The results should give the maximum æsthetic satisfaction to the wearer. Such a course in dressmaking should include as widely varying types as possible. There is ample opportunity to put into effective practice the fundamental work in textile study.

TECHNICAL COURSES IN SEWING AND DRESSMAKING.

The organization of technical instruction in the sewing arts is well illustrated by the following titles of courses offered in Simmons College, Boston: Elementary sewing-plain hand and machine sewing: plain sewing—including drafting, cutting, plain hand and machine sewing for intending teachers; applied design—the design and color arrangements for household furnishings and garments; sewing-a condensed course, for students in advanced standing, in drafting, cutting, hand and machine work, textiles, and discussion of methods; millinery; dressmaking-drafting, fitting, draping, and finishing gowns; costume design-history of costume, proportions of human figure, and applications of principles of design to the gown and to the hat; industrial sewing-garment construction, power-machine stitching, and sewing for elementary and industrial schools; plain sewing— extensive practice in drafting, cutting, hand and machine work with attention to problems of elementary and secondary schools; textilesfibers, processes of manufacture, identification and economic use of fabrics; textiles for students in salesmanship-colors, designs, qualities, textures, costs, durability.

Section 6. COLLEGE COURSES ON THE HOUSE-PLANS, DECORATION, SANITATION.

RATIONAL HOUSE PLANNING AND HOUSEHOLD DECORATION-CORNELL

UNIVERSITY.

Prof. Helen Binkerd Young, architect and assistant professor of home economics in Cornell University, contributes the following statement:

Housing is one of the three fundamental divisions of home economics. In order that rational standards of housing may be developed, it is necessary to base the work on a study of the house plan and house structure. The time has come when we must realize that forceful and direct arrangements of floor plan do of themselves create conditions favorable to simple housework and to effective decoration; while crowded, rambling, or indirect arrangements create forms of waste that no amount of added equipment can cancel. Complete home economy can obtain only after the first great economy, that of the plan, is established. To accept dwellings of the day as fixed conditions is to limit the full demonstration of home economics. The organization of the house plan must be made to fit the organization of the housework.

Equally important is the equipping of the home with useful furniture and purposeful decoration. Every interior should be considered as a setting that may rest, delight, or uplift with its atmosphere. A room that yields nothing to

its occupants is at least responsible for the sin of omission. The suggestive effect of various colors and forms on children as well as on adults is too valuable an educational force to be ignored. We need all the inspiration that a virile environment can diffuse. Daily life in such a home at length develops that personal poise which attends steady purpose and which becomes a staff to others as well as to oneself.

Such is the viewpoint pervading the course in house planning and household decoration given in the department of home economics at Cornell University. The course as at present scheduled covers three hours of credit a term, and runs throughout the junior year. The first semester is devoted to house planDing and the second semester to decoration. Hereafter a two-hour course in design will be required as a prerequisite.

The course in house planning consists of two lecture periods of 50 minutes each and one laboratory period of 24 hours. The lecture work presents to the students such discussions as, the relation of the house plan to homemaking, to the servant problem, and to the cost of living; economic versus cheap standards of building; developing house and grounds as a unit; exterior color schemes and building materials; and such phases of heating, plumbing, lighting, and general construction as effect one's standards of sound housing. It is the particular aim of this course to take a progressive view of housing, by discussing the use of new building materials, simpler plumbing methods, new floorings, and the effect such changes would have on the design, the upkeep, and the total economy of property. The bulk of the work is, however, a discussion of planning. A collection of lantern slides is used to illustrate various types of plans and exteriors both good and poor. Every plan is analyzed on the score of size, shape, arrangement, design, economy, and originality of treatment. Exterior views are analyzed for general proportion, method of roofing, window treatment, and general design of structural features. An appreciation of domestic architecture is thus developed.

The laboratory work in house planning consists of one copied and three original problems. A typical program of the three original problems includes: 1. The planning of a one-floor arrangement at a scale of inch to 1 foot. (Bungalow, apartment, or one floor of a two-family house.)

2. The planning of a two-floor arrangement at same scale. (A suburban house for a given site and for a family of given size, or a farmhouse.)

