being less than 100 feet lower than Monte Diablo; this mountain mass, to which Mounts Choual (3,530 feet) and Umunhum (3,430 feet) belong, is the dominating one of the range, although there are points farther north which rise to over 3000 feet.

Taking up the description of these mountains which are collectively designated as the "Santa Cruz Range," we commence near the town of that name, and proceed in a northerly direction, grouping the subdivisions of the range in as natural a manner as possible.

At Pigeon Point, a bluish-gray, very compact sandstone was found, containing Natica Matra and Mytilus, and belonging to the great miocene tertiary of this portion of the peninsula. The coast for nearly the whole distance between Pescadero and Santa Cruz shows two well-marked terraces of variable heights, and often interrupted by the coming down of the hills quite to the shore. The whole region traversed by the trail from Pescadero to Searsville, as far as the metamorphic on the eastern edge of the range, is bituminous shale of the miocene age, with occasional beds of interstratified sandstone, of which the dip is irregular, but not high.

From Lambert's, along the ridge north of Pescadero creek, the rock is of a shale or slate, of a light cream-color, passing into gray. It contains, toward the coast, occasional seams of sandstone, which disappear within four miles of Lambert's. The general strike of these strata is nearly northwest and southeast; they have a dip which indicates that the surface has been thrown into a series of low arches since the deposition of this bituminous shale. No other fossils were found than a few small splinters of opalized wood and an impression of a fish-scale; but from bithological characters and general position, it can hardly be anything else than the miocene bituminous slate of the coast ranges.

The same rock is seen in the high hills between Pescadero and Butano creeks, and near the beach west of Pescadero; going north from the lastnamed place, it continues as far as three miles northeast of Spanishtown, where it caps a mass of granite which forms the body of the ridge. Another line of section across the peninsula was examined, viz.: from San Mateo to Half Moon Bay, at Spanishtown.

Near San Mateo, and a little north of the road to Crystal Springs, there is a good exposure of the metamorphic rock which forms the eastern edge of the mountain belt of the peninsula. The rock here is a red jaspery mass, quite resembling that of Monte Diablo, distinctly stratified and passing into brown argillaceous sandstone; it dips east, at an angle of 35°. As we proceed west along the Crystal Springs road, the ground rises, and finally assumes the form of a rolling plateau, of which the summit is about 1,200 feet high. In thus passing west, the rocks become more and more metamorphic, and serpentine makes its appearance. On the ridge fronting San Andreas Creek, to the north of Crystal Springs, there is a serpentine intermixed with white quartz, and red and green jaspers.

In the cañon of the San Andreas, on the west side, there is a heavy mass of limestone, which may be traced high up in the side gorges coming down from the west. It dips to the northeast, at a varying angle, usually not less than 35°, but in some places stands nearly vertical. The upper layers are thinbedded, and some strata are light colored, others dark; below, the stratification is less distinct, the layers heavier, and the rock more crystalline. The thickness of this belt of limestone must be over 1,000 feet; but it was not seen in its full width. A little distance south of Crystal Springs, this rock was formerly quarried and burned for lime.

Between the limestone mass and the head of Pillarcitos Creek there is a series of heavy-bedded sandstones, brown in color, but so much broken and so irregular that their position could not be made out, although they appeared in some places to be conformable with the limestone belt, which dips to the east. This sandstone forms a ridge which rises to about 2,500 feet above the sea, and is the backbone of the peninsula in this region, occupying a belt of high rolling country for two or three miles in width. No fossils could be found in this rock. West of this is a range of granite hills, to which the Cumbre de las Auras belongs, and which runs northwest, and dies out just before reaching Point San Pedro. This granitic mass occupies an elliptical area, and consists of high rounded, almost bare ridges, rising in their highest peaks from 2,500 to 3,000 feet above the sea. The granite decomposes readily, and the sides of the hills are in places covered by heavy masses of disintegrated rock. The region is dry and uncultivated.

Beyond this, to the west, is a low ridge of heavy-bedded friable sandstone, with a dip of 40°, away from the granite, or to the west; proceeding a little farther west, however, the same strata are seen again with an easterly dip of 50°, and this continues to be the direction of the dip all the way to the sandy plain on which Spanishtown is built. The strata, however, have a less and less decided inclination as we recede from the granite, and finally, before reaching the coast become nearly horizontal; they also pass gradually from sandstones to shales, very thinly bedded, and a good deal broken.

The fossils found in these strata show that they belong to the miocene tertiary. They are the continuation of the bituminous slate series which extends all along the coast from Santa Cruz to Spanishtown, forming a gradually narrowing belt of rock, which is slightly disturbed near the granite, but at a little distance from it, retains its original position.

