of Mexicans on the Tubutama road, and killed four of the number, putting the rest to flight.

"Butterworth was entirely unacquainted with the country, and in attempting to reach Santa Cruz lost his way. Janin and a small Yaqui boy, who had escaped during the fight, reached Santa Cruz without difficulty. Here a relief party was immediately gotten up by Senor Commodoran. Janin was apprehensive that his comrade might have been killed, but still had hopes of his safety, and sent a note by Commodoran announcing his own safe arrival.

"Not very far above the Calabasas Ranch we reached the spot where Mr. Butterworth had camped after two days and nights of exposure and extreme suffering from cold, and where he was first seen by Commodoran. The nights were intensely sharp. He had no blankets and deemed it imprudent to light a fire, until he found it impossible to bear with the cold any longer. What his sufferings were in this wild region, surrounded by lurking foes, without food, without blankets, and beyond the reach, as he supposed, of all human aid, no man who has not travelled in Arizona can conceive. Two days and nights of such suffering as would have caused most men to despair had left their marks upon him. His throat was wrapped with straw, and he was evidently in a very bad condition. Up to this time he could not have wandered much less than fifty miles up and down the valley of the Santa Cruz. On the approach of Commodoran, supposing him to be a Sonoranian marauder, he raised his gun and was about to kill him, when the frightened Mexican cried out, 'No

tira! No tira! Yo Amigo! Amigo!' Still Butterworth kept his gun pointed at him. 'Vamos!' was all he could say in Spanish. Commodoran, with great sagacity, jerked up his horse's head so as to keep it between him and the muzzle of the gun, and slowly approaching, held out Janin's note, shouting, 'No tira! Yo Amigo! Patagonia! Patagonia!' The last was a lucky hit. The word 'Patagonia' was familiar and partially solved the mystery. Janin's note did the rest, and the most cordial greeting followed the inhospitable reception.

"The return of Mr. Butterworth to Santa Cruz, where he procured a new outfit, the recovery of his ambulance and wagon, meeting with his friends, Kustel and Higgins at Tubac, visit to the Cerro Colorado, and subsequent adventures on the road to Guaymas; safe arrival at San Francisco; return to New York; continuance in the presidency, with entire control as resident manager of the New Almaden Quicksilver Mines, as well as of the Arizona Silver Mines, at Cerro Colorado, would furnish in detail an interesting sequel to his adventure with the Apaches.

11

CHAPTER VIII.

THE NAVAJOS.

NAVAJOS ATTACK FORT DEFIANCE-EXPEDITION AGAINST NAVAJOS BY GENERAL CANBY-NAVAJOS RIDE ROUGHSHOD OVER COUNTRY— GENERAL CARLETON'S REPORT ON CONDITIONS -NAVAJOS' COUNTRY-COLONEL "KIT" CARSON'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THEM-NOTIFIED TO SURRENDER BY GENERAL CARLETON CANYON DE CHELLY-STRONGHOLD OF NAVAJOS DESCRIPTION OF CAMPAIGN INSURRENDER OF NAVAJOS AND PLACING THEM ON RESERVATION AT BOSQUE REDONDO NUMBER OF NAVAJOS-CLASH WITH MESCALERO APACHES AT BOSQUE REDONDO FAILURE OF CROPS AT BOSQUE REDONDO-MISERABLE CONDITIONS GENERAL CARLETON'S MISTAKEN POLICY-GENERAL SHERMAN AND COLONEL TAPPAN, PEACE COMMISSIONERS, VISIT RESERVATION-ESTABLISHMENT OF RESERVATION IN NAVAJO COUNTRY AND NAVAJOS REMOVED TO IT-PROSPERITY OF NAVAJOS IN OWN COUNTRY-RESERVATION ENLARGEDCONDITIONS IN 1884-NAVAJOS SELF-SUPPORTING AND FRIENDLY TO WHITES.

In the first volume of this work, the expedition against the Navajos down to December 25th, 1858, when the last treaty was made with them, has been recited. There only remains now to give the history of the expeditions under the directions of General Canby and General Carleton by which the tribe was finally subdued.

In 1859, war again broke out, and in 1860, the Navajos attacked Fort Defiance. Finally General Canby made a long campaign against them, leading his troops in person. After General Canby's campaign against the Navajos, when the soldiers were employed to repel the Texas invasion, the Navajos, as well as the Apaches, rode roughshod over the country. This was in the winter of 1861 and the spring and summer of 1862. The Navajos and Apaches in 1862, when General Canby was relieved by General Carleton, were united in war against the Americans.

General Carleton, in his testimony in 1865 before the Committee on investigation into Indian affairs, says:

"The Indian difficulties in New Mexico, since the treaty with New Mexico, have obliged the United States to keep in that territory a force whose average strength has been at least three thousand men, employees and all reckoned in. This covers a period of eighteen years. A large proportion of these troops have been cavalry, the most expensive arm in the military service, especially in New Mexico, where forage is very expensive. The horses required as remounts for this cavalry have to be brought across the plains from the States at great risk and expense. Sometimes large numbers have been stampeded en route and have never been heard from since. Many die before they reach this country. Those which arrive here it takes at least a year to acclimate, and after this the loss of horses by death, by being broken down, and lost on scouts, and killed in action, and stolen by Indians, is enormous, compared with losses of cavalry

horses in any other country. The same holds true of mules, more numerous necessarily than cavalry horses, by reason of the extent of country over which supplies have to be hauled to subsist and clothe the troops."

In reference to the peonage system, the General says:

"The number of Indians, men, women and children, who have been captured or bought from the Utes, and who live in the families of the Territory, may be safely set down as at least three thousand. So far as my observation has gone, the Mexicans treat them with great kindness. After a while they became conversant with the language, became attached to the families they live in, and very seldom care to run away. If they should attempt to run away, I believe they would be captured by the owners. They are held as servants: as 'hewers of wood and drawers of water.' These servants do not intermarry much with the Mexicans, just the women bear children from illicit intercourse. The offspring of this intercourse are considered peons. The Indians upon the reservation, if properly cared for by the military commander, run no risk of being stolen or attacked."

The Navajos inhabited a wide expanse of country, portions of which, by nature, were almost impregnable to attacking forces. Their complete subjugation, their removal from their native haunts, and the gathering in of the tribe so that they could be placed upon a reservation, became an absolute necessity. With this object in view, General Carleton organized an expedition against them under Colonel "Kit" Carson.