newly-created post of British Resident, who was appointed, subject to the control of the Governor of the British East Africa Protectorate, as High Commissioner. A Protectorate Council was constituted as an advisory body with the Sultan as President and the British Resident as Vice-President. In 1925 the office of High Commissioner was abolished and the British Resident was made directly responsible to the Colonial Office. Executive and Legislative Councils were constituted in 1926 in place of the old advisory Protectorate Council. In 1960, following recommendations made by Sir Hilary Blood who had been appointed Constitutional Commissioner, a degree of responsible government was granted. Elected Ministers, one of whom was Chief Minister, formed the majority in the Executive Council, and in the Legislative Council there was a large elected majority. In 1962 the franchise was extended to provide for universal adult suffrage, and a Delimitation Commission recommended an increase in the number of elected members in the Legislative Council. On 24th June 1963 internal selfgovernment was introduced. After a General Election in July a Government was formed from a coalition between the Zanzibar Nationalist Party and the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party, which had won a majority of seats (though not of votes) over the Afro-Shirazi Party headed by Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume. At the Independence Conference held in London in September 1963 arrangements were agreed for the final transfer of power, and Zanzibar attained full sovereign independence on 10th December 1963 under the Sultan as Head of State. Establishment of The People's Republic of Zanzibar On 12th January 1964 the Sultan's Government was overthrown by a sudden internal uprising. Zanzibar was proclaimed a People's Republic, with Mr Karume as President. The former constitution was abrogated, but other existing laws continued in force. A Revolutionary Council of 32 members was declared the Supreme Authority in the Republic. A Cabinet of Ministers was appointed to exercise executive power on behalf of, and with the advice of, the Revolutionary Council. Under a Presidential Decree made in February 1964 the Revolutionary Council was to enact constitutional Decrees which were to form the basic law of the Republic, and a Constituent Assembly was to be convened to consider these basic provisions which, after having received the Assembly's assent, were to be the Constitution of Zanzibar. A further Presidential Decree of 11th May 1965 established the Afro-Shirazi Party as the sole party and supreme authority in Zanzibar. UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR After meetings between President Nyerere and President Karume it was decided that Tanganyika and Zanzibar should form one Sovereign State. Articles of Union were signed on 22nd April 1964 and on 25th April 1964 legislation ratifying these Articles was enacted by both the Tanganyika Parliament and the Revolutionary Council of Zanzibar. By this legislation the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was created as a single sovereign state, as from 26th April 1964, under President Nyerere. President Karume was declared 1st Vice-President of the United Republic, while retaining the style of President of Zanzibar as head of the separate Legislature and Executive for Zanzibar. There were 18 members from Zanzibar in the National Assembly of the United Republic and some of these became Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries in the United Republic Government. The legislation provided for an interim constitution which laid down that the United Republic should be governed in accordance with the provisions of the existing Tanganyika Constitution suitably modified to provide for a separate Legislature and Executive in Zanzibar with exclusive authority over matters other than reserved matters. Reserved matters were: external affairs; defence; police; emergency powers; citizenship; immigration; external trade and borrowing; The Public Service of the United Republic; income tax, corporation tax, customs and excise duties; harbours, civil aviation, posts and telegraphs. The main subjects which remained within the competence of the Zanzibar Government and for which there were separate ministries or departments included agriculture and fisheries; education and national culture; health and social insurance; information and broadcasting; labour; prisons; roads, power, works and justice. The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar became the United Republic of Tanzania on 29th October 1964. On 5th July 1965 the National Assembly passed the Interim Constitution Act which formerly declared Tanzania to be a one-party state. A revised TANU constitution formed the first schedule of the Act, which looked forward to the union of TANU and the Afro-Shirazi party. By the Interim Constitution Act the National Assembly was enlarged and consisted of 107 members elected from the Mainland, 15 elected by the Assembly itself, 17 Regional Commissioners from the Mainland