suffered unresistingly, but conquered glo- aground upon a low, sandy point (ever riously. since known as Gaspee Point) on the Gaspé, PHILIP IGNATIUS, military offi- west side of Narraganset Bay. The same cer; born in Canada, April 5, 1714; joined night (June 9, 1772), sixty-four armed men the army in 1727; served in a campaign went down from Providence in boats, capt against the Natchez and Chicache Indians in 1739; took part in the defeat of Washington at Fort Necessity; led the Canadian militia when Fort Carillon was attacked by the English, and was largely instrumental in their defeat. He died in Canada, June 19, 1787. Gaspee, an armed schooner in the British revenue service, which greatly annoyed the American navigators in Narraganset Bay by her commander haughtily demanding the lowering of their flags whenever they passed her, in token of submission. They often disobeyed. For this disobedience a Providence sloop was chased by the schooner. The former, by taking a peculiar course, caused the latter to run ured the people on board the Gaspee, and burned the vessel. A large reward was offered for the discovery of the perpetrators (who were well known in Providence), but they were not betrayed. Joseph Wanton, the royal governor of Rhode Island, issued a proclamation ordering diligent search for the perpetrators of the act. Admiral Montague made endeavors towards the same end, and the home government offered a reward of $5,000 for the leader, with the promise of a pardon if the informer should be an accomplice. Not one of the men betrayed their trusted leader, ABRAHAM WHIPPLE (q. v.), afterwards a commodore in the Continental navy. When, subsequently, the colonists were at war with Great Britain, the act of Captain Whipple was avowed, and Sir James Wallace, in command of a British ship-of-war in Narraganset Bay, wrote as follows to the perpetrator of the act: "You, Abraham Whipple, on June 9, 1772, burned his Majesty's vessel, the Gaspee, and I will hang you at the yard-arm." Whipple coolly replied: "Sir, always catch your man before you hang him." A ballad was written at the time, containing fiftyeight lines of doggerel verse, which ended as follows: "Now, for to find these people out, Bobs Aurhmaty SIGNATURES OF THE COMMISSIONERS After the destruction of the Gaspee, a commission, composed of Admiral Montague, the vice-admiralty judge at of Montague. The commissioners were Boston, the chief-justices of Massachusetts notified that there had been no neglect of (Peter Oliver), New York (D. Horsmanden), and New Jersey (F. Smyth), and the governor of Rhode Island (J. Wanton), met at Newport to inquire into the affair. Robert Auchmuty took the place duty or connivance on the part of the provincial government, and it was intimated that this special court was unnecessary and alarming. The Assembly of Rhode Island met at East Greenwich to watch the commissioners, and Governor Wanton laid before it his instructions to arrest offenders, and send them to England for trial. Chief Justice Stephen Hopkins asked the Assembly how he should act. They left it to his discretion, for they were assured of his patriotism and sound judgment. "Then," said Hopkins, in the presence of both Houses, " for the purpose of transportation for trial I will neither apprehend any person by my own order, nor suffer any executive officer in the colony to do it." The commissioners adjourned without eliciting any positive knowledge of the persons who destroyed the vessel. See BROWN, JOHN. Gaston, WILLIAM, jurist; born at Newbern, N. C., Sept. 19, 1778; graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1796, and was admitted to the bar in 1798, when he soon became the leading lawyer in his State. Serving in his State legislature, he was elected to Congress in 1812, and remained in that body until 1817. The laws and judicial organization of his State bear marks of his wisdom. He was judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina from 1834 till his death, in Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 23, 1844. Judge Gaston was an advocate of free suffrage for colored men. made commander of the Southern Department, but made a disastrous campaign, his army being utterly defeated and routed by Cornwallis near Camden, S. C., in August, 1780. This defeat terminated Gates's military career. He was removed from command and suspended from serGates, HORATIO, military officer; born vice, but was finally vindicated, and rein Maldon, England, in 1728; was a god- instated in command in 1782. He reson of Horace Walpole; entered the Brit- tired to his estate in Virginia, and in ish army in his youth, and rose rapidly 1790 made his residence in New York to the rank of major; came to America; City, having first emancipated all his was severely wounded at Braddock's de- slaves, and provided for such of them feat (1755); and was aide to General as could not take care of themselves. He Monckton in the expedition against Mar- was presented with the freedom of the tinique in 1762. After the peace he city of New York, and elected to the State bought an estate in Virginia, and when legislature, but declined to serve. He died the Revolutionary War broke out Con- in New York City, April 10, 1806. gress appointed him (June, 1775) adGates, SIR THOMAS, colonial governor; jutant-general of the Continental army, born in England in the sixteenth century, with the rank of brigadier-general. In and lived during a part of the seventeenth; 1776-77 he was twice in command of the left England with 500 settlers for the VirNorthern army, having, through intrigue, ginia colony in 1609. The expedition condisplaced General Schuyler. He gained sisted of ten ships, three of which were undeserved honors as commander of the lost during the voyage, which did not end troops that defeated and captured Bur- till May 24, 1610. Gates soon after regoyne and his army