an egg produces a chicken by heat, why a tree grows upwards when the natural tendency of all things is downwards? Sir, it depends upon the degree of evidence that you have." Boswell: Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.

APPENDIX I

ALL BOYS LOVE LIBERTY

All boys love liberty. "The liberty of the press is a blessing when we are inclined to write against others, and a calamity when we find ourselves overborne by. our assailants, as the power of the Crown is always thought too great by those who suffer by its influence and too little by those in whose favor it is exerted; and a standing army is generally accounted necessary by those who command, and dangerous and oppressive by those who support it." Johnson: Life of Savage.

"Subordination supposes power on one part and subjection on the other; and if power be in the hands of men, it will sometimes be abused." Imlac in Johnson's Rasselas.

"I said I believed mankind were happier in the ancient feudal state of subordination than they are in the modern state of independency. Johnson. "That state from which all escape as soon as they can, and to which none return after they have left it, must be less happy; and this is the case with the state of dependence on a chief or great man. Boswell: Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.

"The miseries of the poor are such as cannot easily be borne: such as have already incited them in many parts of the kingdom to an open defiance of government, and produced one of the greatest of political evils-the necessity of ruling by immediate [direct use of] force." Johnson: Considerations of the Corn Laws, 1766 (?).

"[Johnson] said, with a smile, that he wondered that the phrase of unnatural rebellion should be so much used, for that all rebellion was natural to man.” Boswell: Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.

"Every man that crowds our streets is a man of honor, disdainful of obligation, impatient of reproach, and desirous of extending his reputation among those of his own rank; and as courage is in most frequent use, the fame of courage is most eagerly pursued. From this neglect of subordination I do not deny that some inconveniences may from time to time proceed; but good and evil will grow up in this world together; and they who complain in peace of the insolence of the populace must remember that their insolence in peace is bravery in war."-Johnson, 1758.

"We live in an age in which there is much talk of independence, of private judgment, of liberty of thought, and liberty of press. Our clamorous praises of liberty sufficiently prove that we enjoy it; and if by liberty nothing else be meant than security from the persecutions of power, it is so fully possessed by us that little more is to be desired except that one should talk of it less and use it better.

"But a social being can scarcely rise to complete independence; he that has any wants which others can supply must study the gratification of them whose assistance he expects; this is equally true whether his wants be wants of nature or of vanity." Johnson: in The Gentleman's Magazine, October, 1760.

"The manners of the world are not a regular system planned by philosophers upon settled principles, in which every cause has a congruous effect, and one part has a just reference to another. Of the fashions prevalent in every country, a few have arisen, perhaps, from particular temperatures of the climate; a few more from the constitution of the government; but the greater part have grown up by chance; been started by caprice, been contrived by affectation, or borrowed without any just motives of choice from other countries. Yet by the

observation of these trifles it is that the ranks of mankind are kept in order and the address of one to another is regulated, and the general business of the world carried on with facility and method." Johnson: The Adventurer.

"Why, sir, a man grows better humored as he grows older. He improves by experience. When young, he thinks himself of great consequence, and everything of importance. As he advances in life, he learns to think himself of no consequence, and little things of little importance; and so he becomes more patient and better pleased. All good humor and complaisance are acquired. Naturally a child seizes directly what it sees, and thinks of pleasing itself only. By degrees it is taught to please others." Johnson, quoted in Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.

"The general story of mankind will evince that lawful and settled authority is very seldom resisted when it is well employed." Johnson: The Rambler.

APPENDIX J

MRS. THRALE'S SECOND MARRIAGE

Soon after this time. Signor Piozzi was an accomplished Italian tenor of Roman Catholic persuasion. Years after this marriage, Samuel Rogers, an exacting English critic, found him "very handsome, gentlemanly, and amiable" and "a very good husband." But Mrs. Thrale's first husband, a substantial, though somewhat heavy Protestant brewer, had been more to the taste of those who had enjoyed the lavish Thrale hospitality at Streatham.

