was abbess, and later with her uncle, bishop of Bamberg, and when the warriors who had attended her husband in the Crusade returned from the East with his body, she gathered them around her, and recounted her sufferings and the wrongs done to her three children. Steps were taken to restore to her her sovereign rights. She declined the regency, however, and would accept only the revenues which accrued to her as landgravine. The remainder of her days were devoted to almsgiving, mortifications and prayer. She became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis, and in pictures she is often represented clothed in the Franciscan habit. She was canonized by Gregory IX four years after her death. Consult Montalembert, Life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary) (trans. into English by F. D. Hoyt 1904); Starr, 'Patron Saints'; Butler, Lives of Saints'; Bonaventure, Sermon on Saint Elizabeth'; Theodoric and Montague of Spire. There are extant manuscripts on her life, by contemporaries, Conrad of Marburg, Siegfried of Mentz, and others.

ELIZABETH Farnese, fär-na'zě, queen of Spain: b. 25 Oct. 1692; d. 1766. She was a daughter of Edward II, Prince of Parma. On becoming the second wife of Philip V she surprised those who had counseled the marriage by assuming the practical headship of the kingdom; her ambition to place her sons Carlos and Philip' in power over principalities in Italy and the aggressive policies of her Minister, Alberoni, disturbed the whole of Europe.

ELIZABETH PETROWNA, empress of Russia: b. 29 Dec. 1709; d. 5 Jan. 1762. She was the daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine, and ascended the throne on 7 Dec. 1741, as the result of a conspiracy, in which Ivan VI, a minor, who had reigned only one year, was deposed. Elizabeth is said to have rivaled her mother in beauty and to have surpassed her in her love of pleasure. Her reign was stained both by her unbridled licentiousness and the tyranny of her government, which was conducted by favorites. Banishment to the mines of Siberia and imprisonment in dungeons were awarded for the slightest political offenses. She was a patron of literature and corresponded with Voltaire, to whom she supplied materials for his 'Life of Peter the Great.' She also founded the University of Moscow and the Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg. Elizabeth sent an army, in 1748, to assist Maria Theresa in the war of the Succession, which contributed to bring about the Peace of Aix-laChapelle; and she joined in the Seven Years' War against Prussia. Consult Bain, 'The Daughter of Peter the Great' (London 1899).

ELIZABETH STUART, queen of Bohemia: b. Falkland Palace, Fifeshire, 16 Aug. 1596; d. London, 13 Feb. 1662. She was a daughter of James I of England and was married to the Palatine Frederick at Whitehall, 14 Feb. 1613. Her husband was then at the head of the Protestant interest in Germany, and in 1619 he accepted the crown of Bohemia offered to him by the revolted Protestants of that country. This he was only able to retain for a very short period; and after his defeat by the Imperialists at the battle of Prague in 1620, he and his wife were obliged to flee, first to Bres

lau and Berlin, and then to The Hague. Elizabeth had 13 children, several of whom died early. Charles Louis, the eldest surviving, was reinstated in the palatine by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. His daughter, Elizabeth Charlotte, was the second wife of Philip, Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. Her descendants were excluded by their Catholicism from the crown of England, but one of them was regent of France during the minority of Louis XV; and another, Louis Philippe, ascended the throne after the revolution of 1830. Her sons, Princes Rupert and Maurice, distinguished themselves in the civil war in England. Her daughter, Sophia, married into the house of Brunswick, became electress of Hanover and mother of George I. Elizabeth Stuart's cause was extremely popular with the English nation and after her husband was deprived of the crown of Bohemia she still retained among them the endearing epithet of “Queen of Hearts." She returned to England . at the Restoration with her nephew, Charles II. Consult Green, Mrs. E., Lives of the Princesses of England' (London 1854),

ELIZABETH OF VALOIS, văl-wä', or ISABELLA, Queen of Spain: b. Fontainebleau, France, 22 Nov. 1545; d. Madrid, 3 Oct. 1568. She was a daughter of Henry II, of France, and Catherine de Medici. She was destined to be the wife of the infante, Don Carlos, but his father, Philip II, being left a widower, became fascinated and married her himself. The story of a romantic relationship between Elizabeth and Don Carlos has furnished tragic subjects to Otway, Campistron, Chénier, Schiller and Alfieri.

