286,684. The total enrollment of pupils was 731,772, being an increase of 27,005, or about four per cent. over the previous year. These schools are graded upon an admirable system, and are managed with great skill and efficiency. Their influence in elevating the tone of popular intelligence is incalculable.

Besides these public schools, the educational system of the State embraces four hundred and eighty private academies and high schools, with six hundred and eighty-three teachers and pupils; and twenty universities and colleges, with one hundred and twenty-four professors, fifty-three tutors, and 5,054 students. The latter have an aggregate endowment of $1,526,073, and buildings, grounds, and apparatus, valued at $1,324,909. Of the academies and high schools a large number are dedicated to the higher branches of female education.

The census of 1860 showed 5,210 churches in the State, valued at $12,988,312, and affording accommodations to 1,996,678 hearers, nearly the whole of the population at that time. There is no doubt that the church accommodations have fully kept pace with the population during the passing decade, while the character of church architecture has been very greatly raised.

The population of Ohio in 1860 was 2,339,511; in 1868, as estimated by the State authorities, it was 2,800,000. By the ninth census it will not be less than three millions, if, indeed, it is not already up to that number.

INDIANA, the second State erected out of the old Northwest Territory, was admitted into the Union in 1816. It lies to the west of Ohio, extending two hundred and seventy-five miles from north to south, and one hundred and thirty-five miles from east to west, with an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres. Of this surface, in 1860, 16,388,292 acres were inclosed in farms valued at $356,712,175, embracing 8,242,183 acres of improved and 8,146,109 of unimproved lands. Compared with the census of 1850, the total surface included in farms exhibits an increase of 3,594,687 acres, or nearly thirty per cent., the improved lands absorbing of this extent 3,196,140 acres, being an increase of sixty-three per cent. in ten years. The cash value of farms had been during the same period enhanced $220,327,002, or nearly one hundred and sixty per cent. The number of farms in the State had increased from 93,896 in 1850, to 131,826 in 1860, while during the same period the average area of farms had decreased from one hundred and thirty-six acres to one hundred and twenty-four. The value of farming implements and machinery had risen from $6,704,444 to $10,457,897.

The public land system in Indiana, in which State the United States has nearly disposed of its proprietary interest, exhibits very few of those anomalies which complicated its early operations in Ohio, and consequently gave much less ground for litigation, which grew out of the conflicting land titles of her sister State. The public land in the State has been almost entirely appropriated by private owners, under the different laws of Congress, only 1,920.23 acres in small detached tracts remaining undisposed of. The settlement of Indiana seems to have been attended with few of those circumstances which gave notoriety to the earlier settlement of Ohio or Illinois. Timothy Flint, in his "History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley," ascribes this to the fact that the earlier settlers of Indiana were generally young men with no capital or families, who required no large trains of wagons and domestic animals to transport their small proportion of worldly goods. The comparatively smooth working of the public land system deprived the State also of several of those exciting questions which have constituted

controlling points of interest in the early history of neighboring States. Yet the growth of Indiana was rapid and steady.

The face of the country presents a general resemblance to Ohio. A belt of hills and bluffs extends in varying distance back from the Ohio River. A low ridge extends transversely across the State to the northwest, giving rise to rapids in the Ohio, White, and Wabash Rivers. The crest line is near the northern part of the State, as is shown in the greater length of the Ohio tributaries. On the border of Lake Michigan is a range of sandhills, back of which rise heavy pine forests. The central and northern portions present an agreeable variety of prairie and heavy timbered country, upon which are found all the leading species of oak, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, and maple. The region bordering on the Ohio has been largely denuded of its timber, originally very abundant, to supply fuel and lumber to the trade of the river; a deficiency which, under the pressure of necessity, will doubtless be supplied by tree-planting.

