populated, clove growing being the major industry. Pemba provides about 83 per cent of Zanzibar's cloves, the total exports of which in 1969 were valued at £9m. sterling. Forty miles to the south-east of Zanzibar is Latham Island, which is no more than an outcrop of calcareous beach rock 300 yards long by 170 yards wide. It is principally notable as the breeding ground for booby, tern and green turtle.

Mafia Island is situated 80 miles south of Dar-es-Salaam and has excellent deep-sea fishing grounds. East African Airways run scheduled flights to the island and small aircraft land visitors on the Fishing Club's own airstrip.

The climate of Zanzibar is tropical, tempered throughout the year with constant sea breezes except during the rainy seasons. The heavy rains fall in April and May with lesser rains in November and December. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for Zanzibar town are 84.4°F and 76.6°F respectively and for Wete, in Pemba, 86-3°F and 76.1°F. The annual rainfall for Zanzibar town averages 61.9 inches and for Wete 76.9 inches.

At the last census in August 1967 the total population was 12,311,911 of whom 11,957,176 lived on the mainland and 480,000 in Zanzibar. The estimated annual growth rate is at present 2.6 per cent. It is expected that the rate will be higher after 1975 and the population is expected to reach the 17.9 million mark in 1980. There are some 120 tribes on the mainland, none of which exceed 10 per cent of the population. The largest is the Sukuma tribe and others include the Nyamwezi; Ha; Makondi; Gogo, Haya; Masai and Chagga. Swahili is the principal language and with English, the official language. The main religions are Islam and Christianity of many denominations.

For administrative purposes the mainland is divided into 17 regions under Regional Commissioners, namely Arusha, Coast, Dodoma, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Mara, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Iringa, Mbeye, Tabora, Tanga, Singida and West Lake. The regions are further divided into Districts under Area Commissioners.

The capital of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam, had a 1967 population of 272,821. Other leading towns include, Zanzibar (68,490), Tanga (61,058), Mwanza (34,864), Arusha (32,452), (Administrative Centre of the East African Community), Moshi (26,864), Morogoro (25,262), Dodoma (23,559), Iringa (21,746), Kigoma (21,369) and Mtwara (20,413).

Dar-es-Salaam is the principal port and handled 2-2 million deadweight tons of cargo in 1969. Major extensions to port facilities are in progress. Other ports include Tanga, Mtwara, Zanzibar and Wete together with Mwanza, Musoma and Bukoba on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika. Coastal shipping services connect the mainland and Zanzibar and Lake services are operated on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi with neighbouring countries.

The principal international airport is Dar-es-Salaam (runway 2,400 metres). Other airports include Zanzibar, Arusha, Mwanza and Tanga. Frequent air services are operated by East African Airways and there are a number of air charter firms. A new international airport is being built between Arusha and Moshi to take 'Jumbo Jets'.

The railway system is part of East African railways and consists of over 1,600 miles of metre gauge track. A new railway linking Dar-es-Salaam with Zambia (The Tanzam Railway) is under construction. There are over 19,200 kilometres of roads of which over 2,500 kilometres are bitumenized. Road links with

Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya are being modernised in a major development programme. An oil pipeline 1,700 kilometres long supplies oil products from a refinery in Dar-es-Salaam to Zambia. Radio Services are operated by Radio Tanzania in Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar.

The economy of Tanzania has grown considerably since Independence. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased from £384 million sterling in 1966 to £433 million in 1970 (at 1966 prices) of which the monetary sector in 1969 accounted for 71.2 per cent. 40-3 per cent of GDP was agricultural in 1969 and 7-6 per cent manufacturing, but the latter grew by 10-8 per cent in 1968-69. Tourism is now growing at about 30 per cent annually. Overall economic and development policy is governed by the 1969-74 Development Plan and by the precepts of the 1967 Arusha Declaration in emphasising self-reliance and the equitable distribution of economic resources.

Tanzania is a member of the East African Community and shares common services with Kenya and Uganda. In 1970 total exports and re-exports were £99.4 million and total imports £113.2 million. 22 per cent of exports went to Britain and 30 per cent to the rest of the sterling area. 21 per cent of imports came from Britain, 25 per cent from EEC and 17 per cent from Kenya and Uganda. Leading exports were coffee, cotton, diamonds, sisal, cloves, cashew nuts and petroleum products. Leading imports were manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment.

Forecast recurrent revenue for 1970-71 is £96.5 million, recurrent expenditure £96.3 million and development expenditure £55.5 million.