3. An economic kitchen plan. (This is the most detailed study of the term.) The course in household decoration (three-hour course) consists of one lecture period of 50 minutes and two laboratory periods of 2 hours each.

The work in decoration is fundamentally related to the work in houseplanning. By designing rooms of agreeable proportions and by arranging windows, doors, fireplaces, and other structural features with relation to lines of composition on the plan so that they create or terminate vistas, there at once results an interior that is well-proportioned, effective, and decorative. A refined color scheme and serviceable furnishings will complete the requirements.

It is the particular aim of this course to train the individual to select and appreciate refined colors and appropriate furnishings.

An understanding of the principles of design and utility form the groundwork of this training. Definite interior problems in color, line, form, and arrangement are worked out by the students in the laboratory periods; these drawings are then hung and competitively judged. Throughout the work emphasis is laid on the elimination of the useless, and the economic value of a right environment.

Plans are now being made to expand both parts of this work in housing by continuing each part of the work throughout the entire year; an attempt will

be made to keep problems in planning and in decoration running parallel to each other.

In conclusion, whatever compromises in housing the present conditions may temporarily impose on us, home economics should uphold the ultimate standard of a simple house, with garden attached, for every family in the land.

COURSE ON THE HOUSE-TULANE UNIVERSITY.

The department of home economics at the H. Sophie Newcomb College, Tulane University, New Orleans, outlines a four years' course of study on the house as follows:

A unit of free-hand drawing is prerequisite. The first year's work includes a general study of the house with textbook and supplementary lectures by specialists, one hour a week given by the domestic science department. The school of art of the university is to offer, parallel to this, four hours a week of related art work on the house, which is continued through the sophomore year, looking to the development of good taste as applied to the home, half of the time given to the study of design and half to form and color. The art principles are to be carried out in studio work in the construction of plaids, door panels, tiles, bookcover designs, applications to textiles, embroidery, and other household problems. In the junior year a study of housing conditions in the city with field work and lectures is to be made in connection with the household management course in domestic science, and four hours a week of studio work in the school of art is devoted to house problems, on arrangement of rooms for convenience, harmony, and color, color schemes, lighting, woodwork, walls, floors, draperies, furniture design, furnishings, pictures, and household ornament. This art work is carried on through the senior year. An interesting part of the plan is the use of a building in which the art can be materialized in whole or part, working with such special problems as a model kitchenette, college infirmary, and social settlement, and the remodeling of old tenements.

COURSE IN HOUSE SANITATION-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.

Prof. Marion Talbot, professor of household administration in the University of Chicago, contributes the following statement:

The course in house sanitation at the University of Chicago is offered to students who have had two years of college training. There are no prerequisite courses, and the work is given as a free elective, except in the case of students specializing in home economics, for whom it is specially recommended. Four hours a week for 12 weeks is the time devoted to the course. These facts suggest the reasons for the general point of view of the course and for the methods followed. The work is considered primarily in the light of its value in general training, and only secondary importance is attached to its technical aspects. The following aims are kept definitely in view, viz, acquisition of interesting and useful information, power of observation, sense of discrimination between essentials and nonessentials, intellectual freedom, and appreciation of scientific, economic, and social values. The method used involves the use of a textbook (Talbot's House Sanitation) with wide reference reading from standard works (especially Rosenau's Preventive Medicine and Hygiene) and periodical literature, lectures embodying new material not easily available for students, quizzes, reports on special reading (each student being responsible for articles on the medical, economic, social, municipal, legal, engineering, or bacteriological aspects

of sanitation in the current numbers of some one special magazine), the critical analysis of popular and often pseudoscientific articles, reports on observed instances of insanitary practices, the solution of practical problems in sanitation, and a brief review of the leading contributions of scientific men to sanitary theory. Graduate students are given in addition a subject for special investigation and report. A good deal of emphasis is placed on the historical aspects of such topics as changes in the theories of ventilation and plumbing with the aim of showing the need of intellectual open-mindedness. Popular hygienic ideas and practices are shown to be erroneous or given a new justification on the basis of freshly discovered truths. The harmfulness of night air may be cited as an instance of one group and the value of sunshine as an instance of the other.

