existence of the 14 leading private veterinary colleges of the United States was a little more than 19 years. All but one of the private veterinary colleges have disappeared from the field of veterinary education because it was necessary for them to have a large number of students in order to be financially successful and this is impossible with increased entrance requirements. Further, the public is demanding a service which requires broader training and a more thorough education in the fundamental veterinary and other sciences. This can not be given without considerable equipment and other resources not available except in our larger universities and colleges. Another factor which had considerable influence is the fact that isolation of any one particular branch of education is contrary to the modern conception of good educational environment. A veterinary student reared and educated in a city, whose college associates are all studying the same subjects is inclined to come out a narrow, unsympathetic man, the burden of whose thoughts is his own and his profession's welfare. He is likely to have little to contribute to the community in which he lives except strictly professional service. Of the thirteen veterinary colleges established since 1900, six were connected with State institutions and are in operation while all seven of the private institutions have expired.

The State veterinary colleges in most cases developed out of veterinary courses offered to agricultural students. Some of the State legislatures in passing acts establishing agricultural colleges provided for the inclusion in the curriculum of veterinary science. When a good teacher with a strong personality was secured for the veterinary subjects it often led to the establishment of a school or college with a veterinary faculty and graded course of study, provided the animal industry of the State could not easily secure its veterinarian from adjoining States. Some of the colleges and universities conferred a limited number of veterinary degrees before they had a definite faculty organization and an outlined course of study (Cornell and Ohio State). In most cases, however, a professional school was organized before degrees were conferred. This report will deal with the State institutions from the time of their organization into professional veterinary colleges or divisions.

Only one of the State institutions was organized prior to 1890 (Iowa, 1879). During the period 1890 to 1900 schools were started at Washington State College, Cornell University, and Ohio State University. More than one-half of the State veterinary institutions are less than 25 years old. Most of the land-grant colleges have one or more veterinarians connected with the agricultural colleges and agricultural experiment stations. A few, in fact, have a better veterinary staff than some of the present-day veterinary colleges.

Chapter II. The Nature of Veterinary Service

The location of the existing veterinary colleges was dependent upon two principal factors. One, and perhaps the most important, was the demand for veterinary service. The other, a personal factor, decided many States in favor of establishing a veterinary college and others against such a procedure. It is quite natural that Iowa, a rapidly developing agricultural State, should organize a veterinary "school" as early as 1879 when the other veterinary colleges were two private schools in New York City. Harvard University established a veterinary college in 1883, but it was a private institution, as was the New York Veterinary College, until its connection with New York University. The institutions, except in name, had all the characteristics of private institutions. The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine is the only veterinary college in the United States not associated with a land-grant college. It is, however, a part of a great university which receives State aid. The New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y., and the College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, were established at institutions where there had been much interest in and favorable attitudes toward veterinary medicine. Law at Cornell and Detmers at Ohio, Stalker in Iowa, and Huidekoper of Pennsylvania were men of vision and realized the need for a good system of veterinary education.

However, the machinery of universities and colleges moves slowly in such matters and the private colleges embraced the opportunity to turn out thousands of men into the profession. They then closed their doors and left the solution of the profession's problems with the State institutions.

The problems in veterinary education are as numerous and difficult to-day as they ever were. Many of these problems result, as was the case in medicine, from the fact that a system of private schools dominated the professional educational system. The scientific development of the veterinary profession was not as rapid as demands warranted and many of the State institutions were very slow in developing research programs. Some, in fact, have none to-day. What has been done was done largely in the United States Bureau of Animal

Industry and in the agricultural experiment stations. The contribution of the private institutions to the scientific development of the profession was practically nothing.

The objectives of the veterinary profession fall into two groups viz, scientific development (research and graduate work) and preparation of men to apply such developments. Every veterinary college should have a strong research staff. Whether this is also a teaching staff will depend largely on individuals. A veterinary college that is doing teaching work only is discharging but one-third of its obligation to the profession and to the community which supports it. It is afflicted with a form of sterility. Scientific facts based on careful research are the first essentials in the success of any branch of the medical profession. Trained men to apply such facts are also essential to a full realization of the possible benefits offered by the known sciences, but without scientific development it is not possible to produce either trained men or to give men, be they trained or untrained, the equipment with which to secure practical results. Less than onehalf of the State veterinary colleges have had research work in progIn some cases this has not been due to the unwillingness of the staff to attempt research. In most of the State-supported educational institutions it is difficult to secure ample funds to carry on the most essential work. The students are on the campus and must be taught, and as a result research suffers or is left out of the program entirely. It has been argued by a few that a fair division of labor is to ask the States having veterinary colleges to turn out the trained men and permit the experiment stations of the States without veterinary schools to do the research work. The great objection to this proposal is that the veterinary sections in most experiment stations are "service departments."

ress.