Tanzania's National Days are:

12th January (Anniversary of the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964);

26th April, Union Day (Anniversary of the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964);

7th July, Saba Saba Day (Anniversary of the founding of TANU in 1954); and 9th December, Jamhuri Day (Anniversary of Tanganyika's independence in 1961 and of the formation of the Republic in 1962).

HISTORY

It is known that the East African coast had trade connections with Arabia and India before the beginning of the Christian era.

In the first century A.D. the coast, including Zanzibar, was, and had long been, under the control of the ruler of south-western Arabia; the geography and products of the area were known to the Greeks of Alexandria and the most southerly market-town known to the ancients, Rhapta, must have been situated somewhere on the coast within a hundred miles of Dar-es-Salaam. From the eleventh century onwards the Sultanate of Kilwa came into prominence, attaining its greatest prosperity in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when its rulers controlled the trade of a long stretch of the coast, extending down to Sofala, near the present Beira in Mozambique.

In 1498 the arrival of Vasco da Gama off the coast of East Africa heralded a period of Portuguese predominance over the coasts and waters of East Africa. Though very few of the Portuguese settled in the country, the civilisation of the coastal towns suffered a severe decline. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, however, the Portuguese began to give way to the Turks and Arabs, notably the Imams of Oman. But Arab influence declined during the eighteenth century and the allegiance to Muscat became more and more shadowy until 1832

when the fifth ruler of the Albusaidi dynasty, Seyyid Said, moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. The second period of Arab domination was the great period of the slave trade. Bagamoyo, Sadani and Pangani on the Tanganyika coast were the usual points of departure and Tabora the most important inland centre. After Seyyid Said's death in 1856 his territories were divided between his two elder sons, and Zanzibar, with the adjacent coast, became an independent sultanate.

The country later known as Tanganyika came under German influence largely through the initiative of Dr Karl Peters, who in 1884 journeyed into the interior and in six weeks concluded twelve treaties with chiefs, whose chiefdoms were then declared to be German territory. In 1885 the land which Peters had acquired, including 60,000 square miles of territory over which the Sultan of Zanzibar claimed suzerainty, was placed under the protection of the Imperial German Government. A ten-mile belt along the coast was regarded as belonging to Zanzibar but in 1888 Germany acquired the right of collecting duties on the coast and in 1890 took over the coastal strip on payment of £200,000 to the Sultan of Zanzibar. Later the same year the supremacy of British interests in Zanzibar and Pemba was recognised by France and Germany and on 4th November the islands were proclaimed a British Protectorate, Zanzibar affairs being handled by the Foreign Office. In 1891 a constitutional government was established in Zanzibar and the Sultan appointed a British subject, Lloyd Mathews, as his First Minister. The British Representative at that time was the Consul-General, Sir Gerald Portal.

Soon after the outbreak of the 1914-18 War clashes took place between British and German forces on the northern frontier of Tanganyika, but the main campaign to occupy the country did not begin until 1916. By the end of that year all the country north of the Central Railway was occupied by British or Belgian forces and a provisional Civil Administration was established for that area on the 1st January 1917. In November 1917 the German forces were driven across the Ruvuma River into Portuguese East Africa and the occupation of the whole of the territory was then completed.

By Article 119 of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, signed at Versailles on the 28th June 1919, Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all her rights over her overseas possessions, including her East African colony. The Principal Allied and Associated Powers agreed that His Britannic Majesty should exercise a mandate to administer this former German colony, except for the areas of Ruanda and Urundi for which the mandate was given to the Belgian Government. The administration of Tanganyika continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13th December 1946.

TANGANYIKA

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The Legislative Council was first constituted by the Tanganyika (Legislative Council) Order in Council, 1926, and consisted of the Governor as President, 13 Official members and not more than ten Unofficial members. The full quota of Unofficials was not filled until 1935, when seven Europeans and three Asians were nominated. In the same year changes were made in the Official membership and a further revision took place two years later.

In 1945 the Legislative Council was enlarged to consist of the Governor as President, 15 Official and not more than 14 Unofficial members. As a result of these changes the 14 Unofficial Members included, from 1948 onwards, four Africans (two appointed in 1945, a third in 1947 and a fourth in 1948) and three Asians. In 1949 the Governor appointed a Committee including African, Asian and European representatives to review the country's constitutional structure. Its report was published in 1951 and recommended equal representation of the territory's three main races in the unofficial membership of an enlarged Legislative Council with the retention of an official majority. After further examination the recommendations were put into effect in 1955. The new Council was presided over by a Speaker and had 31 Official members and 30 Unofficials (comprising ten Africans, ten Asians and ten Europeans).

