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PATNA is, in itself, a very ancient city, though erected near to, if not upon the very site of, one still more ancient, named Pateliputra. Distant about four hundred miles from Calcutta, it is situated on the right, or southern bank of the river Ganges, and is the first native city of wealth or importance, which presents itself on the voyage towards the upper country. It is the chief city of the province of Bahar, and is very extensive and populous.

With regard to situation, it has its advantages. For instance, although the province of Bahar, in which it lies, immediately borders on Bengal, yet it is, in several points, more desirable as a place of residence. The seasons are, indeed, nearly the same in both, the hot weather commencing in the middle of February, and continuing to the middle of October; but as Bahar is higher above the sea, its climate is, in some respects, more favourable. The degree of heat may, indeed, be equally great, but it is not of that damp character, which marks the hot season in Bengal. This makes it somewhat less oppressive without the house in the day-time, whilst as soon as the sun has set, it is practicable there to go out, and enjoy the almost inexpressible pleasure of the evening-drive. As moreover, Patna is seated on an eminence, it has the advantage of being secure against the floods, to which, at certain seasons, that part of the country is exposed.

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As Patna has often been the seat of war, it is fortified in the Indian manner, with a wall and a small citadel; and though it does not contain any single building of great celebrity, or peculiar beauty, is rich in the remains of Mussulman splendour, and appearance from the river is highly picturesque. The houses of the wealthy classes, which are numerous, are handsome buildings, flat-roofed, and surrounded by carved balustrades. Many are of considerable extent, and though exhibiting the usual symptoms of neglect, when seen from a distance, make a good appearance.

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"Patna," says Bishop Heber, " is a very great, and, from the water at a little distance, a very striking city, being full of large buildings, with remains of old walls and towers, and bastions, projecting into the river, with the advantage of a high rocky shore, and considerable irregularity and elevation of the ground behind it. We proceeded along this noble expanse of water, which I really think grows wider instead of narrower, as we advanced, and which here, between wind and stream, was raised into waves little less than those which the Mersey sometimes exhibits below Liverpool. the eastern extremity of Patna, is a large wood of palms and fruit-trees, pointed out to me as the gardens belonging to a summer-palace, built and planted by the Nawab Jaffier Ali Khân. They are renowned for their beauty and extent, being two or three miles in circuit. We also passed a large and ruined palace, which had been the residence of the late Nawab of Patna, Abbas Kouli Khân, a splendid and popular person. The houses of the rich natives pretty much resemble those of Calcutta; but they have the advantage here of being immediately on the banks of the river. I saw one, which, beneath its Corinthian superstructure, had a range of solid buildings of the Eastern Gothic, with pointed arches and small windows, containing a set of apartments almost on a level with the water, uninhabitable, I should suppose, from damp, during this season, (August,) but which must be coolness itself, during the hot winds."

The intermixture of their residences with peepultrees, broad ghauts, or landing-places, the remains of Gothic gateways of dark-red stone, and the numerous temples devoted to Hindoo and Mussulman worship, produces a striking effect; and, when the river is full and brimming to its banks, turret, spire, and dome, being reflected in its broad mirror, the scene is exceedingly imposing. The continued mass of buildings extends about four miles along the

river, when it changes into scattered cottages and bungalows, interspersed with trees, till some more large and handsome buildings appear, about three miles further, where is situated Bankipore.

On entering Patna, we find that its streets can be traversed only on horseback, or upon an elephant, being too narrow to admit of any wheel-carriage superior to the native rheet, which is a creaking, nodding, non-descript vehicle, in which the ladies of the country, concealed from public view by thick curtains, enclose themselves when they travel or pay visits. The best houses face towards the river, and many of these have a dismal appearance on the side of the street, showing only a high blank wall, with a few small windows in the upper story. Other mansions are within large walled courts, and in passing along the principal street, many porticoes of houses are to be seen peeping out of recesses, or small quadrangles. The houses inhabited by the middling classes, are exceedingly crazy, and have somewhat of a Chinese air, each story, as it rises, lessening in size, and standing in the verandah of the one below. They are removed, according to the Indian custom, a little from the public path, which is crowded during the day with men and animals, (horses, buffaloes, bullocks, camels, and goats,) by being raised upon a platform about a foot high from the street. The houses occupy the centre of this platform, a margin being left all round, which sometimes stretches beyond the verandah, and forms a sort of counter, on which the goods of the inferior shop-keepers are displayed in baskets, none of the richer and more elegant articles being exposed to public view in India.