The belt of limestone noticed above, as occurring between San Andreas and San Mateo creeks, runs out to the sea-shore about one and a-quarter miles north of Point San Pedro, forming a low ridge of headland. Here it has to the south of it a red and green jaspery rock, distinctly stratified, and having the same northeasterly dip as the limestone.

The granite range of the Cumbre de las Auras disappears beneath the ocean, but rises again to the north of the Golden Gate, in the promontory of Punta de los Reyes. The great regular ranges of mountains which form the peninsula appear to run out to the north of San Pedro, and no more granite is seen on its northern end after passing the mass of the Cumbre de las Auras. The extremity of the peninsula is occupied by short and broken ranges, or low hills, in which the regular trend to the northwest can be no longer detected, but where the influence of the east and west line of depression, by which the Golden Gate has been opened and access given to the interior, is manifested in the most chaotic jumble of strata which it is possible to find in the State.

THE GENERAL HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT
OF SAN MATEO COUNTY.

ABORIGINES.

The native tribe which roamed the then valley of San Bernardino, now known as Santa Clara, were the Olhones, sometimes called the Costanes, who were worshipers of the sun, and believed in an evil spirit who took cognizance of their actions, whom they were wont to propitiate. They had some very crude ideas of a future state, while their traditions, if they had any, were of the most meager kind.

Superstition wrapped these savages like a cloud, from which they never emerged. The phenomena of nature on every hand, indeed, taught them that there was some unseen cause for all things-some power which they could neither comprehend nor resist. The volcano and the earthquake taught them this, and many accounts of these in past ages are preserved in their legends; but farther than this, their minds could not penetrate.

Mr. Hall says: "Nearly all the Indians in this region, and those of Santa Cruz, were in the habit of visiting the hill in which the New Almaden Mine was first opened and worked, to obtain red paint to adorn their faces and bodies. The cinnabar is of a reddish hue, and when moistened and rubbed, easily produces a red pigment, highly esteemed by the savages in the arrangement of their toilet. While the color of their decoration was pleasing to their eyes, its effect on their system was by no means agreeable. It salivated thema result as mysterious and unexplained to them as the setting of the sun. Although a little painful, they seemingly forgot their illness as they witnessed the lustre of their skin, and were as resolute in their pride of dress as the proud damsel groaning in tight corsets and tight shoes."

Whatever may have been their appearance and character in the sixteenth century, it is certain that the Indians of this part of the coast of California, as they have ever been known to the American pioneer, are no fit subjects for encomiums.

The tribes inhabiting the shores of the Bay of San Francisco did not essentially differ from those found in middle and southern California. They were perhaps less warlike than their neighbors upon the north, and certainly less so

than the mountain tribes. They were small of stature, compactly built, and possessed of considerable strength and endurance. For the most part they were beardless, but had long, coarse hair. Their complexion was not of the traditional copper color, being much darker; in fact, not much lighter than the African. The formation of their heads and the contour of their features

indicated a very low rank in the intellectual scale. It may well be supposed that climatic influences played an important part in the formation of their character. The curse pronounced on Adam extended to these natives with but limited application, and it is doubtful if they sweat much, except in their sanitariums, constructed to effect that object.

The salubrity of the climate rendered unnecessary those protections that tribes inhabiting less propitious climates were forced to provide. The rudest possible architecture sufficed, and they deemed the clothing of their bodies unnecessary. Nature provided the means of subsistence. Of marine productions, oysters, mussels and fish were abundant and easily obtained. By his intimate acquaintance with the traits and habits of bird and beast, the Indian was enabled to capture a sufficient supply, although employing the rudest contrivances, while roots and herbs, nuts and insects filled up the measure of his wants. The tule huts and the caves of the rocks afforded sufficient shelter to a people that for the most part disdained any covering but the canopy of heaven. Generation after generation passed under conditions so inviting to inaction and repose, and, without the spur of necessity, had so wrought upon the character of these natives, that they were well-nigh incapable of improvement.

At the missions the Digger Indian could be forced to wear clothing; could be forced to cleanliness by the use of water, and be taught to go through the forms of religious observances; but first, last, and all the time he was a Digger, and next to worthless. His inclinations ever prompted him to renounce the badge of his advancement, and return to the manners and customs of his people. That the race has suffered physical deterioration by contact with civilized men has never been questioned. In the year 1837, it is reported that no less than sixty thousand died of small-pox in the territory embraced by Sonoma, Napa and Solano counties. How numerous they were in this county can never be definitely known; but that a large population was at some period gathered on the shores of the ocean and the bay is certain. A few pitiable remnants can still be found in the county, but in the presence of a superior race the Indian has slunk away and perished. It has been a much-debated question whether the mission system was a benefit to the Indians; but whether it was or not, it is certain that upon the breaking up of that system, the race rapidly decreased in numbers, and in less than half a century became almost wholly extinct in these valleys where formerly they were so numerous.