The ordinary subject matter of house sanitation lends itself very readily to treatment by this method. The site of the house, construction and care of the cellar, ventilation, heating, lighting, plumbing, sewage disposal, and furnishing are topics which come within the range of ordinary experience, and thus are peculiarly fruitful for educational discipline and training, especially when freed from their stereotyped setting.

The emphasis placed by the new public health on the person rather than on the environment as a factor in sanitation serves also to enrich the work. The next step is a natural one to take. The house should be considered not merely as a place where disease or ill health is controlled, but-what is of much greater importance-where the foundations of sound health are laid and vigor and vitality and resistance to disease are maintained. This larger view of the scope of house sanitation is emphasized at every possible point. It is even pointed out that standards of cleanliness may be enforced at such cost to comfort and convenience and happiness as to lower the power of the individual to resist disease when he is exposed to it. Every possible contribution which the house can make toward securing greater vigor on the part of the members of the household is considered a legitimate phase of sanitation.

Section 7. COLLEGE COURSES ON HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT AND RELATED SUBJECTS.

COURSE IN ELEMENTARY HOME ECONOMICS- -UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS.

Mrs. Edna Day Hyde, late of the University of Kansas, established at the University of Missouri a few years ago an introductory “survey course in home economics" which introduced new students to varied problems in the different divisions of the field. A series of books covering the different divisions was used as texts.1

In the University of Kansas Mrs. Hyde developed an elementary course including five hours of work a week for freshmen and sophomores, which was divided in two parts, which might be taken together or separately. The first part of the course devoted three hours to preparation of foods; the second part, called elementary home economics, treated of the following topics:

1. History of home-Primitive, Greek and Roman, middle ages, colonial, modern. (Emphasis on division of labor between men and women with

1 General Survey Course in Home Economics for College Students. Edna D. Day. Proc. Tenth Lake Placid Conf. on Home Economics, 1908, 39 ff.

causes for changes.) Aim: (a) Cultural. Show relation of home to social and economic movements; connect with history and other college subjects. (b) Practical. Help girls to orient selves by showing: Women are naturally workers, cause of present leisure, fact and cause of late marriages, need of vocational training for girls.

2. Vocations open to women. Principles of selection.

3. Modern theories of what should be the work of married women.

4. Mome making a profession. Classified list of responsibilities of modern home makers.

5. Study of student bed room.

Chosen as type, because of student's present

responsibility for bed room and because of opportunity to show home problems as economic (time, energy, and money), sanitary, artistic, human.

6. Other problems: Each student studies and writes paper on some other individually chosen home problem.

7. Division of income. Student's income-estimate at first of year of expenses per month; monthly classified accounts handed in. Family income; brief discussion in class; may be one of special problems.

SURVEY COURSE IN HOME ECONOMICS-CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

The following outline describes a general or survey course in home economics which is offered to arts students in Cornell University who are not specializing in home economics. Three instructors cooperate in the instruction, which comprises three topics-food and dietetics, household management, and sanitation.

This is a six-hour course, with four lectures and two laboratory periods, and extends through a half year. The course is not designed for teachers, but for those who wish to understand the principles of housekeeping. Women elect the course which embraces foods, household management, and sanitation, with laboratory work; the men elect a three-hour course consisting of two lectures in foods and one food laboratory. A part of the lectures are given to men and women together; the laboratory work is separate.

Food and dietetics occupies two lecture periods of 50 minutes each and two laboratory periods of 24 hours each throughout the second semester. The aim in this course is first to give fundamental principles of food selection and preparation, of household sanitation and household management, and to emphasize the opportunity of home experiments, so that the student may approach her home problems intelligently and enthusiastically. Only from this point of view can so short a course give much of value. Problems in dietetics, from infancy to old age, are particularly emphasized; so that the student may know how to select her own food, how to choose and select for others, and furthermore that she may contribute her intelligent interest in this subject which calls urgently for an enlightened public opinion.

Household management is taught in the food laboratory by actual practice and theoretically by means of household and personal