The shops of the kukeems, or apothecaries, make the best appearance; they are furnished in the primitive style, with herbs of various kinds, neatly arranged, and reminding the stranger of the descriptions given in some of the histories of London, of the state of Bucklersbury, when simples formed the stock-in-trade of medical practitioners. Amid much that is unsightly, there is a great deal to admire, in the long line of streets which stretches from gate to gate of this extensive city, every few yards bringing some picturesque object to view; lofty open cupolas, in the most elegant style of mosque-architecture, surmounting handsome mosques, are contrasted with solid towers of the dark-red stone, which seems to have been the favourite material of former times. The houses built for the English residents, on their first occupation of the city, now deserted and falling into decay, have a singular and melancholy appearTheir construction after the European fashion, shows that they were intended for foreigners; and their desolation recalls to the mind the tragic end of those who trusted themselves to a hostile race, then smarting under the recollection of recent defeat. A large piece of ground also, consecrated and converted into a Christian cemetery, spreading its grassgrown mounds amidst the dwellings of the heathen and the unbeliever, presents a more than usually dreary and melancholy spot.

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Those who are willing to brave the disagreeables of a closely-built city, may find much amusement in an evening's visit to Patna. The streets are crowded to excess, the whole male population swarming out to enjoy the air, or assembling in the verandahs to smoke their hookahs, whilst gazing on the scene below. Native palkees, taunjohas, and rheets, force their way through masses of men and boys. Nothing in India can be done without noise, and the din of the passengers is increased by the cries of chokeydars (watchmen), and the incessant vociferations of fakeers

(religious beggars), stationed at the corners of the streets. The shops are all lighted up, and as the evening advances, the dusky buildings, which rear themselves against a dark-blue sky studded with innumerable stars, have a solemn and striking effect; much that is unseemly is obscured in deep shadow, and only the more prominent objects are favourably revealed to the eye. Patna, at this time, assumes a very imposing aspect, presenting, as it does, a succession of temples and palaces, worthy to have been the abodes of the luxurious Moguls.

The wealth of Patna is enormous; many of its great men are exceedingly rich. The city carries on an extensive trade, and is famous for its manufactories of table-linen, and wax-candles. It is, moreover, a grand mart for opium, that precious commodity which enriches so many of the native agents, who, as they grow wealthy, live in a style, and assume the title of nawabs. It also possesses very expert workmen in every department of mechanical art. The soil is favourable to the growth of potatoes, a vegetable which is much cultivated for native consumption in India.

There are portions of the suburbs of Patna which are exceedingly interesting, particularly the view from the Mussulman Cemetery, which is of considerable extent. This lonely burying-ground, which, with the exception of one season in the year, is left to perfect solitude, is well worthy of a visit. It is a large oblong square, surrounded by various buildings at unequal distances from each other, some being handsome houses, furnished with double tiers of verandahs, erected for the reception of guests and spectators, during the solemn Mohammedan festival of the Imaun Hoseyn Mohurrum, which takes place in the beginning of August, whilst others are of more ancient and solid construction, consisting of towers and gateways of dark-red stone, reliques of the days of Moslem glory, when the Moguls ruled the land down to the very mouths of the Ganges. This singular spot, in its tenantless seclusion, conveys the idea of a deserted city to the musing spectator. It overlooks a vast extent of country, which, during the rains, is covered with a number of broad lakes, which lose themselves in a suitable back-ground of deep dark forests, whilst buffaloes, animals which always give a wild, and even doleful appearance to the landscape, are seen wallowing in the marshes. Viewed under the crimson grandeur of the setting sun, the scene is most awe-inspiring; and, as the gloom increases, and the last red gleam dimly illumines the long square, the imagination becomes naturally tinged with the deepest melancholy. But this cemetery displays a stirring and magnificent scene during the annual ceremonies of the Mohurrum. As this is one of the chief festivals of the Mohammedan religion, a few words respecting it may be acceptable.

