in their waters. Many of these lakes are the home of millions of wild fowl-geese, ducks, and crane. Throughout the northern portion of Eastern Oregon, the Des Chutes, John Day, Umatilla, and Snake rivers supply an abundance of pure water, and salmon and trout are found in great numbers. Oregon is famous for its wild game. Elk, deer, antelope, bear, geese, ducks, swan, quail, grouse, and crane are plenty; and the Columbia and all the principal streams abound in salmon and other fish; and the furbearing animals-the beaver, otter, and mink-are still plenty but the posts established by the American, Hudson Bay, and other fur companies have all been abandoned, and the fur trade of the State is smaller and conducted only by private individuals. Wild berries in great abundance and variety grow in Oregon; and salt springs and other mineral waters are found. Mines of coal and iron are worked successfully; and copper, lead, marble, and limestone are found in many sections of the State, and of superior quality. The forests of Oregon are unsurpassed in the world. Vast districts of country of rolling hills, mountains, and level lands are covered with forests of fir, tall and erect, without a limb, save a bunch upon the top. These forest trees generally stand about two hundred feet in height, and running from four to ten feet in diameter; but many of the trees grow to three hundred feet and more in height, and attain a diameter of from eight to twelve feet. A large timber-trade is carried on in Oregon with California and other parts of the Pacific coast; and the supply that could be furnished by her forests is beyond calculation. Fir is the great staple timber of the country. Cedar, oak, ash, pine, and some other varie ties grow in considerable quantity; but, like California and all the Pacific coast territory, Oregon does not produce the fine white and yellow pine, nor the maple, birch, and beech of the Eastern States and Canada. In fact not a tree of these beautiful varieties of timber is to be found upon the whole Pacific coast; still there are many varieties useful in ship and house building, and very beautiful for furniture and ornamental work. Agriculture is the chief industry of the people of Oregon. The mild winters, genial climate, rich soil, and summer showers always insure good crops. There never yet has been a failure of the wheat or other grain crop of the State; and the average product per acre in wheat, oats, rye, and barley is a third greater than any of the States east of the Rocky mountains. Oregon and California average nineteen bushels each of wheat to the acre, while Virginia produces but nine bushels, South Carolina but seven, and Tennessee but eight and a-quarter. Wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, corn, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, vegetables of all kinds, apples, pears, plums, cherries, and berries of almost every variety grow most abundantly: grapes, peaches, and some other varieties of fruits do not grow so well as they do in California, but in many localities well. grapes do The great staple product of Oregon is wheat. It was from the rich valleys of Oregon that the California miner in early days received his supply of bread, and to the present time, notwithstanding California exports largely of wheat and flour, Oregon flour is sold in the California markets. At Portland, and other towns in Oregon, ships load with wheat and flour for the markets of Europe, Asia, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific; and agencies for the sale of Oregon flour are established in San Francisco. Apples in great quantities are shipped from Oregon to California and to all ports along the coast, and to British Columbia. The rapid growth of fruit trees in this State is remarkable: ten and twelve feet are often produced in a year, and so abundantly do trees bear at three and four years old that they are often crushed with the weight of the fruit. Horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry all thrive well in Oregon, and produce their species at a much earlier period than do their kind in any part of the Atlantic side of the republic. There are in the State 75,000 horses, 4,500 mules, 102,000 cattle, 62,500 milch cows, 150,000 hogs, and 420,000 sheep; there are also 160 miles of railroad, and several roads in course of construction. The wide pasture-ranges, great variety of native grasses, and mild climate, make Oregon the finest grazing section of the country. In many portions of the State stock-raising is carried on to a great extent, and sheep-raising and wool-growing is receiving considerable attention; and besides supplying several local factories, large quantities of wool are shipped to California and to the Atlantic States. Many branches of manufacture are prosecuted in Oregon, and the whole business of the State has received a great stimulus from the railroads already constructed and now building in the Wallamet valley. Some idea of the amount of flour produced may be ascertained from the fact that there are eighty flouring mills in operation in the State, many of which produce one hundred and fifty barrels of flour daily; and one, the |