ELIZABETH, N. J., city, county-seat of Union County, on Newark Bay and the Arthur Kill, and on the Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, Baltimore and Ohio, Philadelphia and Reading and New Jersey Central railroads, 14 miles southwest of New York. Elizabeth has a good harbor admitting vessels of 25 feet draught. Coal and iron reach tidewater here from the Pennsylvania fields and are transshipped here. The city has steamer communication with New York and is the residence of many who commute daily to the latter city. It has many fine homes and wide streets, well paved. The chief articles manufactured are sewing-machines (one of the shops of the Singer Manufacturing Company, employing about 10,000 people, being located here), oilcloth, hats, saws, mill-machinery, stoves, hardware, edge-tools, harness, cordage, combs, leather and rubber works, oil refineries, foundries, chemical works, ship building plants, wire and cable, tools, electromotors, castings and bronze powder. The United States Census of Manufactures for 1914 showed within the city limits 184 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 14,297 persons, 12,871 being wage earners, receiving $8,198,000 annually in wages. The capital invested aggregated $31,037,000 and the year's output was valued at $31,228,000 of this, $14,921,000 was the value added by manufacture. The shops of the Central Railroad, employing about 1,000 hands, and the Crescent Steel Works and shipyard are located here. There are three banks, one savings bank and a trust company with a combined capitalization of $700,000 and deposits of $7,154,000, and building and loan

associations. Among public institutions are the Alexian Brothers' Hospital, General Hospital, Saint Elizabeth Hospital, Orphan Asylum, Old Ladies Home and Public Library. The educational institutions include the Battin and Pingry high schools, the Vail-Deane School, a business college and 11 public schools. The city has electric lights and street railways, many handsome churches and contains an old tavern where Washington stopped on his way to New York for his inauguration. Gen. Winfield Scott's home the Boudinot House and the old Livingston Mansion are located here. It was settled in 1664 as Elizabethtown and four years later the first General Assembly of New Jersey met here. For two years after 1755 it was the capital of the Colony of New Jersey. During the Revolution it suffered from its position between the contending forces. In 1789 it was chartered as a borough, as a town in 1796, and as a city in 1855. Its revenue averages about $2,250,000. In 1746 the college of New Jersey (now Princeton) was established here. Among its early citizens were the great rivals Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. There are many fine types of architecture of the Revolutionary period still standing. Pop. 82,411. Consult Hetfield, 'History of Elizabeth' (New York 1868).

ELIZABETH, Cape. See CAPE ELIZA

BETH.

ELIZABETH CITY, N. C., town, countyseat of Pasquotank County, on the Pasquotank River and the Norfolk and Southern and the Virginia and Carolina Coast railroads, about 145 miles northeast of Raleigh. A State normal school and United States custom-house are located here. The town has a good trade in the produce of the neighboring truck farms, also in cotton, fish and oysters. The region about is adapted for agriculture, lumbering and cotton raising. The manufactures of the town are varied, including cotton, saw- and planing-mills, shipbuilding, brick yards, carriage and wagon factories, shingle factories, hosiery mills, flour and grist-mills, ironworks, machine-shops, barrels and baskets, boxes, etc. The town was founded in 1793 and now has a government consisting of a mayor, elected every two years, a board of aldermen and a board of control.

A naval victory was gained here by the Federals, 10 Feb. 1862. Pop. 9,292.