When the impostor Mohammed died, he was, we know, succeeded by his father-in-law Abú-beker, who was followed by Omar and Othman, all to the exclusion of Ali, his nephew and son-in-law. This has led to a division of the Mohammedans into two great sects, the Soonies, who acknowledge the three former as lawful Caliphs, and the Shiahs, who assert the superior claims of Ali. The latter, on the death of Hoseyn, the son of Ali, who was slain with his brother Hassan, at Kerbela, A. D. 680, established the Mohurrum in remembrance of that event. this occasion they carry about, in grand procession, a taboot, or kind of mausoleum, or tomb, with human figures in it, and highly adorned with tinsel, and gold and silver leaf; and for several days they

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bewail the unfortunate end of Hoseyn, beating their breasts, and calling on them by name, crying out continually, Hoseyn, Hassan, Bubee Fatima, in a most outrageous manner. Patna is a strong-hold of Mohammedanism, and the disciples of the prophet who dwell within its walls, are most firm and zealous in their faith: and the riches of the city enable them to celebrate the rites of the young martyrs, as they consider the murdered brothers, in a very splendid manner; and this noble space is selected for the final depository of the taboots, or tombs, which are carried about by the followers of Ali, in honourable remembrance of his slaughtered sons. The whole population of Patna, not merely the Moslem and Hindoo, but even the Christian portion of it, assemble to witness the procession. Persons of rank are accommodated in the houses before mentioned, whose roofs are crowded by immense multitudes. Great respect is paid to the Christian spectators, not only on account of their influence in the country, but because it is believed, that persons of the Christian faith remonstrated against the cruel persecution of the youthful princes by the disciples of Omar. The whole square rings with shouts of Hoseyn! Hassan! accompanied by deep groans and beatings of the breast, whilst, amid the discharge of musketry, the last scene is acted by groups of persons representing the combatants of that fatal battle in which Hoseyn fell. Whenever the venerated martyr is beaten to the ground, the lamentations are redoubled, and such is the enthusiasm which prevails, that many are withheld, by force alone, from inflicting desperate wounds upon themselves. Woe to any of the followers of Omar who should dare to intrude upon the mourners. The battle is then renewed in earnest; whole companies of Sepoys (native soldiers,) have been known to engage in deadly combat with each other, and numerous lives are lost, It requires the utmost vigilance of the magistrates to prevent blood from being shed at this festival. D. I. E.

[Chiefly abridged from an article in the Asiatic Journal.]

WERE the variety of tones in the human voice, peculiar to each person, to cease, and the hand-writing of all men to become perfectly uniform, a multitude of distressing deceptions and perplexities would be produced in the domestic, civil, and commercial transactions of mankind. But the all-wise and beneficient Creator has prevented all such evils and inconveniences, by the character of variety which he has impressed on the human species, and on all his works. By the peculiar features of his countenance, every man may be distinguished in the light; by the tones of his voice he may be recognised in the dark, or when he is separated from his fellows by an impenetrable partition; and his hand-writing can attest his existence and individuality, when continents and oceans interpose between him and his relations, and be a witness of his sentiments and purposes to future generations.-DICK.

THERE is a more than common desire, among the slaves in to learn to read. They flock to schools when they are opened, are eager to buy spelling-books, and snatch a lesson in reading whenever they can. It is by no means rare, when the people come in from the field, to see a tall man sitting down, and taking most docilely his lesson of A, B, and C, from a boy not half his length; whilst, at the same time, two or three full-grown persons are looking over the man's shoulder, to pick up what they can from this little master and his great pupil.-Letter from a Gentleman in the West Indies.

I WILL tell you, says Izaak Walton, that I have heard a grave Divine say, that God has two dwellings, one in Heaven, and the other in a meek and thankful heart. Endeavour to be honestly rich, or contentedly poor; but be sure that your riches be justly got, or you spoil all.

MAKING WONDERS OUT OF NOTHING.

IN Dr. JOHNSON's Idler, is the following amusing account of a man, who makes wonders out of nothing. My friend, Will Marvel, is not one of those who go out He has lately taken a and "eturn with nothing to tell. journey, and has a story of his travels, which will strike a home-bred citizen with horror. When he left London, the morning was bright, and a fair day was promised. But Will is born to struggle with difficulties. That hap pened to him, which has sometimes, perhaps, happened to others. Before he had gone ten miles, it began to rain. What course was to be taken? His soul disdained to turn back. He did what the King of Prussia might have done; he flapped his hat; buttoned up his cape, and went forwards; fortifying his mind by the stoical consolation, that whatever is violent, will be short.

ment.