in the fall of 1777. turned to England to report the affairs He soon afterwards intrigued for the po- of the colony, and collected 300 new sition of Washington as commander-in- emigrants, with whom he arrived in Virchief, using his power as president of the ginia in August, 1611. He then became board of war for the purpose, but igno- governor of the colony, but returned miniously failed. In June, 1780, he was finally to England in 1614. Gates, WILLIAM, military officer; born in Massachusetts in 1788; graduated at West Point in 1806; served throughout the War of 1812, the Florida War, and the war with Mexico. He was retired from active service in 1863, and died in New York City, Oct. 7, 1868. Gatling, RICHARD JORDAN, inventor; born in Hertford county, N. C., Sept. 12, 1818. His first invention was a screw RICHARD JORDAN GATLING. sociate of the National Academy of Design in 1879, and academician in 1882. He has made a specialty of historical paintings, and has contributed many drawings illustrating the wars of the United States to the illustrated periodicals. Gay, EBENEZER, clergyman; born in Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1696; graduated at Harvard in 1714; became pastor of the Congregational church at Hingham, Mass., which he served for seventy years. During the Revolution he sympathized with the British. The sermon which he preached upon the completion of his eighty-fifth year was published in America and reprinted in England. It is generally known as The Old Man's Calendar. He died in Hingham, Mass., in 1787. Gay, PICARD DU, explorer; born in France and lived in the seventeenth century; was with Michael Ako and Father Hennepin on an expedition to discover the sources of the Mississippi River. On April 11, 1680, they reached Wisconsin, and not long afterwards discovered the cataract which Hennepin named the "Falls of St. Anthony." They remained in this district about three months, and then returned to Canada by the way of the St. Lawrence River. Gay, SYDNEY HOWARD, historian; born in Hingham, Mass., in 1814; began the study of law, but abandoned it and connected himself with the anti-slavery movement; was editor of the Anti-slavery Standard in 1844-57; managing editor of the New York Tribune for some years; and subsequently was connected with the Chicago Tribune and the New York Evening States (4 volumes), to which William Cul- for propelling water-craft. Later he designed a machine for sowing rice, and, on removing to St. Louis in 1844, adapted it to sowing wheat in drills. In 1861 he conceived the idea of his revolving battery gun. This was first manufactured Post. He wrote a History of the United in 1862, at Indianapolis. Subsequently twelve were made and used on the James River, Va., by General Butler. In 1866 Gatling further improved this invention, and after satisfactory trials at Washington and Fort Monroe the Gatling gun was adopted by the United States government. It is now in use also in nearly all European countries. In 1886 he invented a new gun-metal, composed of steel and aluminum. Later Congress voted him $40,000 for proof experiments in a new method of casting cannon. He died in New York, Feb. 26, 1903. Gaul, GILBERT WILLIAM, artist; born in Jersey City, March 31, 1855; elected as Gayarré, CHARLES ÉTIENNE ARTHUR, historian; born in New Orleans, La., Jan. 9, 1805; studied law in Philadelphia; admitted to the New Orleans bar in 1830; served his State in various capacities until 1835, when he was elected to the United States Senate, but was unable to take his seat on account of ill health. He was abroad eight years, and on his return was again sent to the State legislature; subsequently appointed secretary of state. Among his works are Louisiana as a French Colony; Louisiana under the ernor of Savannah and brevet major-genSpanish Domination; Louisiana: Its Colo- eral. In 1866 he was elected governor of nization, History and Romance; A Com- Pennsylvania, and held the office till withplete History of Louisiana, etc. He died in New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 1895. in two weeks of his death, in Harrisburg, Feb. 8, 1873. Geary, JOHN WHITE, military officer; Geddes, JAMES LORRAINE, military offiborn in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland cer; born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March co., Pa., Dec. 30, 1819; became a civil 19, 1827; emigrated to Canada in 1837; engineer, and served as lieutenant-colonel subsequently returned to the continent and of a Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers enlisted in the Indian army, serving in in the war with Mexico, wherein he was the Punjab campaign; emigrated to Iowa wounded, and for gallant services was in 1857; at the outbreak of the Civil War made colonel of his regiment. He was enlisted as a private, but soon received a first commander of the city of Mexico commission, and ultimately was made after its capture. He went to San Fran- brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He cisco in 1848, and was the first mayor of wrote a number of war songs which bethat city. Returning to Pennsylvania, he came very popular, among them The Stars was appointed territorial governor of and Stripes and The Soldier's Battle-prayKansas in July, 1856, an office he held er. He died in Ames, Ia., Feb. 21, 1887. one year. Early in 1861 he raised and Geiger, EMILY, heroine; born in South equipped the 28th regiment of Pennsyl- Carolina about 1760. While General vania volunteers. In the spring of 1862 Greene was pursuing Lord Rawdon he was promoted brigadier - general, and towards Orangeburg, he wished to send did good service throughout the war, becoming, at the end of Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea, military gov a message to General Sumter, then on the Santee, to take a position in front of the enemy and impede his flight. The errand |