ELIZABETH ISLANDS, Mass., group of 16 in number, forming the town of Gosnold, in Dukes County. They are situated between Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay; area, 14 square miles. In 1602 the first New England settlement was made on one of these islands, Buttyhunk, by Bartholomew Gosnold; but after a residence of a few weeks it was abandoned and Gosnold returned to England (see GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW). The climate is healthful and the islands are popular with anglers and as a vacation resort. Naushon and Nashawena are the largest of the group, which in 1864 were incorporated as the town of Gosnold. Pop. 164.

ELIZABETHAN ARCHITECTURE, a style of architecture, which began to prevail in England during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. It was a mixture of inferior Gothic with debased Italian, often very picturesque,

but without purity and unity of design. It was characterized by deeply embayed windows, galleries of great length, very tall and elaborate chimneys, strap work in the parapets and window-heads, and many dormented details of surface-carving characteristic of the bizarre influence of the combined Renaissance forms from Germany and Holland. The names of Holbein and John of Padua are associated with this style of architecture in which they had hoped to revive classic models. The mansions erected for the nobility during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I are examples of this style of architecture, particularly the palace erected in the mixed style for Protector Somerset by John of Padua and the mansion of Longleat for his secretary, Sir John Thynne. Others which may still be seen near London and which represent the architecture of the 17th century are: Knowle, belonging to the Duke of Dorset, the Marquis of Salisbury's at Hatfield, Holland House, Campden House in Surrey, Bramshill in Kent, Sir T. Willow's at Charlton, Burton Agnes, Blickling, Montacute, Audley End, Mogus Park, Aston, etc. This style was succeeded by the Jacobean in which Gothic details disappeared. The greatest architects of the Elizabethan period were Gerard Chrismas, John Thorpe, Thomas Holt and Rodolph Symonds. Consult Gotch and Brown, Architecture of the Renaissance in England' (London 1894); Richardson, Architectural Remains of the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I' (ib. 1840); Blomfield, 'History of Renaissance Architecture in England' (ib. 1897).

ELIZABETHTOWN, Ky., city, countyseat of Hardin County, on the Louisville and Nashville and the Illinois Central railroads, about 40 miles south of Louisville. The city is the centre of the trade in asphalt for which the county is noted. It has flouring mills, stave and overall factories, and dairying interests, and carries on a considerable trade in live stock, grain, flour, fruit, brick and tobacco. It has municipal waterworks. Pop. 1,970.

ELIZAVETPOL, ĕ-le-zä-vet-pol, or YELIZAVETPOL, Russia, (1) government of area 16,991 Transcaucasia, Asiatic Russia; square miles; pop. 1,098,000, of whom about 60 per cent are Azerbaijan Tartars, 30 per cent Armenians and the balance Kurds, Russians, etc. It is bounded on the north by Tiflis, Daghestan and Zakataly, east by Baku, south by Persia and west by Erivan. It belongs partly to the region of the Little Caucasus and is partly covered with steppes, in the west consisting of high mountains whereas the east is more level. The Kur River and several smaller streams are the chief waterways. Agriculture is the principal industry, the valleys being fertile and well cultivated. Wine is produced in considerable quantities; also cotton, the acreage in 1914-15 being 142,570 producing 23,652,500 pounds. The rearing of live stock is largely carried on in the steppes. The mountain slopes are well wooded and there are rich deposits of minerals, especially of copper, cobalt and iron ore which are found and mined in large quantities. The Transcaucasian Railway crosses the government, which is divided into eight districts, Elizavetpol, Zanglzur, Aresh, Jebrail, Javanshir, Shusha, Kazakh and Nukha.

(2) A city of the same name is the capital of the government, located on an affluent of the Kur River about 120 miles by rail southeast of Tiflis. It is situated in a rich agricultural region and besides trading in the agricultural products and fruit, the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the silk-worm industry. The city consists of two sections, the old and the new; the former is poorly built with crooked streets and low-roofed houses and is occupied chiefly by Mohammedans; the latter is well built and contains several handsome buildings, churches, mosques, etc., and a bazaar. Ancient remains are found in the vicinity of the city and the old Turkish fortifications may still be seen. The city changed hands between Persians, Arabs and Khozars as early as the 7th century, later came into the possession of the Mongols, Georgians, Persians and Turks, was taken by the Russians in 1796 and finally annexed to Russia in 1813, receiving its name in honor of Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander I. In 1826 the Persians were defeated here. Pop. 60,500.