His constancy was not long tried; at the distance of about half a mile, he saw an inn, which he entered, wet and weary, and found civil treatment, and proper refreshAfter a respite of about two hours, seeing the sky clear, he called for his horse, and rode on; passing many pools of water, of which it was impossible to guess the depth, and which he cannot review without some censure of his own rashness; but what a man undertakes, he must perform, and Marvel hates a coward at his heart.

At last, the sun set, and all the horrors of darkness came upon him. He then repented the weak indulgence of his

long rest at noon: yet he went forward, sometimes rushing suddenly into water, ignorant whither he was going, and

uncertain, whether his next step might not be his last. In this dismal uncertainty, his horse unexpectedly stood still. Marvel had heard much of the instincts of horses, and was in doubt what danger might be at hand. Sometimes he fancied that he was on the bank of a river, still and deep, He and sometimes, that a dead body lay across the track. sat still awhile to re-collect his thoughts; and as he was about to alight, and explore the darkness, out stept a man with a lantern, and opened the turnpike-gate!

SOME are much more quick-sighted to discern the faults and blemishes of others, than their own: can spy a Mote in another's eye, sooner than a Beam in their own.

This common failing of the human nature, the Heathens were very sensible of; and imaged it in the following manner. Every man (say they) carries a wallet, or two satchels or bags with him; the one hanging before him, and the other behind him; into that before, he puts the faults of others; into that behind, his own; by which means, he never sees his own failings, whilst he has those ledge of ourselves, will teach us to turn this wallet; and of others always before his eyes. Now, a proper knowplace that part which contains our own faults, before our eyes, and that which contains those of others, behind our back. A very necessary regulation this, if we would behold our own faults in the same light in which they do. For we must not expect that others will be as blind to our foibles, as we ourselves are. They will carry them before their eyes, whether we do or no. And to imagine that the world takes no notice of them, because we do not, is just as wise, as to fancy that others do not see us, because we shut our eyes.-MASON

CHRISTOPHER VISCOUNT HATTON was Governor of Guernsey, in 1672, and, with his family in Cornet Castle there, was blown up, in consequence of the powder magazine being struck with lightning at midnight. He was in bed, and was blown out of the window, and lay some time on the walls of the castle, unhurt. His mother and wife, with several attendants, perished; but an infant daughter was found the next day, alive, and sleeping in its cradle, under a beam of the ruins, unhurt by the explosion. This daughter was Anne, afterwards married to Daniel, Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, by whom she had issue five sons and eight daughters, besides ten other children, who died young, and seven, who were still-born, in all thirty. She was grandmother through her second son, William, to the late Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, and great-grandmother to the present Earl, through her youngest son, Edward.

DR JOHNSON used to remark, "If a man does not make new acquaintance as he advances through life, he will soon find himself left alone. A man, Sir, should keep his friendship in constant repair."

READING AND WRITING.

IN themselves, these accomplishments are strictly mechanical. Learning to read, is no more in itself than learning to play the flute, and does not, indeed, require intellectual capacities of so high an order; to read is simply to connect a sound with a sign. To write is still more mechanical; it is the art of making very simple signs which, it has been agreed upon, shall represent a certain number of sounds. The mental processes employed in acquiring and practising these arts are of a very mean kind. No sound human being was ever found incapable of them. But they are instruments of stupendous power, and it is the uses to which they may be applied, that has caused so much confusion respecting them. Under the old and clumsy methods of instruction, these arts were so slowly and painfully acquired, that, incidentally, numerous ideas were collected, which contribute still more to complicate the notions attached to the subject. But in the midst of other improvements, the mode of communicating a knowledge of these arts, in the least possible time, has been discovered. By the Bell, Lancasterian, and other methods of teaching, the art alone is acquired, and in the least possible time, so that the incidental addition of a few ideas is lost.

If then a boy, immorally educated, is taught also reading and writing, he is in nothing, or by very little, raised in intellectual cultivation, while two powerful instruments are put into his hands. Thus the child of a pickpocket, or burglar, will probably be neither pickpocket nor burglar, he will probably be a begging-letter writer, a forger, or an embezzler. If, on the other hand, a child be morally educated, these instruments of power will, according to his moral impressions, be turned to use.

