ern portion of the State, soon to connect this section by rail with San Francisco, will develop the great natural resources of this section.

KLAMATH.-North of Humboldt county, and bounded upon the west by the Pacific ocean, north by Del Norte, east by Siskiyou, and south by Humboldt, is Klamath county, with an area of two thousand square miles, and a population of 1,686. It is the only county but one in the State having more foreign than native inhabitants, there being 893 of the former and 793 of the latter. The country is mountainous in the extreme; the hills are covered with dense forests of valuable timber, and the valleys with luxuriant grass. There are many rich valleys; and mines of gold, silver, copper, and other metals are worked successfully. Upon the ocean-beach the sands are washed for gold, and in some places pay well: each rise of the tide and each surge of the sea brings up new grains of gold, so that the work of extracting the precious metal from the sands goes on continuously. There is no good harbor on the coast line of this county. Trinidad bay affords some shelter and good anchorage. The county is well watered; but, owing to its mountainous character and its remoteness and want of means of transportation, its resources are but little developed. Orleans Bar, a small mining-camp, is the county-seat. Sawyers Bar and Trinidad are the only other places of any importance in the county. The climate is good: in winter, considerable depth of snow falls in the mountains, but the valleys are open and cattle graze at large throughout the whole year. The rainfall is three times as great on the coast of this

county as it is in the vicinity of San Francisco. Snow in the mountains and rain in the valleys make up winter, while summer is long, dry, and charming. Wheat, oats, barley, vegetables, and most of the fruits grow abundantly.

DEL NORTE.-Bounded west by the waters of the Pacific ocean, north by the Oregon State line, east by Siskiyou, and south by Klamath, is the county of Del Norte, the most northern county in the State, and the last upon the sea-coast line or coast counties. The area of this county is 1,440 square miles-134 square miles greater than the State of Rhode Island. The population of Del Norte is 2,022, there being 1,580 native Americans and 442 foreigners. The principal towns are Altaville, Happy Camp, and the county-seat, Crescent City. Close to the ocean at this point steamers and vessels find anchorage, but there is no harbor of safety. The rainfall in this county is three times as great as at San Francisco; snow falls in the mountains to consider. able depth in winter, and frost is keenly felt, but the cold weather is of short duration, and in the valleys pasturage is green, and sheep, cows, and horses graze at large during the whole year. Along the sea-coast the damps from the ocean keep the air cool in summer, but inland it is warm during the summer months. The surface of the country is rough; the hills and mountains are covered with dense forests and undergrowth. Throughout the county there are many rich valleys and wide pasture-ranges. Mines of gold, silver, copper, and other minerals are found, and mining is carried on to considerable extent, there being many rich gold

quartz mines in this section. On the ocean-beach the sands are washed for gold, in many instances with profit: the agitation of the waves at each storm seems to throw up new deposits of gold-dust, affording a continuous field for the labor of the miner.

The county is well suited to the various branches of agriculture. Wheat, oats, barley, and fruit grow well; and even in this extreme northern section of the State the grape, lemon, fig, walnut, and orange are cultivated, although the semi-tropical fruits, so far, are not grown to any extent, and do not thrive so well as farther south; indeed, none of the semi-tropical fruits grow to any extent in this section.

CHAPTER XXIX.

Interior and valley counties-Resources, climate, and populationSiskiyou-Trinity-Shasta-Tehama-Butte-Colusa-YubaSutter-Yolo-Lake-Napa-Solano-Sacramento-Contra Costa-Alameda-San Joaquin-Stanislaus-Santa Clara-MercedFresno-Tulare-Kern-San Bernardino.

LEAVING the coast range of counties, and going interiorward, adjoining the southern Oregon State line, is found a range of counties embracing, in the northern portion, a high mountainous region, and, extending southward, occupy a large section of the foot-hills of the Sierras, and still further south embrace the great valleys and agricultural districts of the State. A great variety of climate and resources is found in this chain of counties, stretching from Oregon to Mexico, a distance of seven hundred miles. In the section of these counties in the Sierras snow falls to a great depth, and winter wears a stern frown for three months of the year, while through the central and southern portions snow is never seen, and toward the Mexican line it is tropical, and great heat and drought prevail throughout the long, dry summers. To distinguish these counties from the others in the State, they are known as the

INTERIOR AND VALLEY COUNTIES,

The first of which, beginning at the Oregon State line, and facing southward, is

SISKIYOU-Bounded north by the southern State line of Oregon, east by the State of Nevada, south by Lassen, Shasta, and Trinity counties, and west by the coun