ELK, the name of various deer, but originally and properly belonging to the great, flathorned deer of northern Europe (Alces machlis), of which the American moose is substantially the counterpart, although regarded by naturalists as a distinct species. The European elk is now restricted to northern Russia, northern Scandinavia and the wilder forests of eastern Prussia; but in Pleistocene times it had a far more southerly range, together with other species now extinct. The great-antlered "Irish Elk," whose remains are found abundantly in peat-bogs and similar places not only in Ireland but in England and on the Continent, is not a true elk (Alces), but a deer of the genus Cervus related more nearly to our wapiti, despite the palmation of its horns. See MOOSE.

The American deer called elk, by the ignorance or carelessness of early colonists, is the large, round-horned stag, related not to the true elk but to the red deer of Europe, and the white-tailed and other deer of this country, and would better be called, as commonly nowadays by its Indian name Wapiti. See WAPITI; DEER. ELKESAITES. See ELCESAITES.

ELKHART, Ind., city in Elkhart County, at the confluence of the Saint Joseph and Elkhart Rivers, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and other railroads, 101 miles east of Chicago. It is a railroad centre and shipping point for a large agricultural region. The rivers afford excellent water power. A large dam and power-house, erected in 1913 at a cost of $750,000, furnishes abundant power for its industries, which include railroad shops, musical instrument factories, automobile works, bridge and iron works, and establishments for the manufacture of carriages, invalid tables, machinery, gocarts, corsets, telephone supplies, furniture, brass sundries, gas generators, paper boxes, rubber and paper. The United States census of manufactures for 1914 showed within the city limits 105 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 3,815 persons; 2,993 being wage earners, receiving annually $4,382,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $9,511,000, and the

year's output was valued at $8,649,000: of this, $4,267,000 was the value added by manufacture. The city has a Carnegie library and a fine high school building. Elkhart is the seat of Elkhart Institute and has public schools, business colleges, daily and weekly newspapers, gas and electric lights, electric railways, waterworks and two national banks. The control of the government is vested almost entirely in the mayor and there is a city council. Pop. 21,028.

ELKHORN, a river in Nebraska formed by the junction, in Madison County, of the North Fork, which has its rise in Brown County, and the South Fork, which rises in Knox County. The general course is southeast, 260 miles, when it flows into the Platte River. Logan Creek is the largest tributary.

ELKIN, William Lewis, American astronomer: b. New Orleans, 29 April 1855. He was educated at the Royal Polytechnic School in Stuttgart, Germany, and was graduated in 1880 at the University of Strassburg. He then went to the Cape of Good Hope on the invitation of Sir David Gill, English astronomer there, and took part with him in observations with the heliometer for the determination of stellar parallax, these determinations being the most accurate of the kind ever made up to that time. He became astronomer in 1884 and director in 1896 of the Yale College observatory. His work there was mainly in the lines of determinations of stellar parallax, the solar parallax from asteroids and the photography of meteor trails.

ELKINS, Stephen Benton, American politician: b. Perry County, Ohio, 26 Sept. 1841; d. 4 Jan. 1911. He removed to Missouri when a child; was graduated at the University of Missouri in 1860; and admitted to the bar in 1864. During the latter year he went to New Mexico, where he was a member of the Territorial legislature in 1864-65; and the Territorial delegate in Congress in 1873-77. Subsequently he removed to West Virginia where he acquired large business interests. He married the daughter of Henry Gassaway Davis. He secured control of great coal fields in West Virginia and also became a large stockholder in several railroads, serving also as vice-president of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railroad. In 1891-93 he was Secretary of War and in 1894, 1900 and 1907 was elected to the United States Senate. The Elkins Railroad Law of 1903 bore his name. See ELKINS Аст.

