selves in American hearts, and became the principles of the Democratic party, which during his administration first took that name, and which it has held ever since. They are found scattered all through his messages, and were his guide in deciding all questions of national policy, so many of which pressed themselves upon him during his term of office. From these the following may be selected and placed in order, which should be thoroughly studied and applied to all questions which inay even now arise.

I. He said: "Regard should be had for the rights of the several States, taking care not to confound the powers reserved to them, with those they had in the Constitution granted to the general government."

2. In every aspect of the case, advantage must result from strict and faithful enconomy in the administration of public affairs.

3. He declared the unnecessary duration of the public debt incompatible with real independence.

4. In the adjustment of a tariff for revenue, he insisted that a spirit of equity, caution and compromise requires the great interests of agriculture, manufactures and commerce to be equally favored.

5. He admitted the policy of internal improvements to be wise only, in so far as they could be promoted by constitutional acts of the general government.

6. He declared standing armies to be dangerous to free government, and that the military should be in strict subordination to the civil power.

7. He declared the National Militia to be the bulwark of our national defence. In enforcing this principle he declared that, so long as the government was administered for the good of the people, and regulated

by their will so long as it secured to the people the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, the government would be worth defending, and so long as it was worth defending, the patriotic militia would cover it with an impenetrable aegis.

8. He pledged himself to the work of reform in the administration, so that the patronage of the general government which had been brought into conflict with the freedom of elections, and had disturbed the rightful course of appointments, by continuing in power unfaithful and incompetent servants, should no longer be used for that purpose.

9. He declared his belief in the principle, that the integrity and zeal of public officers would advance the interests of the public service more than mere numbers.

IO. He declared the right of the people to elect a President, and that it was never designed that their choice should in any case be defeated by the intervention of agents; enforcing this principle by saying what experience had amply proved, that in proportion as agents were multiplied to execute the will of the people, there was the danger increased, that their wishes would be frustrated. Some may be unfaithful-all liable to error. So far then as the people were concerned, it was better for them to express their own will.

II. The majority should govern. No President elected by a minority could so sucessfully discharge his duties, as he who knew he was supported by the majority of the people.

12. He advocated rotation in office. Corruption, he said, would spring up among those in power, and therefore he thought appointments should not be made for a longer period than four years. Everybody had equal

right to office, and he favored removals as a leading principle, which would give healthful action to the political system.

13. He advocated unfettered commerce, free from restrictive tariff laws, leaving it to flow into those natural channels in which individual enterprise, always the surest and safest guide, might direct it.

14. He opposed specific tariffs, because subject to frequent changes, generally produced by selfish motives, and under such influences, could never be just and equal.

15. The proper fostering of manufactures and commerce tended to increase the value of agricultural products.

16. In cases of real doubt, as to matters of mere public policy, he advocated a direct appeal to the people, the source of all power, as the most sacred of all obligations, and the wisest and most safe course to pursue.

17. He advocated a just and equitable bankrupt law, as beneficial to the country at large, because after the means to discharge debts had entirely been exhausted, not to discharge them, only served to dispirit the debtor, sink him into a state of apathy, make him a useless drone in society, or a vicious member of it, if not a feeling witness of the rigor and inhumanity of his country. Oppressive debt being the bane enterprise, it should be the care of the republic not to exert a grinding power over misfortune and poverty.

18. He declared in favor of the principle, that no money should be expended, until first appropriated for the purpose by the legislature. The people paid the taxes, and their direct representatives should alone have the right to say what they should be taxed for, in what sums, and how, and when it should be paid.

19. He utterly opposed the system of government aiding private corporations in making internal improvements. It was deceptive and conducive of improvidence in the expenditure of public monies. For this purpose appropriations could be obtained with greater facitities, granted with inadequate security, and frequently complicated the administration of government.

20.

The operations of the general government should be strictly confined to the few simple, but important objects for which it was originally designed.

21.

He favored the veto power in the executive, but only to be exercised in cases of attempted violation of the Constitution, or in cases next to it in importance.

22. He advocated State rights, as far as consistent with the rightful action of the general government, as the very best means of preserving harmony between them; and pronounced this the true faith, and the one to which might be mainly attributed the success of the entire system, and to which alone we must look for stability in it.

23. He advocated "a uniform and sound currency," but doubted the constitutionality and expediency of a national bank; and afterwards made his administration famous by successfully opposing the renewal of its charter.

24. PRECIOUS METALS AS THE ONLY CURRENCY KNOWN TO THE CONSTITUTION. Their peculiar properties rendered them the standard of values in other countries and had been adopted in this. The experience of the evils of paper money had made it so obnoxious in the past, that the framers of the constitution had forbidden its adoption as the legal tender currency of the country.

Variableness must ever be the characteristic of a currency not based upon metals. Expansion and contraction, without regard to principles which regulate the value of those metals, as a standard in the general trade of the world were, he said, extremely pernicious.

Where these properties are not infused into the circulation, and do not control it, prices must vary, according to the tide of the issue; the value and stability of property exposed, uncertainty attending the administration of institutions, constantly liable to temptations of an interest distinct from that of the community at large, all this attended by loss to the laboring class, who have neither time nor opportunity to watch the ebb and flow of the money market.

25. He renews his advocacy of a cheerful compliance with the will of the majority; and the exercise of the power as expressed in a spirit of moderation, justice and brotherly kindness, as the best means to cement, and forever preserve the Umon. Those, he closes, who advocate sentiments adverse to those expressed, however honest, are, in effect, the worst enemies of their country.

VIEWS OF GROVER CLEVELAND AS PRESIDENT.

Grover Cleveland was the first Democratic President (elected in A. D. 1884.) after James Buchanan elected in A. D. 1856. He was renominated in 1888, and defeated by Benj. Harrison; in 1892 he defeated Mr. Harrison, serving until the 4th of March, 1897. He was one of the most positive in his opinions of any former president; not a man-pleaser, but fearlessly expressed his convictions, regardless of what others thought or advised, doing what he conceived to be right. He was bitterly opposed at his first election by his political opponents,

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