do not require to be kept constantly closed to economise the heat within, compelling the operative to labor in a foul, fœted and debilitating atmosphere, destructive to health and depressing to the spirits. Except in the more elevated districts, the temperature is such that even in winter all active employments may be comfortably pursued in the outer air or with open doors. In this mildness of the climate |