the responsibility of some other body (e.g., the Public Service Commission) or where the constitution specifically provided for him to act in his discretion. The Legislative Council consisted of eighteen members appointed by the Governor after consultation with persons speaking for the differing political points of view of groups represented in the House of Representatives, and two or three members nominated by the Premier. The Legislative Council was essentially a revisionary Chamber with powers to delay bills for a limited period of time. The House of Representatives consisted of forty-five members elected by universal adult suffrage. The constitution established Judicial Service, Public Service and Police Service Commissions with executive responsibility for appointments, discipline and dismissals in the Services for which they were responsible. Officers in the Public Service and the Police Service against whom disciplinary action was taken had the right of appeal to the Privy Council. Judicial officers had no right of appeal to the Privy Council. Judges of the Supreme Court could be removed from office only on the advice of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain after investigation by a locally-appointed Judicial tribunal. As a result of the Referendum held on 19th September 1961, Jamaica applied for withdrawal from the West Indies Federation to seek independence alone in 1962. At a Conference held in Lancaster House in February 1962 full agreement was reached between the British and Jamaican delegations on the date for Jamaican independence and on the form and content of the new constitution. Jamaica became an independent sovereign country and a Member of the Commonwealth on 6th August 1962. CONSTITUTION The Constitution of Jamaica, contained in the Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council, 1962, provides for a Governor-General appointed by Her Majesty The Queen and for a bi-cameral Legislature. The Senate consists of 21 Senators appointed by the Governor-General, 13 on the advice of the Prime Minister and 8 on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Representatives consists of 53 elected members, but provision is made for an increase up to 60 members. The President and Deputy President of the Senate and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives are elected, respectively, by the Senate and the House of Representatives from within their own membership. The qualification for appointment to the Senate or for election to the House of Representatives is to be a citizen of Jamaica or another Commonwealth country of the age of 21 or more and to have been ordinarily resident in Jamaica for the immediately preceding twelve months. It is provided that persons holding or acting in public offices, judges of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal and persons of unsound mind, are disqualified for appointment to the Senate or election to the House of Representatives. Apart from certain entrenched provisions, the Constitution may be amended by a majority of all the members of each House. There are ordinarily entrenched and specially entrenched provisions. The first group may be amended by an affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of all the members of each House, provided that there shall be a period of three months between the introduction of the Bill seeking to amend the Constitution and the commencement of the debate on it in the House of Representatives and a further period of three months between the conclusion of that debate and the passing of the Bill by the House. The specially entrenched provisions (which relate to the legal force of the Constitution, Parliament, Sessions of Parliament, the Prorogation and Dissolution of Parliament, General Elections and the appointment of Senators, and the Executive Authority of Jamaica, and which include the section providing for the alteration of the Constitution) may be amended by the same procedure as that required for the ordinarily entrenched provisions with the additional requirement that such amendment shall be approved by the electorate by referendum. Should the Senate not approve a Bill amending any of the specially entrenched provisions by a two-thirds majority of all its members the matter may be referred to the electorate by referendum in which case a majority of two-thirds of the electorate voting shall be required before the Bill may be presented to the Governor-General for assent. As regards any ordinarily entrenched provision the required majority is three-fifths of the electorate voting. The Privy Council consisting of six members appointed by the GovernorGeneral after consultation with the Prime Minister, of whom at least two are persons who hold or have held