From 1948 onwards the Executive Council, which assisted the Governor in an advisory capacity, was remodelled on the 'Member' system, whereby groups of Government Departments were the responsibility of certain individual members of the Executive Council. By the end of 1954 the Executive Council consisted of the Governor as President, three ex officio members, five nominated Official members and six Unofficial members (of whom two were Europeans, two Asians and two Africans). In 1957 the Official members of the Executive Council were redesignated as Ministers and at the same time six Assistant Ministers (four Africans, one European and one Asian) were appointed. The Assistant Ministers became ex officio members of the Legislative Council with the duty of speaking for the departments assigned to them but they were not, however, members of the Executive Council although they might attend meetings and take part in discussions when matters affecting their departments came before it.

The first General Election in Tanganyika was held in 1958-59 in two phases, because of the administrative and other problems involved in holding this first series of elections in such a vast country.

After the elections the Governor announced that it was proposed to set up a Council of Ministers in which Unofficials, including Africans, would for the first time be appointed to Ministerial office. The new Council which took office in July 1959 had 12 Ministers, five of whom were elected Unofficials (three African, one Asian and one European), and it advised the Governor on constitutional and legislative matters. The Executive Council was still in existence but only advised the Governor on a limited range of subjects.

The Governor announced in December 1959 that there would be new elections followed by important constitutional changes.

The second General Election, which brought in an elected majority in both the executive and the legislative spheres, was held in August 1960. The elected side of the Legislature comprised 71 seats and of this figure 50 seats were open to contest by all races and 21 reserved for minority communities, 11 Asians and 10 Europeans. Although there were 71 seats in fact there were only 13 contests in 11 constituencies because 58 candidates, 17 of whom were former members of Legislative Council, were returned unopposed.

Only two Parties contested the election, the Tanganyika African National Union and the African National Congress. There were, however, a number of independent candidates.

The election resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Tanganyika African National Union under the leadership of Mr Julius Nyerere, which obtained

70 of the 71 elected seats. The single successful non-TANU candidate stood as an Independent.

On the new government taking office certain changes took place in the constitutional framework of the executive, the principal of which was the abolition of the office of Chief Secretary and the creation of the new office of Deputy Governor, who was a member of the Council of Ministers but not of the Legislative Council. With this change came the abolition of the Executive Council and the introduction of the office of Chief Minister.

After the Constitutional Conference held in Dar-es-Salaam in March 1961, under the chairmanship of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the British Government announced that it had agreed to grant internal self-government to Tanganyika from 1st May 1961 and full independence from 28th December 1961. The latter was later altered to 9th December 1961.

During the period 1st May to 9th December 1961 the Governor continued to be responsible for Defence and External Affairs. On 1st May 1961 Mr Nyerere, formerly Chief Minister, became the country's first Prime Minister, at the head of a Cabinet of 12. On the same day the Legislative Council was re-named the National Assembly, its composition remaining unchanged. The post of Deputy Governor was abolished from 1st July 1961.

In June 1961 the Tanganyika National Assembly unanimously passed a motion asking other member governments of the Commonwealth to join with the British Government in supporting Tanganyika's desire to become a Member of the Commonwealth. All Commonwealth Governments agreed to this and Tanganyika became a Member of the Commonwealth on achieving independence on the 9th December 1961. At the same time the Trusteeship Agreement was terminated by the United Nations.

On 15th February 1962 the Tanganyika National Assembly unanimously adopted a government motion that the Constitution be amended to provide for Tanganyika to become a Republic within the Commonwealth. At the Meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers held in London on 10th September 1962 the Prime Minister of Tanganyika was informed by the Heads of Delegations of the other member countries of the Commonwealth that the present relations between their countries and Tanganyika would remain unaffected by this constitutional change and that they would be happy to recognise Tanganyika's continued membership of the Commonwealth.

The Republic of Tanganyika was inaugurated on the 9th December 1962. Its Constitution provided for a President who was executive Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces; he was empowered to appoint a Vice-President and Ministers of his Cabinet, though he was not bound to act on their advice. The first President, Dr Nyerere, was directly elected by universal suffrage. The Constitution provided for the election of subsequent Presidents by the National Assembly at five-yearly intervals or on the dissolution of Parliament.

ZANZIBAR

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

On 1st July 1913 the control of Zanzibar passed from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office, and by a Zanzibar Order in Council of 1914 the offices of British Consul-General and the Sultan's First Minister were merged in the

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