ELKINS, W. Va., city and county-seat of Randolph County, on both sides of the Tygarts Valley River and on the West Virginia Cincinnati and Pennsylvania (Wabash) and its branches, the Coal and Iron and the Coal and Coke railways, 60 miles south of Grafton and 130 miles northwest of Charleston. Elkins is in the centre of vast timber areas, and nearby are large deposits of coal, glass, sand, limestone, potter's clay, fire clay and shale suitable for the manufacture of pressed brick and tiling. The industries include railroad car and machine shops, brick works, ice plant, foundries and machine shops, tannery, boiler works, pail factory, several planing mills, etc. The principal streets are paved with brick or macadamized limestone, and walks are laid with brick. The city owns the waterworks,

which pump the water from the Tygarts Valley River. The streets are lighted by electricity and natural gas is furnished for domestic and manufacturing purposes. There are a national bank and a trust company in the city, with combined capital of $300,000 and deposits of about $1,200,000. The city contains seven churches, representing the leading denominations. There are a graded public school and a high school. Elkins is also the seat of Davis and Elkins College and has an Odd Fellows home, two hospitals and an orphans' home. Under a charter of 1905 it is governed by a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. Pop. 6,000.

ELKINS ACT, a law enacted 19 Feb. 1903, to prevent secret railroad rebates and discriminations. The acceptance as well as the offer of a rebate or unlawful discrimination was a violation of the law; the published rate was declared to be the only lawful charge, and the United States Circuit Courts were authorized to enjoin carriers to charge only the published rates. The penalty was not less than $1,000 nor more than $20,000 for each offense, the corporation as well as the officer giving the rebate receiving the penalty. The law was most effective and with slight changes was incorporated in the Hepburn Act (1906) and the Mann-Elkins Act (1910). See DIFFERENTIALS IN RAILROAD TRAFFIC; SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST Аст.

ELKS, Benevolent and Protective Order of, a fraternal association, founded in 1868 in New York from an older social and benevolent society, the Jolly Corks. The grand lodge was incorporated 10 March 1871, and was composed of past members of New York Lodge No. 1, the premier regular association. In the same year

it

was empowered to form branch lodges. Lodges were formed in Philadelphia, San Francisco, Chicago, Cincinnati, Sacramento, Baltimore, Louisville, Saint Louis, Boston, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis, Providence, Washington and Denver and in every other city of any size throughout the country. The order has been noted for the prompt assistance given its members and also its ready response to calls for aid from the outside. In all great calamities of recent years it gave liberally of its funds to aid the needy. Its membership is close to 500,000, and its annual disbursements are about $600,000. There are 1,392 lodges, and subordinate lodges in Alaska and the island possessions of the United States. White male citizens of 21 years or over and of good character are eligible for membership. In any city there may be but one lodge, and the population of such city must be at least 5,000. On the first Sunday of December is held a memorial service for the deceased members of the order. Property and cash to the extent of over $11,000,000 are owned by the order. Its official organ is the Elks Antler, a monthly published in New York. Consult Ellis, C. E., Authentic History of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks' (Chicago 1910).

ELKTON, Md., town and county-seat of Cecil County, 50 miles northeast of Baltimore, on the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad and on the Elk River. It contains a hosiery mill, fertilizer works, boat yards, textile mills and pulp mills. First settled in 1681. Elkton was incorporated in 1787. It has

adopted the commission form of government. Pop. 2,487.

ELKUS, Abram Isaac, American lawyer and diplomat: b. New York, 6 Aug. 1867. He was educated at the College of the City of New York and at Columbia. He has been prominent at the New York bar since 1888 and was considered by President Wilson for a place on the Federal court in New York. He is one of the leaders of the American Jewry and has frequently appeared for Jewish immigrants who have faced detention at Ellis Island and deportation because they had less than $25 in cash when they reached this country.