Like all power, however, they expose the possessor to temptation; and the greater the pressure of this force, the greater ought to be the moral and guiding power.--A servant ungifted with the art of reading manuscript, will not open letters or pry into secret papers-they tell him nothing; but if he can so read, then some sense of right and wrong, and the habit of moral conduct, is necessary to strengthen him against the temptation of curiosity. This is a small case of very universal application. But while a temptation is afforded on the one hand to do evil, there is also presented the means of instruction; the taste for reading is not an unbalanced good: it depends in part on the books read; the chance, however, perhaps, is in favour of a wholesome result. From these considerations, it is manifest that literary education is so far from being a substitute for a moral one, that, on the other hand, it demands that a higher moral power should be exerted, in order to steady and direct the progress of the human vessel. Reading and writing are like a too-powerful steam-engine in a small and weakly boat-the helm is disobeyed, and the timbers are shaken to pieces. The helm, in these cases, is instruction, moral and religious.-Lincolnshire Chronicle.

LET no man presume that he can see prospectively into the ways of Providence! His part is to contemplate them in the past, and trust in them for the future; but, so trusting, to act always upon motives of human prudence, directed by religious principles.-SOUTHEY.

Be not ashamed to confess you have been in the wrong. It is but owning, what you need not be ashamed of, that you now have more sense than you had before, to see your error, -more humility to acknowledge it, and more grace to correct it.-SEED.

DIFFICULTY OF SACRED POETRY.
OFT would I sing with boyish glee,
Of joy and festive revelry;
And oft would pour a softer strain
To soothe some visionary pain:
Oft too, when crested heroes fell,
This hand hath struck the chorded shell,
Till maddening strains in frenzied jar,
Echoed the brazen notes of war.
Pride, mirth, ambition, love, or arms,
Sweet friendship's voice, or nature's charms,
Could wake a harp, which though unknown
To fame, and heard by one alone,
Whose partial ear would aye incline
To list e'en humble lay like mine,
Ne'er slumbered when its master's voice,
Summoned its echoes to rejoice;

Or called for tones of deepest grief
To soothe a pain that spurned relief.
Why then, since earthly themes could move,
Of joy, ambition, or of love,

Saviour! when thy blest name I sing,
Reluctant shrinks the tuneless string,
And loftiest themes to mortals given,
To teach on earth the joys of heaven,
Strains by yon white-robed minstrels sung,
Fall lifeless from this stammering tongue?
Is it that heaven alone may be

The scene of heaven's own minstrelsy?
Or that this heart, attuned to themes
Of earth, and fancy's flickering dreams,
Needs purer strains the joys to tell
Of scenes where saints alone may dwell?
Oh then, till meet for realms above,
Saviour, whom though unseen, I love!
Be mine on earth the filial tear,
Offspring of love though chid by fear;
Be mine the hope, which though awhile
It triumphs not, yet dares to smile;

And mine the faith that scatters wide,
The mists that heaven's bright presence hide;
Whispering that soon this heart shall glow,
With joys unseen, unknown, below;
And soon this hand, with skill new given,
Echo the harmonies of heaven.

S. C. W.

As is the succession of the seasons, each, by the invariable laws of Nature, affects the productions of what is next in course; so, in human life, every period of our age, according as it is well or ill spent, influences the happiness of that which is to follow. Virtuous youth gradually brings forward accomplished and flourishing manhood; and such manhood passes of itself, without uneasiness, into respectable and tranquil old age. But when Naturo is turned out of its regular course, disorder takes place in the moral, just as in the vegetable world. If the spring put forth no blossoms, in summer there will be no beauty, and in autumn, no fruit. So, if youth be trifled away without improvement, manhood will be contemptible, and old age miserable. If the beginnings of life have been vanity, its latter end can be no other than vexation of spirit.-BLAIR.