public office, advises the Governor-General on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative of Mercy and on appeals on disciplinary matters from the three Service Commissions. The Governor-General appoints as Prime Minister the member of the House of Representatives who, in his judgement, is best able to command the support of the majority of the members of the House. The Governor-General also appoints the Leader of the Opposition. Executive responsibility rests with a Cabinet consisting of the Prime Minister and not less than eleven other Ministers. Not less than two, nor more than three, Ministers (without Portfolio) may be members of the Senate. The Governor-General is required to act on the advice of the Cabinet except in respect of any function conferred upon him in his discretion or any function exercisable on the advice or recommendation of, or after consultation with, persons or authorities other than the Cabinet. Provision is made for the appointment of an Attorney-General, a Director of Public Prosecutions, an Auditor-General, a Public Service Commission, a Police Service Commission and a Judicial Service Commission. There is a Supreme Court and a Court of Appeal. The President of the Court of Appeal and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. HISTORICAL List of Governors-General Sir Kenneth Blackburne, G BE, KCMG (later GCMG), 6th August 1962 to 30th November 1962 Sir Clifford Campbell, GCVO, GCMG, from 1st December 1962 HISTORICAL LIST OF MINISTRIES Hon. Sir Alexander Bustamante (Rt. Hon. Sir Alexander Bustamante from January 1964, GBE January 1967), 6th August 1962 to 21st February 1967 Hon. D. B. Sangster (Sir Donald Sangster, KCMG, from 7th April 1967), February 1967 to 11th April 1967 Hon. H. L. Shearer from 11th April 1967 (Rt. Hon. H. L. Shearer, from 6th January 1969 to 29th February 1972) Hon. Michael N. Manley, from 1st March 1972 GOVERNMENT After the election held on 29th February 1972 the composition of the political parties in the House of Representatives was People's National Party 37 seats, Jamaica Labour Party 15 seats and 1 Independent member. GOVERNOR-GENERAL His Excellency Sir Clifford Campbell, GCMG, GCVO CABINET Prime Minister, Minister of External Affairs, including Foreign Economic Policy, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance: The Hon. David H. Coore, QC Minister of Education, and Leader of the House: The Hon. Florizel Glasspole, CD Minister without Portfolio with special duties in the Prime Minister's Office and Leader of Government Business in the Senate: Senator The Hon. Dudley Thompson, QC Minister of Agriculture and Deputy Leader of the House: The Hon. Keble Munn Minister of Mining and Natural Resources: The Hon. Allan Isaacs Minister of Health and Environmental Control: The Hon. Dr Ken McNeill Minister of Home Affairs and Justice: The Hon. Noel Silvera Minister of State in the Ministry of Education: Senator The Hon. Eli Matalon Minister of Youth and Community Development: The Hon. Dr Douglas R. Manley PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES Prime Minister's Office: Seymour Mullings Ministry of Agriculture: D. Leaky and A. U. Belinfanti Ministry of Youth & Community Development: M. Brown and Senator Paul Miller Ministry of Public Utilities, Communications and Transport: H. Clarke LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION Rt. Hon. Hugh L. Shearer SENATE President: Senator The Hon. A. G. R. Byfield HOUSE OF RepresentativeS JUDICIARY Chief Justice: The Hon. Sir Herbert Duffus President of the Court of Appeal: The Hon. Sir Cyril Henriques, CBE Mr. Justice G. E. Waddington Mr Justice L. J. Moody H* Members of the Court of Appeal Mr. Justice H. J. Shelley Puisne Judges: Senior Puisne Judge: Hon. Mr Justice A. M. Edun Hon. Mr Justice K. G. Smith Hon. Mr Justice R. M. Hercules Hon. Mr Justice U. N. Parnell Hon. Mr Justice Edward Zacca Hon. Mr Justice K. C. Henry Hon. Mr Justice C. H. Graham-Perkins Hon. Mr Justice L. G. Robinson Registrar of the Supreme Court: H. V. T. Chambers MINISTRIES AND GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS KING'S HOUSE Governor General's Secretary: N. H. Smith, MVO A.D.C. to the Governor-General: Captain Leo Blake AUDIT Auditor-General: R. V. Irvine MINISTRY OF FINANCE Financial Secretary: P. W. Beckwith, OBE Accountant-General: W. C. Jervis, MBE Collector-General: A. L. Baugh, (Acting) Commissioner of Income Tax: A. F. Smith Manager, Government Savings Bank: (Acting), C. A. Hudson MINISTRY OF DEFENCE MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND Permanent Secretary: A. P. Clerk MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL Affairs Permanent Secretary: J. M. Lloyd, CмG MINISTRY OF PUBLIC UTILITIES, COMMUNICATIONS & TRANSPORT Permanent