TABLE 10.—Income and expenditures of veterinary colleges in 10 institutions,

1 Fees collected by the institution but not available for veterinary medicine, therefore not included in total.

2 Fees collected by the institution but not indicated under expenditures.

Bacteriology for entire institution (M. S. C.) is included, and item in column 10 should be reduced at least $10,000-others discounted.

Includes $3,000 for repair of buildings.

Income is from general university funds.

6 From receipts fund.

'Taking again the same six institutions it is found that the combined appropriations (public funds) for educational work in the six institutions was $379,902, of which $372,069 was appropriated by the States (and endowment) in which the colleges are located and $7,833 was appropriated from Federal funds. The six veterinary colleges received a little more than 2 per cent of their appropriations and 28 per cent of their student enrollment from outside of the State. This discrepancy would be even greater if we could determine the origin of the matriculants as accurately as we can the funds. It would seem reasonable that veterinary colleges rendering a regional service, as they are, should be financed more largely from Federal appropria

tions. Every State has its own land-grant college. One-half of the States support medical schools and six more give the first two years of the course in medicine, but every State that has a veterinary college must serve in addition to its own State, more than three additional States.

Three methods of securing additional funds for financing the veterinary colleges are possible, endowments, financial aid from the States from which out-of-State students come, and Federal aid.

Properly endowed institutions have considerable advantage in freedom of establishing policies. Veterinary medicine, however, has never had the appeal to those financially able to endow educational institutions although it has many of the same qualities of humane interest as has human medicine.

The persons who are financially able and at the same time much interested in domesticated animals usually endow some organization for the prevention of cruelty to animals. The prevention of suffering among dumb beasts is one of the functions of the veterinary profession. It is suggested that this endowment might better be given to the support of veterinary education. Endowments in adequate amount for the veterinary colleges seem improbable, however, in the immediate future and the various States must be depended upon to meet the problems that are immediately pressing.

Financial aid from the States wherein no veterinary colleges are located is hardly to be thought of at the present time. It would be practically impossible to convince a State legislature that it should appropriate money for the institution of another State. The States that do not have veterinary colleges, and that do not need one to supply the number of veterinary graduates demanded may well provide scholarships for the students who are qualified and desire to study veterinary medicine in another State. Eleven States are now appropriating from $17,482 to $128,570 or an average of $37,423 for veterinary education, exclusive of research, while 37 States make no appropriations for this purpose, but depend upon the service rendered by their neighbors.

Buildings and equipment vary greatly with the conceptions of the various deans and with the significance that veterinary medicine has in the State where the veterinary college is located. In most cases there is some relationship between the material equipment and the strength of the faculty, but this does not hold in all cases as some institutions are more concerned about good men than elaborate buildings. Generally speaking, an institution that does not support a good staff is very reluctant to appropriate money for buildings. Eleven institutions represented in Table 11 are arranged in order of their investment in buildings, and the number of veterinarians

on the teaching staff is set opposite in each case. In a few cases the cost of the buildings could not be secured.

TABLE 11.-Investment in buildings and number of veterinarians on staff

It should be noted that the wide range in buildings and equipment either has little significance with reference to the quality of work these institutions have been doing or there must be some very weak veterinary colleges in the United States. The difference in the estimated present value of the buildings shows a wide range from $20,000 to $900,000. In the past the American Veterinary Medical Association has classified all these institutions as Class A.

It requires just as much and just as thorough training to render veterinary service successfully and efficiently in California or Oregon as it does in New York or Missouri. Nature is just as reluctant to give up its secrets to the research worker in Mississippi or Alabama as she is in Minnesota or Iowa. There is, in other words, no regional demand for graduates from anything but a high-grade veterinary college. It is apparent that approximately one-half of the veterinary colleges of the United States need considerably more in the way of capital improvements in order to make them first-grade institutions.

While it is generally conceded that the better colleges in the United States are superior to those of Great Britain, it is also admitted that the better veterinary colleges of continental Europe have considerable advantage over the leading ones in this country. Unless the States that now maintain veterinary colleges as a part of their system of higher education can afford class A institutions, they should confine their efforts to veterinary service to agriculture as is the case in some 30 States at the present time. Too many responsible persons in some of the land-grant colleges still think of veterinary education as did the pioneers in this field when a few months of association with a practitioner was all that was necessary as preparation for a professional career in veterinary medicine. It

was possible then for from three to six practitioners to pool their educational efforts, secure a building for the assembling of students, and a new "college" had come into being. Medical science has passed far beyond this stage and valuable equipment and a welltrained personnel are necessary to start a "respectable" institution. Veterinary medicine is to-day one phase of the medical sciences.

The present veterinary colleges, with one exception, grew out of chairs of veterinary medicine in agricultural colleges. The subject is, therefore, quite naturally still regarded by many as an aspect of agriculture. The fact is, however, that veterinary medicine has little more in common with agriculture than a college in human medicine has with home economics. The service rendered by the profession touches agriculture, vitally, as does human medicine the home, but the training of young men for the profession must be from the standpoint of science and medicine. For these reasons equipment and personnel reasonably comparable to human medicine must be available if the veterinary colleges are to discharge their obligations satisfactorily.

Chapter V. Classrooms, Laboratories, and Clinics

As may be expected from Table 12, accomodations for students in classrooms and laboratories show a variation comparable to that of the capital invested. The institutions arranged in the same order reported as follows:

TABLE 12.-Laboratory and classroom accommodations for students

Not only is there the wide variation in the capacity of the rooms assigned to the same subject group in the various institutions, as, for example, 45 in anatomy at one institution to 300 in another and a variation of 30 to 500 in pathology, but there is in addition, in some cases, a wide discrepancy between classroom capacity and laboratory accomodations. Either such classrooms were designed with the idea of offering the work largely by didactic methods and providing plenty of room for growth, or the relationship between laboratory work and classroom teaching was not carefully considered when the buildings were constructed. It is apparent that classroom and laboratory facilities will be inadequate in approximately one-half of the veterinary colleges when the enrollment reaches the number required to maintain the veterinary profession on an adequate basis. Clinics and clinical facilities.-Some special mention should be made of the clinics as this is undoubtedly the weakest part of veteri