The Signor's manners were so markedly Italian that even Mrs. Thrale had caricatured him behind his back in a musical gathering only a few months before; she had not dared to be quite candid about the engagement, forgetting that, as Johnson has somewhere said, "the bravest man is not always in the greatest danger"; she was also putting once hospitable Streatham up to rent and taking all her social gifts to a land of Roman Catholics and foreigners. Her own daughters broke with her.

Her little protégée, Fanny Burney, describes the effect of this marriage on an old English lady, whose name she does not mention: "Rage more intemperate I have not often seen, and the shrill voice of feeble old age, screaming with unavailing passion is horrible." And Fanny Burney herself says very smugly: "Following, with this so long dearest friend the simple but unrivaled golden rule, I would only preserve such [of her letters] as evince her conflicts, her misery, and her sufferings, mental and corporeal, to exonerate her from the banal reproach of yielding unresisting to her passions. Her fault and grievous misfortune was, not combating them in their origin; not flying even from their menace.'

According to Mrs. Piozzi's records of her own correspondence, perhaps not altogether trustworthy, on June 30, 1784, she wrote with much warmth of sentiment to Dr. Johnson to announce her decision to remarry. The time of the marriage, which was not to occur until July 28, she left in obscurity. Johnson rashly jumped at the conclusion that the ceremony had already occurred and wrote:

"Madam,

"If I interpret your letter right, you are ignominiously married; if it is yet undone, let us once more talk together. If you have abandoned your children and your religion, God forgive your wickedness; if you have forfeited your fame and your country, may your folly do no further mischief. If the last act is yet to do, I who have loved you, esteemed you, reverenced you, and served you, I who long thought you the first of womankind, entreat that before your fate is irrevocable I may once more see you. I was, I once was,

I have this morning received from you so rough a letter, in reply to one which was both tenderly and respectfully written, that I am forced to desire the conclusion of a correspondence which I can bear to continue no longer. The birth of my second husband is not meaner than that of my first; his sentiments are not meaner; his profession is not meaner, and his superiority in what he professes acknowledged by all mankind. It is want of fortune then that is ignominious; the character of the man I have chosen has no other claim to such an epithet. The religion to which he has always been a zealous adherent will, I hope, teach him to forgive insults that he has not deserved; mine will, I hope, enable me to bear them at once with dignity and patience. To hear that I have forfeited my fame is indeed the greatest insult I ever yet received. My fame is as unsullied as snow, or I should think it unworthy of him who must henceforth protect it.

"Farewell, dear sir, and accept my best wishes. You have always commanded my esteem, and long enjoyed the fruits of a friendship never infringed by one harsh expression on my part during twenty years of familiar talk. Never did I oppose your will, or control your wish; nor can your unmerited severity itself lessen my regard, but till you have changed your opinion of Mr. Piozzi, let us converse no more. bless you."

God

To this, Mrs. Thrale reports that Dr. Johnson wrote what follows. Only portions of it, however, seem to be in his manner.

"Dear Madam,

"London, July 8, 1784.

"What you have done, however I may lament it, I have no pretense to resent, as it has not been injurious to me; I therefore breathe out one sigh more of tenderness, perhaps useless, but at least sincere.

"I wish that God may grant you every blessing, that you may be happy in this world for its short continuance, and eternally happy in a better state; and whatever I can contribute to your happiness I am very ready to repay for that kindness which soothed twenty years of a life radically wretched. Do not think slightly of the advice which I now presume to offer. Prevail upon Mr. Piozzi to settle in England; you may live here with more dignity than in Italy, and with more security; your rank will be higher, and your fortune more under your own eye. I desire not to detail all my reasons, but every argument of prudence and interest is for England, and only some phantoms of imagination seduce you to Italy.

"I am afraid, however, that my counsel is vain, yet I have eased my heart in giving it.

"Your, &c.,

"Sam. Johnson."

"The last time Miss Burney [Mme. D'Arblay] saw Johnson, not three weeks before his death, he told her that the day before he had seen Miss Thrale. 'I then said, "Do you ever, sir, hear from her mother?" "No," cried he, "nor write to her. I drive her quite from my mind. If I meet with one of her letters, I burn it instantly. I have burnt all I can find. I never speak of her, and I desire never to hear of her more. I drive her, as I said, wholly from my mind."" Birkbeck Hill.