Secretary: O. H. Goldson Chief Engineer, Electricity Division, W. M. Howell Director of Civil Aviation: G. B. Morris General Manager, Jamaica Railway Corporation: U. H. Salmon Harbour Master: Capt. S. H. Willers Postmaster-General: Winston Brown Supervisor of Traffic and Transport: E. A. Marshall Director Project Review Unit: I. L. Collins Director Central Planning Unit: Dr G. G. Bonnick Director of Statistics: Dexter Rose MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT Permanent Secretary: N. O. Glegg Secretary, Board of Supervision: (acting), Mrs P. Constantine MINISTRY OF HEALTH & Permanent Secretary: H. H. Haughton Government Chemist: Dr A. C. Ellington MINISTRY OF HOUSING Permanent Secretary: W. A. McDonald MINISTRY OF WORKS Permanent Secretary: D. F. Dyer MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE Permanent Secretary: O. J. Thorbourne Manager, Agricultural Credit Board: G. C. L. Gordon Registrar of Co-operatives: J. W. Kirlew Commissioner of Lands: C. C. Langford Conservator of Forests: K. Hall Superintendent, Royal Botanic Gardens, Hope: Basil Collins (acting) MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS & JUSTICE Permanent Secretary: E. V. A. Barrett Commissioner of Police: J. H. Middleton Director of Public Prosecutions: J. M. Kerr Administrator-General: Louis Mendes Crown Solicitor: V. K. G. McCarthy Trustee in Bankruptcy: E. S. Hall Attorney-General- Senator The Hon. Leacroft Robinson, QC MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Permanent Secretary: P. W. C. Burke Director, Jamaica Library Service: Mrs J. L. Robinson, MBE Government Printer: C. S. Markland Chief Electoral Officer: R. C. Roxburgh MINISTRY OF PENSIONS & SOCIAL SECURITY Permanent Secretary: W. R. Woodham MINISTRY OF MINING & NATURAL Permanent Secretary: R. I. Mason Commissioner of Valuations: W. C. Chang MINISTRY Of Commerce AND Permanent Secretary: B. B. Powell DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION JAMAICAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS IN OTHER COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES Britain: Sir H. L. Lindo, CMG (High Commissioner); Canada: V. C. Smith (High Commissioner); Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Barbados: I. S. DeSouza, OBE (High Commissioner and Commissioner to the Associated States) (resident in Port of Spain); Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia: Ŕ. Aston Foreman (High Commissioner) (resident in Addis Ababa) JAMAICAN REpresentatives IN NONCOMMONWEALTH COUNTRIES Arab Republic of Egypt (Ambassador) (resident in Addis Ababa); Argentina (Ambassador) (resident in New York); Belgium (Ambassador) (resident in Bonn); Dominican Republic (Ambassador) (resident in Nassau); Ethiopia (Ambassador); France (Ambassador) (resident in London); Germany (Ambassador); Luxembourg (Ambassador) (resident in Bonn); Haiti (Ambassador) (resident in Nassau); Israel (Ambassador) (resident in Bonn); Mexico (Ambassador) (resident in Washington); Netherlands (Ambassador) (resident in Bonn); Panama (Ambassador) (resident in Ottawa); Switzerland (Ambassador); United States (Ambassador); Venezuela (Ambassador) (resident in Port of Spain); Yugoslavia (Ambassador) (resident in Berne); United Nations (Permanent Representative); Permanent Mission to the European Office and Specialized Agencies of the U.N. at Geneva (Permanent Representative); Bahamas (Resident Commissioner); Mission to the European Economic Community, Brussels (Minister-Counsellor) COMMONWEALTH HIGH COMMISSIONERS IN JAMAICA Britain: E. N. Larmour, CмG; Canada: Victor C. Moore; Ghana: P. K. Abbam (Acting) (resident in Mexico City); Guyana: Mrs Winifred Gaskin; India: Syed M. Aga (resident in Port of Spain); Nigeria: Edwin O. Ogbu (resident in New York); Sierra Leone: John Akar (resident in Washington); Tanzania: Salim Ahmed Salim (resident in New York); Trinidad and Tobago: Anthony Khalil Sabga-Aboud; Zambia: Vernon J. Mwaanga (resident in New York). K KENYA ENYA has a total area of about 224,960 square miles, including 5,171 square miles of water. The territory lies astride the equator and extends from the Indian Ocean in the east to Uganda in the west, from Tanzania in the south to Ethiopia and Sudan in the north, while the north-east frontier runs with Somalia. Physically, Kenya may be divided into four areas. The north-east is an arid plain, mostly covered with thorn bushes, less than 2,000 feet above sea level, with a small nomadic population; the south-east is similar but practically uninhabited except along the banks of the Tana River and in the coastal strip and the Taita Hills, which rise to 7,000 feet above sea level, and where the rainfall is adequate. The north-west is also generally low and arid, but includes Lake Rudolf (160 |