FROM the piety, gentleness, and forbearance of women, spring most of the Christian virtues that adorn society: and from the tenderness and compassion stamped on their hearts, arise the greatest number of those benevolent deeds that form the chief blessings of life. From these divine virtues spring the tender nurse in sickness; the "ministering angel" in affliction; the friend of the suffering poor, the protectress of the helpless orphan. Oh! let the human heart expand with gratitude to the Supreme Giver of all good, that such balms to earthly sorrows are given, in the endearing ties of wife, mother, sister, and daughter: and let each of these important relatives receive and use the gift of a tender and compassionate heart, as a precious deposit for the benefit of her fellow-creatures. Her feelings were given her as incentives to her various duties, and they must no more be wasted on useless objects than her fortune, her time, or her talents.-MRS. KING.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HAND AND THE EYE.

THE SPIDER MONKEY.

THIS is a sketch of the Coaita, or Spider Monkey, so called from the extraordinary length of its extremities, and its motions. The tail answers the purposes of a hand, and the animal throws itself about from branch to branch, sometimes swinging from the foot, sometimes by the hand, but oftener, and with a greater reach, by the tail. The extremity of the tail is covered only with skin, forming an organ of touch as discriminating as the hand. It inhabits the woods of South America, associating in great multitudes; assailing such travellers as pass through their haunts, with an infinite number of sportive and mischievous gambols; chattering, and throwing down dry sticks, swinging by their tails, and endeavouring to intimidate the passengers by a variety of menacing gestures. Its general colour is black, except the face, which is a dark fleshcolour.

THE CHETODON ROSTRATUS.

The Chatodon rostratus, (from chate, hair; odon, a tooth; and rostratus, beaked,) affords a curious instance of the precision of the eye, and of the adaptation of muscular action. This fish is about six or eight inches long, it inhabits the Indian rivers, and lives on the smaller aquatic flies. When it observes one alighted on a twig, or flying near, (for it can shoot them on the wing,) it darts a drop of water with so steady an aim, as to bring the fly down into the water, when it falls an easy prey. These fishes are kept in large vases for amusement, and if a fly be presented on the end of a twig, they will shoot at it with surprising accuracy. In its natural state, it will hit a fly at the distance of from three to six feet. ---SIR CHARLES BELL on the Hand.

THE SPIDER.

"THAT man" says the accomplished Cowper," who can derive no gratification from a view of nature, even under the disadvantage of her most ordinary dress, will have no eyes to admire her in any."

This thought arose within me during a late walk in the neighbourhood of my village. The morning was cold and clear, but the sun shone bright, and not a cloud flitted across the heavens. The little river flowed over its rocky bed, and on either side, the spreading branches of the oak, the elm, and birch, had intercepted the flakes of snow, and formed a sparkling arcade. Every twig glittered with hoar-frost; even the coarser herbage, ferns, reeds, and mosses, seemed as if fledged with icy feathers; while here and there the Daphne laurel, and the holly, firmly grasped the rugged banks. Their dark shining leaves were gemmed and edged with frozen particles, that reflected the colours of the rainbow; and across them innumerable spiders, as if proud to display their skill, had spun and interlaced their glittering webs.

It is very amusing to watch a Spider when thus employed. He first throws out a thread, which becomes attached by its adhesive quality, to some near bough or leaf, tuft of moss or stone. He then turns round, recedes to a distance, attaches another floating thread to some other part, and darts away, doubling and redoubling, so as to form figures the most pleasing and fantastic, spinning a thread at every movement, through the holes of his bag, by an operation similar to the drawing of wire:

And thus he works, as if to mock at art,
And in defiance of her rival powers;
By these fortuitous and random strokes
Performing such inimitable feats,

As she with all her rules can never reach.-CowPER's Tusk. Yet the simple machinery, by which such a process is effected, consists merely of two bags, or reservoirs, filled with gum, or glue, and perforated with small holes. The secretion of the threads is an act too subtile for our discernment, except as we perceive it by the produce. It may, however, be observed, that one thing answers to another,the secretory glands to the quality and consistence required in the secreted substances,-the bags to its reception; that the outlets and orifices are constructed not merely for relieving the reservoirs of their burden, but for manufac turing the contents into a form and texture of great external use to the life and functions of the insect. Two purposes are thus accomplished in the economy of nature. A feeble creature, which it has pleased Omnipotence to call into being, for reasons, though inscrutable to us, yet undoubtedly both wise and good, is put into a condition to provide for its own safety. An exquisite effect is also produced in the winter-landscape-an effect of a character so new and beautiful, though annually recurring, that few regard it without admiration and delight.-Annals of My Village.

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