This portion of the State, including the Ohio and Whitewater Valleys, about 5,500 square miles in extent, is a limestone region, two-thirds of which is excellent farming land, the residue being fit only for grazing. White River Valley, embracing some 9,000 square miles, extends centrally from the Wabash River to the Ohio frontier. It is uniformly level and mostly heavily timbered. The soil is of excellent character, free from rock. The Wabash Valley, covering 12,000 square miles, and interlocking with the White River Valley, extends northeasterly and northwardly to include the northern portion. Abont 2,000 square miles of the Maumee Valley of Ohio lie in this State. These valleys embrace immense bodies of fertile land, with admirable water-power in many localities.

The agriculture of Indiana, under a prosperous movement, has developed magnificent results. The value of live stock increased from 1850 to 1860 from $22,478,555 to $41,855,539, or nearly ninety per cent., the different aggregates of horses, asses, mules, cattle, sheep, and swine, showing increments varying from fifty to three hundred per cent. The leading crops for the years 1850, 1860, and 1867, the first two being taken from the census reports, and the latter from the agricultural tables at Washington, are represented by the following aggregates wheat, 6,214,458, 16,848,267, and 16,861,000 bushels; rye, 78,792, 463,495, and 396,000 bushels; corn, 52,964,363, 71,588,910, and 80,757,000 bushels; oats, 5,655,014, 5,317,831, and 11,174,000 bushels; barley, 45,483, 382,245, and 346,000 bushels; potatoes, 2,083,377, 3,866,647, and 7,238,000 bushels; tobacco, 1,044,620, 7,993,378, and 10,769,000 pounds; hay, 403,230, 622,426, and 2,219,000 tons. The wool products of 1850 and 1860, respectively, were 2,610,287 and 2,552,318 pounds; orchard products, $324,940 and $1,258,942; wine, 14,055 and 102,895 gallons; market garden products, $72,864 and $387,027; butter, 12,881,535 and 18,306,651 pounds; flax, 584,469 and 97,119 pounds; sugar, 2,921,192 and 1,541,761 pounds; molasses, 180,325 and 1,173,957 gallons. It is but just to observe that the returns of the crops of 1867 were meager, and that in many of the above aggregates the crops of 1868 and 1869 exhibit a very great adThe value of slaughtered animals increased from $6,567,935 in 1850 to $9,824,204 in 1860.

vance.

The census reports of 1850 and 1860, in regard to the manufactures of Indiana, give the following aggregates: number of establishments, 4,392 and 5,323; capital invested, $7,750,402 and $18,451,121; raw material consumed, $10,369,700 and $27,142,597; hands employed, 14,440 and 21,296; annual cost of labor, $3,728,844 and $6,318,335; value of annual product, $18,725,423 and $42,803,469. These figures indicate a rapid

and enormous development of manufacturing industry. The coming decennial census will doubtless exhibit a still greater expansion of this branch of industrial enterprise. The immense water-power has been brought into requisition, and the exploration of coal deposits has induced the establishment of steam machinery on a large scale. The coal measures are accessible to mining enterprise in an area of 8,000 square miles. The coals of Indiana are all bituminous, but are divided into fat and dry varieties, the former running into a cake in burning, the latter retaining its hardness, burning from the outside till all is consumed. The latter is found in the lowest seam of Indiana coal. It is regularly stratified, and easily mined in regular blocks. It is especially suited to the manufacture of iron, being pronounced equal to the best charcoal. It is found along the eastern rim of the coal field from Ohio River to the Illinois line, in seams from three to five feet thick. Its depth varies from surface outcrop to two hundred feet, over a belt of country from fifteen to twenty miles wide, and one hundred and fifty miles long.

Extensive and valuable deposits of iron ore are found in close proximity to the coal mines, being generally associated with the lower members of the coal-measure groups. These ores are generally limonites, the kidney or furnace ores of the furnace men. They are easily smelted, run freely, and yield from forty to fifty per cent. of metal. In the northern counties are found large beds of bog ore, covered by several feet of muck or peat. This ore, containing thirty or forty per cent. of iron, is easily reduced, and is free from sulphur. These elements of manufacturing enterprise, with the proximity of southern cotton fields, point to a future of great activity and to massive accumulations of wealth.