and 3 from Zanzibar, up to 32 members of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council, up to 10 Mainland residents chosen by the President and up to 20 Zanzibar residents similarly chosen. Zanzibar appointments require the approval of the President of Zanzibar. The number of constituencies was increased to 120 for the 1970 General Elections. HISTORICAL LIST TANGANYIKA Sir Richard Turnbull, KCMG (later GCMG), 9th December 1961 to 8th December 1962 MINISTRIES Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1961 to 22nd January 1962 PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1962 to 25th April 1964 ZANZIBAR His Highness Seyyid Jamshid bin Abdulla, 10th December 1963 to 11th January 1964 MINISTRY Sheikh Mohammed Shamte Hamedi, MBE, 10th December 1963 to 18th January 1964 PRESIDENT OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC of Zanzibar Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, 12th January 1964 to 25th April 1964 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA AND Zanzibar PRESIDENT Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, from 26th April 1964 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, from 26th April 1964 to 7th April, 1972 SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT R. M. Kawawa, from 26th April 1964 GOVERNMENT Before the dissolution of Parliament on 10th July 1965 all the 71 Mainland seats were held by the TANU party and all the 18 Zanzibar seats by the AfroShirazi party. At the Mainland elections in September 1965 a total of 700 nominations were received by the District Conferences for the 107 seats and these were reduced to 208 by the National Executive Conference of TANU after the District Conferences had examined and voted on the candidates. Only two candidates were allowed to stand in each constituency, there being 101 contested seats and 6 uncontested. All candidates were required to be party members. The elections were notable for the fact that many of the previous members of Parliament lost their seats. At the Presidential elections, which took place at the same time, there was only one candidate for the office of President. Electors were asked to vote for or against and President Nyerere was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. PRESIDENT AND MINISTERS President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Commander in Chief of the Armed First Vice-President and President of Zanzibar: Hon. Aboud Jumbe Minister of Commerce and Industries: Hon. Amir H. Jamal Minister of Agriculture: Hon. Joseph Mungai Minister of Economic Affairs and Development Planning: Dr Wilbert K. Chagula Minister of Communications and Work: Hon. Job M. Lusinde Minister of Labour and Social Welfare: Hon. Alfred Tandau PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES Office of the Second Vice-President and Prime Minister: Hon. P. Qorro, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Hon. Tawakali Khamis Ministry of Defence and National Service: Hon. G. Mhagama ZANZIBAR CABINET President of Zanzibar and Chairman for Finance: Hon. Aboud Jumbe Chairman for Agriculture and Land Reform: Hon. Muhsin Ali DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION TANZANIAN HIGH COMMISSIONERS Britain: G. N. Nhigula; Canada: Abbas K. TANZANIAN Ambassadors ABROAD A. B. Nyakyi; Guinea: F. Rutakyamirwa; T TONGA HE Kingdom of Tonga comprises a group of islands situated in the south-west Pacific between latitudes 15° and 23° 30′ S. and longitudes 173° and 177° W. The group, known as the Tonga or Friendly Islands, is divided into three main sub-groups: Vava'u, Ha'apai and Tongatapu. The total estimated area, including inland waters, is 270 square miles. Tongatapu, the largest island, has an area of 99.2 square miles. The islands on the eastern side are of coral formation, those on the west are volcanic. There are active volcanoes on four of the islands. The climate is healthy, though hot and humid from January to March with temperatures of 32°C (90°F); during the rest of the year it is pleasantly cool with temperatures as low as 11°C (52°F) on Tongatapu. The mean annual temperature is 23°C (73°F); the mean annual rainfall is 70 inches on Tongatapu and 110 inches on Vava'u. The population, as recorded in the 1966 census, numbered 77,429, of whom 76,121 were Tongans. The estimated population 31st December 1971 was 89,890. The administrative capital is Nuku'alofa on Tongatapu, the population of which was 14,545 in the 1966 census. In 1971 there were 129 Primary Schools (82 state schools and the remainder run by Missions); post-primary education is provided by three Government, one private and 49 Mission Schools. Total estimated expenditure on education in the financial year 1970/71 was $1,940,691 of which $572,944 was by Government. The Government of Tonga Medical Department operates three public hospitals and a number of dispensaries. A modern Government hospital was built in 1971 mainly from British Aid Development funds. Estimated Government expenditure on medical services (exclusive of buildings and building maintenance) was T$426,603 in 1972. |