EMPORIA, Kan., city and county-seat of Lyon County; on the Neosho River near its junction with the Cottonwood, in the central part of the State, and on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and a division point of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and other railroads; 60 miles southwest of Topeka. It is the commercial centre for a large section of country devoted to farming and dairying and to the fattening of western range cattle for the eastern market. Emporia has a thriving jobbing and export trade and some manufactures, including marble and iron works, carriage and canning factories, woolen mills, corrugated metal works, and flour and grist mills. It has three banks, with a combined capital of over $250,000 and doing a large annual business and daily and weekly newspapers. Gas is served by a private company, and the waterworks and electriclighting plant are owned and operated by the city. Emporia is the seat of the State Normal School (2,000 students), and of the College of Emporia (Presbyterian), and the Western Conservatory of Music, and has a business college, railroad and public libraries, nine school buildings, 11 churches, and many handsome business buildings and private residences. It is the largest town in Kansas that never has permitted a saloon to open within its limits since the passage of the prohibitory law in 1880. The city adopted the commission form of government in 1910. Emporia was founded in 1856 by P. B. Plumb, afterward United States Senator, and a group of pioneers from the Middle States; it was incorporated in 1870. Pop. 9,328.

EMPYEMA, ĕm-pi-ē'mą, a collection of pus consequent on pleurisy. True empyema is pus secreted from the pleura; the false, when an abscess of the lung bursts into the cavity of the chest. When the quantity of fluid is so large as to cause great dyspnoea and endanger life, it must be let out by tapping the chest.

EMPYREAN, a word used by the ancient Greek philosophers to designate the highest region of the heavens, where the purest and most rarefied elements of fire and light exist; and by medieval poets to indicate the ninth heaven, the home of the blessed. In modern poetry the empyrean is merely the over-arching dome of the heavens.

EMPYREUMA, ĕm-pi-roo'ma (Gr. "a live coal preserved in ashes"), the smell acquired by organic matter when subjected to the action of fire, but not enough to carbonize it entirely. The products of imperfect combustion, as from wood heated in heaps or distilled in close vessels, are frequently distinguished as empyreumatic.

EMS, ĕmz, Germany, a celebrated watering place in the Prussian province of HesseNassau; on the river Lahn. The environs are beautiful. As early as 1583 it was a town of resort as a watering-place. The mineral waters at Ems are warm from 70° to 133° F.; they are of the saline class, containing large quantities of carbonic acid gas, and are used with

much effect in chronic catarrhs, pulmonary complaints and some other diseases. The history of the town dates back to the 9th century, and the lead and silver mines have been worked a number of years. Since 1865 the fame of the springs has overshadowed its industrial and trade advantages. It was here that the memorable interview between the king of Prussia and the French ambassador, Benedetti, took place which formed the prologue to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. Pop. 6,519.

EMS, river of Germany, which rises at the southeast extremity of the Teutoburger-Wald, in Lippe-Detmold, flows northwest through Rhenish-Prussia and Hanover, and into the Dollart, near Emden; length about 210 miles. It drains an area of about 4,600 square miles. Its chief affluents are the Aa, the Haase, the Hessel, and the Leda, all from the east. It is navigable as far as Papenburg for light vessels, but it supplies water to numerous canals, which are used for both irrigation and navigation. In 1818 it was connected by a canal with the Lippe, and thus with the Rhine, and its importance has been greatly increased by the opening of the Dortmund-Ems and other canals.

EMS DISPATCH. The historical designation of the communication which precipitated the Franco-German War of 1870-71. The history of the famous Ems telegram, with the texts of the original dispatch, is as follows:

Isabella, Queen of Spain, deposed in 1868, formally abdicated 25 June 1870, and the Spanish throne was thus left vacant. On 5 July the foreign governments were notified, and the fact was generally made known that Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, evidently with the approval of the King of Prussia, had consented to become a candidate for the vacant throne. The announcement created intense excitement in France. Seven days later the withdrawal of Prince Leopold's candidacy was made public.

The next day, 13 July, the French ambassador, Count Benedetti, forced himself upon the presence of the King of Prussia at Ems and insisted that the king make a formal and specific declaration that no Hohenzollern Prince would be permitted to accept the throne of Spain. The king declined to listen to such demands and broke off the interview. When the account of what happened was sent to Bismarck, it was with permission to "use" it. Bismarck used it by giving to the press abridged features of the French demand, with the result that the Germans were inflamed against France, France declared the nation insulted, and war was declared. The details are shown in the texts, which follow:

This is Abeken's telegram of 13 July 1870 to Bismarck:

"His Majesty the King writes to me: 'Count Benedetti caught me on the Promenade and importunately requested me to authorize him to send a telegram at once saying I bound myself not to consent to the Hohenzollern candidature should they recur to it at any future time; this I declined, and rather sternly at last. One cannot enter à tout jamais into such an engagement. I, of course, told him that I had no news, but as he got his from Paris and Madrid sooner than I did, he must understand that my government was taking no part in the matter.

"Since then his Majesty has received a letter from Prince Karl Anton. His Majesty had informed Count Benedetti that he was expecting news from the Prince, but, having regard to the above reasonable demand, his Majesty resolved, on the advice of Count Eulenburg and myself, not to receive Count Benedetti again, but merely to send him a message by an adjutant to the effect that his Majesty had now received from the Prince the confirmation of the news which Benedetti had already received from Paris, and that his Majesty had nothing further to say to the ambassador. His Majesty leaves it to the decision of your excellency whether this new demand of Benedetti and our refusal to comply therewith should not be forthwith communicated to our ambassadors and to the press."