The natural facilities for communication, consisting of several hundred miles of lake and river navigation, have been supplemented by an extensive system of common and turnpike roads, canals, and railways. The canals of Indiana present an aggregate length of four hundred and fifty miles. The railroad system has grown to gigantic proportions. At the close of 1868 there were in operation in the State some 2,600 miles of road, being one mile to every thirteen square miles of territory, and to six hundred and ninety-three of the population. The railroads of this State date back only to 1845, during which year some thirty miles were completed. The system has grown, however, in an accelerated ratio. It is to be regretted that no system of statistical information has yet been ordained by which the character and results of railroad operations might with certainty be understood. It is estimated, however that the present annual freight carriage of the Indiana roads amounts to 7,000,000 tons, representing a commercial value of $700,000,000. The internal commerce of Indiana is probably double the last-mentioned aggregate.

The results of a progress of little more than half a century are summed up in a true gold value of real and personal estate but little short of $1,500,000,000. The heavy debt incurred for internal improvements in the early history of the State is in rapid process of liquidation, the annual reduction increasing with the development of her resources.

From the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the year 1867, it is shown that provision was made by law for the gratuitous education in the public schools of 559,778 pupils, being an increase of 7,534 over the enumeration of the previous year. Of this number 390,714 actually attended the primary, and 12,098 the high schools. These schools were taught by 5,330 male and 4,163 female teachers, at a total cost for tuition of $1,020,440, being an increase of $106,546 over the

cost of the previous year. The total number of school-houses reported was 8,231, valued at $4,515,734; volumes in the school libraries 265,388. Besides these public schools there were 2,026 private schools, with an attendance of 49,322 pupils. Indiana has a number of universities and colleges of a high grade of literary excellence, of which it is regretted that no statistics were available for the preparation of this report.

The number of incorporated cities in Indiana in 1866 was thirty-two, and of incorporated towns ninety-five. Of the former the largest is Indianapolis, the State capital, with a population of over 50,000. It is one of the prominent railroad centers of the West, the seat of an extensive commercial and manufacturing system. New Albany, on the Ohio River, three miles below the falls, with 20,000 inhabitants, is remarkable for its rapid growth and active trade. It is the seat of an extensive steamboat-building interest, and the most commercial point in the State. Evansville, Fort Wayne, Lafayette, Terre Haute, Madison, and Richmond, are prominent cities, varying from 12,000 to 18,000 inhabitants. The urban population of Indiana has increased in a much greater ratio than the rural. The population of Indiana in 1860 was 1,350,428, showing an increase during the previous ten years of 362,012, or 37 per cent. At the close of the present decade it is estimated that the population will number at least 1,800,000.

ILLINOIS, the third of the States carved out of the old Northwestern Territory, was admitted to the Union in 1818. Its extreme length from north to south is 380 miles, with an average breath of 140 miles, expanding at some points to 200 miles. Its area in square miles is 55,410, equal to 35,462,400 acres. Of this extent, in 1860, 20,911,987 acres were included in farms; 13,096,374 acres were improved, and 7,815,615 acres were unimproved. These statistics, as compared with the census of 1850, show an increase of lands inclosed in farms of 8,874,575 acres, or seventy-three per cent.; of improved lands of 8,056,829 or nearly one hundred and sixty per cent. The cash value of these farms in 1860 was $408,944,033, an increase in ten years of $312,810,743, or three hundred and twenty-five per cent. The value of agricultural implements and machinery during the same time increased from $6,405,561 to $17,235,472, or one hundred and seventy per cent. The number of farms in 1860 was 143,310, an increase of 67,102, or over ninety per cent.; the average acreage of these farms had meanwhile declined from 158 to 146 acres. During the passing decade this subdivision of landed property has been very considerably accelerated.