In 1896 he became a member of the law firm of James, Schell and Elkus. On the deaths of his partners he became senior member in the firm now known as Elkus, Gleason & Proskaner. He has appeared in all branches of his profession. He was elected by the United States judges as a special United States attorney to prosecute fraudulent bankruptcy cases and met with great success in that work.

He acted as counsel for the Merchants' Association and president of the Hebrew Technical School and as trustee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund. In July 1916 he was nominated by President Wilson as Ambassador to Turkey to succeed Henry Morgenthau, who had retired to become chairman of the finance committee of the Democratic national committee. He is the author of a treatise on 'Secret Liens and Reputed Ownership.'

ELL, an old linear measure, originally denoting the length of the forearm and later denoting different lengths. The English ell equalled one and one-quarter yards (45 inches).

ELLAGIC ACID or BEZOARIC ACID, CHOS, is separated from Oriental bezoar stones (concretions found in the stomachs of goats and other animals which have fed upon plants containing ellagitannin) by dissolving them in cold strong potash, away from the air, passing a current of carbolic acid, collecting the ellagate of potassium, washing and recrystallizing it, and then liberating the ellagic acid by hydrochloric acid. When crystallized from pyridine it forms prismatic needles. After washing these with alcohol ellagic acid becomes pale yellow, tasteless, crystalline powder, insoluble in water, decomposing at 680°, at which temperature it has still refused to melt. With the bases it forms salts, which are not very well known; they are crystalline and insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. The lead and barium compounds are yellow. This acid can be prepared synthetically by oxidizing gallic acid with arsenic acid. Though not in itself a tanning agent it is considered of great value in the tanning industry.

ELLE ET LUI ('She and He') is a novel by George Sand which excited a good deal of comment and enjoyed a kind of celebrity because it was accepted as her version of her unfortunate love affair with Alfred de Musset. After the rupture which brought to a pitiful end their Venetian adventure (1834), many bitter accusations were brought against each by the friends and partisans of the other, and neither hesitated to exploit the experience for literary purposes. George Sand's 'Lettres

d'un Voyageur,' written immediately afterward, already drew largely upon it and echoes of it are frequent in the subsequent poetry of Musset (Nuit de mai, Souvenir) and in his 'Confession d'un enfant du siècle.' The appearance of 'Elle et Lui' (1859) shortly after the poet's death (1857) revived the bitter memories and recriminations of the affair. It was evidently substantially the story of their relations, under the transparent disguise of a novel, though George Sand's intention, as she tells us elsewhere, was not to tell their story, but to "present, under the veil of fiction, a certain situation in which others than they may have found themselves." It provoked from Paul de Musset, Alfred's brother, the answering volume, 'Lui et Elle, in the poet's defense. The "true story of Elle et Lui' has been told by Spoelberch de Louvenjoul ('La véritable histoire de Elle et Lui,' Notes et documents, 1897). The original correspondence of George Sand and Alfred de Musset has been published by Félix Decori (1904).

ARTHUR G. CANFIELD.

ELLENBOROUGH, ĕl'lĕn-bur-ō, Edward Law, LORD, English lawyer: b. Great Salkeld, Cumberland, 16 Nov. 1750; d. London, 13 Dec. 1818. He was educated at Cambridge, became the pupil of the celebrated special pleader, George Wood, in 1771, and was called to the bar in 1780. In 1787 he was made a king's counsel. On the trial of Warren Hastings in 1788, Erskine having refused to undertake the defense, Law served as leading counsel. It required no little courage to encounter such opponents as Burke, Fox, Sheridan and other eminent men of the time, who conducted the impeachment. Law, as is well known, obtained the victory. In 1801 he was made AttorneyGeneral and in 1802 became Lord Chief Justice of the king's bench and was created baron. In Parliament he opposed the emancipation of the Catholics. Believing that the criminal laws were not severe enough he succeeded in establishing 10 new capital felonies by the passage of the so-called Ellenborough Act, afterward repealed in toto. He held the office of chief justice for 15 years.