As issued by Bismarck, the telegram read as follows:

"After the news of the renunciation of the Prince of Hohenzollern had been officially communicated by the Spanish government to the French government, the French ambassador in Ems nevertheless demanded that his Majesty should authorize him to telegraph to Paris that his Majesty pledged himself for all future time never again to give his consent to the Hohenzollerns resuming their candidature. His Majesty has thereupon declined to receive the ambassador again and has informed him through the adjutant that he has nothing further to communicate to the ambassador."

Consult Barrett-Lennard (Mrs.) and Hoper (M. M.), Bismarck's Pen: The Life of Heinrich Abeken' (London 1911).

EMSER, ĕm'zěr, Hieronymus, German Roman Catholic theologian: b. Ulm, 26 March 1472; d. Dresden, 8 Nov. 1527. In 1502 he became professor at the University of Erfurt, where Luther is said by him to have been among his pupils. In 1504 he established himself at Leipzig, where he also lectured at the university. He served as secretary to Duke George of Saxony, who sent him on a mission to Rome, in order to obtain the canonization of Bishop Benno of Meissen. With Luther and the theologians of Wittenberg generally he was on good terms until the disputation of Leipzig in 1519, from which time he made, in union with Dr. Eck, incessant endeavors to oppose the increasing influence of Luther and the progress of Protestantism. The German translation of the Bible by Luther was attacked by him as erroneous, whereupon it was forbidden in Saxony by Duke George. Emser then himself published a translation of the New Testament into German, made from the Vulgate (1527). He also wrote 'Vita S. Bennonis,' as he ascribed to Saint Benno his recovery from a severe sickness.

EMU, the only representative of the family Dromaiide, and with the cassowaries the Australian representatives of the order Struthiones. In size the emu ranks between the African ostrich and the rhea of South America, the African bird being seven feet in height and the emu five. In general appearance and form it is more bird-like than either of the others. Like the cassowary of northern Australia, its head and neck are feathered, and the back is gracefully arched. Its body is covered with a rich brownish plumage. With the rhea and cassowary, it has three toes on the foot, while the African ostrich has but two. The emu is a bird

of the plains, where it feeds upon fruits, herbs, and roots. The nest is scooped in the sand, and the number of eggs is six or seven, of an attractive green, each measuring five inches in length. The feathers have no ornamental value, and the flesh is eaten only by the natives. Coursing the emu has been carried to such an extent that the birds of New Holland, once spread throughout the whole continent, are now in many parts exterminated. It is valued by the natives chiefly for the fat beneath the skin which contains great quantities of oil. The emu utters a faint booming noise and sometimes a shrill piping note. In confinement it is found to be tractable, and is readily tamed.

EMUCKFAW AND ENOTACHOPCO, Battles of, in the War of 1812. After the battle of Talladega (q.v.), the volunteers mutinied and on 10 Dec. 1813 demanded their discharge, but on 14 Jan. 1814 Jackson was reinforced by 900 sixty-day militia and therefore decided to co-operate with Gen. John Floyd (who had recently won the battle of Autessee, aiming at Emuckfaw, a town 40 miles north of Tuckaubatchee (q.v.). On 20 January with 930 militia and about 200 Creeks and Cheokees, he camped on Enotachopco Creek, 12 miles from Emuckfaw, where on the morning of the 22d he was attacked by the Indians but repulsed them with great slaughter and drove them nearly two miles from the field. On the 23d Jackson began the return journey to Fort Strother but the next day, while crossing Enotachopco Creek, the Indians attacked and threw his force into disorder, many of the troops fleeing. But Colonel Carroll with 25 men maintained their ground and, rallying the fugitives, Jackson soon turned defeat into victory. His loss in the two fights was 24 killed and 71 wounded, and that of the Indians 200 dead and many wounded. On 27 January he returned to Fort Strother where he remained until the battle of Horseshoe Bend (q.v.), Floyd in the meanwhile having fought the battle of Tuckaubatchee (q.v.). Consult Adams, Henry, United States) (Vol. VII, pp. 247249); Fay, H. A., (Official Accounts' (pp. 170178); Lossing, War of 1812' (pp. 773–777); Wiley and Rines, "The United States' (Vol. V, pp. 452-453); biographies of Jackson by Parton (Vol. I, pp. 487-494), Buell (Vol. I, pp. 318321), Frost (pp. 205-223).

EMULSIN (B-glucase), a mixture of closely related enzymes which hydrolyze the Bglucosides. It contains a B-glucase proper, a cyanase, an amygdalase and a lactase. It is found in many seeds and especially in the bitter almond, but also in the sweet almond and the kernel of the cherry pit. The addition of a small amount of water to this seed develops the characteristic reaction and the formation of the oil of bitter almonds, containing the deadly poison prussic acid in solution. Emulsin is exceptionally wide in its action, owing probably to its compound nature. But it is commonly considered as a unit, and a specific enzyme for Balkyl glucosides; and all glucosides which are hydrolyzed by it are regarded as derivatives of B-glucose. Some of its properties are erratic: it hydrolyzes isomaltose, but synthesizes glucose to maltose. Emulsin hydrolyzes the natural glucosides aesculin amygdalin, androsin, arbutin, aucubin, bankankosin, calmatambin, coni