Illinois was first settled by the French, in whose possession it remained. for eighty years, from the settlement of La Salle to the treaty of Paris, in 1763, by which all territory claimed as Louisiana, east of the Mississippi, was surrendered to the English. The names of prominent French settlers are still borne by different localities in the State, and a large Gallic element of population still subsists. Virginia claimed this territory not only in virtue of her original charter from the King of Great Britain, but also by right of conquest. The expedition of General George Rogers Clarke, by which the British authority was finally subverted, was organized and prosecuted under authority of the State government of Virginia. This claim, however, including both the eminent domain and the proprietary interest in the soil, was ceded to the United States on the 23d of April, 1784, other States about the same time surrendering their claims to portions of the "Northwest Territory." After the erection of the State of Ohio, Illinois formed part of the Territory of Indiana. In 1809 it was constituted a separate political division under the name of Illinois, with boundaries extending northward to the national frontier,

which status it maintained until its admission as a State, with reduced limits, in 1818.

The public-land system in this State has been more complicated than in Indiana, with local interests growing out of the early settlement of the country by the French, and consequent inception of prior rights to the soil under foreign law. But the landed interests of the State have not been productive of such litigation as in Ohio. All the questions of private rights growing out of the public-land operations have been happily settled by the transfer of almost the entire interest held by the government in the soil to private owners. There yet remain for disposal but a few small scattered tracts.

The surface of Illinois may be regarded as a table land, elevated from three hundred and fifty to eight hundred feet above sea level, with a general inclination toward the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, to which nearly all its streams are tributary. No mountains or high hills are found, the undulations being a gentle slope. The soubriquet "Prairie State" indicates the prevailing character of the surface. The prairies are sometimes small, and sometimes aggregated in large bodies of land interspersed with groups and belts of timber. The stoppage of annual fires has developed a natural growth of trees, to which systematic tree planting has already added a considerable incipient forest area. The prairie scenery of Illinois possesses a unique and enchanting beauty, from the graceful undulations of the surface, and the wonderful variety and richness of natural flowers and shrubbery. The soil of the State, of diluvial origin, is unsurpassed in fertility, and its productive power is admirably brought out by a genial and salubrious climate. It is especially remarkable in the southern part of the State for its enormous deposit of black vegetable mold. The value of live stock in 1860 was $72,501,225, being an increase of two hundred per cent. in ten years. The aggregates of horses, asses, mules, cattle, and hogs, show increments ranging from fifty to over one hundred per cent. Sheep husbandry, however, seems to have suffered some decline. The leading crops of the years 1850, 1860, and 1867, respectively, as shown in the census reports, and in the tables of the Agricultural Department at Washington, give the following aggregates: Wheat, 6,214,458, 23,837,023, and 28,000,000 bushels; corn, 52,964,363, 115,174,777, and 109,091,000 bushels; rye, 78,792, 951,281, and 639,000 bushels; oats, 10,087,241, 15,220,029, and 32,158,000 bushels; barley, 110,795, 1,036,338, and 996,000 bushels; buckwheat, 184,504, 396 989, and 248,000 bushels; potatoes, 2,514,861, 5,540,390, and 3,673,000 bushels; tobacco, 841,394, 6,885,262, and 15,792,000 pounds; hay, 601,952, 1,774,554, and 2,667,000 tons. The wool clip of 1850 and 1860, respectively, were 2,150,113 and 1,989,567 pounds. The products of butter, 12,256,543 and 28,052,551 pounds; cheese, 1,278,275 and 1,848,557 pounds; sugar, 248,904 and 134,195 pounds; molasses, 8,354 and 826,637 gallons; value of orchard products, $446,449 and $387,027; wine, 2,997 and 50,690 gallons. Cotton has been to some extent raised in Southern Illinois, and efforts have been made to introduce the culture of tea. It should be observed, as in the articles on Ohio and Indiana, that the crop of 1867, in many items, was a comparative failure, and that the crops of 1868 and 1869, not accessible for the preparation of this article, would show figures more truly representative of the agricultural powers of these States. The later estimates are mostly confined to the leading staples, and take but small account of a great variety and delicacy of the higher elements of agricultural production. The census of 1870 will alone reveal the wonderful progress of the northwestern States in these respects during the passing decade.