ELLENBOROUGH, Edward Law, 1ST EARL OF, English statesman: b. 8 Sept. 1790; d. near Cheltenham, 22 Dec. 1871. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge; entered Parliament as representative of Saint Michael's in 1814, and in 1818 succeeded his father as 2d baron and entered the House of Lords. He was Lord Privy Seal in 1828, and in 1841 accepted the governor-generalship of India. He arrived in Calcutta in time to take control of the Afghan war, which was brought to a successful issue. Scinde was conquered by Sir Charles Napier and annexed in 1843. This was followed by the conquest of Gwalior. The conduct of the governor-general, however, gave great dissatisfaction at home. He was consequently recalled by the East India Company early in 1844. Under Lord Derby's government in 1858 he held the office of President of the Board of Control from February to June, during which he wrote a dispatch censuring the policy of Lord Canning as governor-general of India, which caused much discussion and led him to resign his office.

ELLENVILLE, N. Y., village of Ulster County, at the foot of Shawagunk Mountain, on the main line and on the Ellenville and Kingston division of the New York, Ontario and Western Railroad, 18 miles north of Middletown. The first house was built in 1805, a post office established in 1823 and the village incorporated in 1856. It has several denominational churches, a high school and other educational establishments, two national and one savings banks, and its industries include zinc mining, manufactures of cutlery, paints, handkerchiefs and shirt waists, overalls, artificial stone, and wooden wares, employing about 300 operatives. Ellenville is a popular summer resort. It has finely shaded streets and is near several places of interest, including Mount Meenahga, the Ice Caves, Sun Ray Spring and many beautiful waterfalls. The village owns its waterworks. Pop. 3,114.

ELLER, Johann Theodor, German chemist: b. Plötzkau, in Anhalt-Bernburg, 29 Nov. 1689; d. Berlin, 13 Sept. 1760. In 1721 he was appointed Anhalt-Bernburg physician; in 1724, professor of anatomy in Berlin; in 1735, physician to Frederick the Great; in 1755, privy councillor and director of the physical class of the Academy of Sciences. His papers were published in the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy, and among them is a long and interesting review of the opinions held respecting the elements from the earliest times down to his own day. He also published a series of curious microscopic observations upon the change of blood corpuscles by the addition of different salts, tinctures of plants and other solutions. Eller was undoubtedly a man of great learning and abilities, but his writings do not indicate a high degree of originality.

ELLERIANS, a sect of fanatics which arose in 1726, and had for its founder Elias Eller, a ribbon-weaver, who was born in 1690 at Ronsdorf in Berg. He was influenced in his religious beliefs by reading the works of Jacob Böhme, and other mystical writings. The sect committed great excesses, and became very numerous. See BÖHME, JACOB.

ELLERY, William, American patriot: b. Newport, R. I., 22 Dec. 1727; d. there, 15 Feb. 1820. He sat in the Congress of 1776, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He became Chief Justice of Rhode Ísland in 1785 and in the following year commissioner of the Continental Loan Office for Rhode Island. From 1790 till his death, he retained the office of collector in his native place.

ELLESMERE LAND, the most northern region of the continent of North America, discovered by Baffin in 1616. The western part of this region was explored and mapped by Otto Sverdrup (q.v.) in 1899. Ellesmere Land is a high plateau, without human inhabitants; a few reindeer, musk-oxen and wolves find sustenance there. It is separated from Greenland by Smith Sound. Consult Sverdrup's account of his discoveries: Four Years in the Arctic Region) (2 vols., New York 1904).

ELLET, Charles, American engineer: b. Penn's Manor, Bucks County, Pa., 1 Jan. 1810; d. Cairo, Ill., 21 June 1862. He was educated at the Polytechnic School in Paris, and on his return to America held various responsible en