Many veterinary units in experiment stations continued the manufacture of anti-hog-cholera serum for years after ample serum was being made under the supervision of the United States Government by regular commercial agencies. Such work is not research. If the States desire such service from their institutions well and good, but the point to be emphasized here is that less than 20 per cent of the agricultural experiment stations have contributed much of value to the fundamental veterinary sciences. The experiment stations that have men of sufficient ability to do real research work along veterinary lines could give much-needed service in the veterinary colleges. Veterinary students need the contact with such men. The men need the inspiration and atmosphere of the veterinary college. Both would be very much benefited by such association. In veterinary medicine as in human medicine the administration and application of the results of research in themselves require a high degree of

skill and training. Veterinary research, therefore, both on account of its nature and application should be associated with veterinary colleges. It should be pointed out here also that veterinary research by veterinary colleges provides training for graduate students in veterinary medicine. It is impossible to conceive of an institution doing successful graduate work in veterinary medicine without research work. At no time in the history of veterinary medicine in the United States has there been such a demand for veterinarians with advanced training. The advancement of the veterinary profession will depend in the future on men with more liberal education in the humanities and more thorough training in the sciences fundamental to the field of medicine.

Only 3 of the 11 veterinary colleges in the United States are organized and equipped to do research and graduate work within their own colleges.

The animal industry of all countries has found it necessary in order to be successful to control devastating animal diseases. This becomes increasingly difficult as the country becomes older. The food-producing animals consume an enormous amount of coarse food and transform it into a palatable, easily digested food for humans. Even the hides and hair, hoofs and horns go to make useful articles for human beings but are "manufactured " from coarse feeds and fodders which in their original state would be quite useless. The animal husbandry man's function is that of production; the function of the veterinary profession is that of conservation. Maintenance of the health of animals is becoming increasingly difficult as methods of production become more intensive, as feeding and housing become more artificial, and as people demand more and better products.

Graph No. 2 gives a concise and clear picture of the numbers of principal food-producing animals (swine and cattle) as compared with population. In 1850, for example, when population was only a little more than 23,000,000 there were about 48,000,000 swine and cattle, or over twice as many as people. This gradually changed until in 1920 the population was slightly more than 105,000,000, or four and one-half times as many as in 1850. Of cattle and swine there were 126,000,000, or less than two and two-thirds times as many as in 1850. Population is increasing much faster than animal industry.

Indeed the number of cattle and swine decreased about four and a half millions from 1900 to 1920, while population increased about 29,000,000. Whereas there were two of the principal food-producing animals per person in 1850, at the present time there is probably less than one per person. In 1860 there was one veterinarian for every

16913 thousand of the principal domestic animals (horses, cattle, swine), whereas at this time there is approximately one veterinarian for every 13,700 such animals.

During these years the average beef consumption is less per person but consumption of dairy and poultry products has increased. These changes brought with them enormously increased demands for veterinary service, not only because of the food inspection already referred to but because dairy herds require a great deal more service than is required by herds of beef animals. The veterinarian's attention previous to 1900 was given largely to equines. This is no longer the case, but the automobile which destroyed this type of prac tice saved the veterinarian by making it possible for a single veterinarian to serve three times as many clients as was possible with the old system of transportation.

It appears probable that in the future the veterinary profession will be called upon to serve highly specialized groups of animals composed of high producing individuals. The problem of conservation of the individual animal will thus become more important and veterinary service must increase in efficiency at a rapid pace. The principal fundamental difference between human and veterinary medicine lies in the utilitarian or economic valuation placed on the application of veterinary medicine. A mistaken assumption is that in due time existing diseases will be eradicated and will no longer cause worry. The fact is that new problems and new diseases are being encountered more rapidly than the old and well-known enemies are being stamped out.

Present commercial intercourse with other nations and constantly improving means of transportation multiply the problems of keeping many foreign diseases from invading herds and flocks. The supervision of livestock movements from State to State in this country requires increasing numbers of men each year. The discovery of sero-diagnostic methods for a number of contagious diseases and serum-therapy are not only responsible for large biological institutions but require veterinarians for application.

Its relation to public health is a very important factor in the future of the veterinary profession. Protection of the public against communicable diseases by means of food inspection has led to the opening of several veterinary colleges in the past. This inspection service will become more extensive. Food products susceptible of contamination and deterioration are being used increasingly. Long-distance transportation to centers of dense population becomes greater. The general public is acquiring better knowledge and appreciation of good sanitary and hygienic conditions and is demanding more thorough protection.