at 35,360,000. In 1901 England and Wales contained 78 per cent of the population of the United Kingdom; in 1911 it rose to 79.8 per cent, or four-fifths of the whole British Isles. The density of the population in England is greater than in any other European country (disregarding Monaco) except the kingdom of Saxony (829 per square mile). In 1911 it was for England alone 670 per square mile; for England and Wales, 618. In Scotland it was only 154, and Ireland 137 per square mile.

The first uniform census of the United Kingdom was taken in 1801. The growth of population in England and Wales during 264 years is shown by the following available statistics:

2.264.2 1,584,880

Following are the 72 county boroughs, their

6,400,000

8,892,536

15,002,443

16,921,888

areas and populations:

1861

18,954,444

21,495,331

Area

24,613,926

29,002,525

1914 (estimated).

During the 100 years (1801-1901) the population of the United Kingdom rose from 16,000.000 to 41,000,000. The 1911 census revealed 17,445,608 males and 18,624,884 females, an excess of 1,179,276 females. Men serving in the army, navy and merchant service abroad are not included in this calculation. The number of separate families in 1911 was 8,005,290, as compared with 7,036,868 in 1901. In 1914 there were 879,096 births, 37,329 illegitimate births, 294,401 marriages and 516,742 deaths. The proportion of male to female births for that year was 1,036 male to 1,000 female, while of the total estimated population 17,877,052 were males and 19,083,632 females. The following table shows the areas and population of the 40 English and 12 Welsh counties (1911):

Derby. Devonport Dudley.

36,960,684

Bath, City of.

Birkenhead.

Birmingham, City of.

Blackburn.

Blackpool.

Bolton.

Bootle.

Bournemouth.

Bradford, City of.

Brighton..

Bristol, City of.

The political divisions are-England, 40 counties in 231 divisions returning 231 members to Parliament; 134 cities, boroughs, etc., in 204 divisions returning 225 members; and three universities, 5 members. Total, England, 461 members. Wales, 13 counties in 22 divisions 22 members; 10 cities, boroughs, etc., in 11 divisions 12 members. Total, Wales, 34. Total parliamentary representatives, England and Wales, 495 (Scotland, 72; Ireland, 103).

Historical Summary.- The leading events in English history (which are treated more fully elsewhere), may be briefly summarized here for ready reference:

B. C. 55 First Roman invasion under Julius Cæsar, led to Roman conquest and civilization

A. D. 410 Roman evacuation; left Britain and her earliest civilization a prey to the barbarians.

449-English land in Britain; birth of feudalism and local government.

597 Landing of Augustine; conversion of English to Christianity; beginning of papal domination. 787-Beginning of Danish invasions; inaugurated a period of anarchy and warfare, arresting progress and preparing England for conquest by the Normans.

825 Ellandune and supremacy of Wessex; union of English kingdoms under Egbert.

878 Ethandune and Treaty of Wedmore; England saved from anarchy and devastation; inauguration of King Alfred's reforms.

1066 Battle of Hastings; Normans conquered Saxons; introduction of Norman civilization; beginning of England's greatness.

1086 Domesday book and Salisbury Oath; established feudal system, and the power of the Crown; reformed central government.

1095 Crusades began; undermined feudalism; aided the rise of the middle classes; introduced Eastern civilization. 1100-Charter of Liberties; basis of English liberty and of Magna Carta.

1106-Tenchebrai; conquest of Normandy; beginning of colonial empire and of English power in France. 1170-Invasion of Ireland; inaugurated incessant misrule and anrachy in a part of the British Empire; opened a problem not yet solved in the 20th century.

1215 Magna Carta; first written law and first real guarantee of the liberty of the subject; basis of all subsequent legislation.

1265 De Montfort's Parliament; first representative parliament; beginning of popular representation.

1295 Model Parliament of Edward I; first free parliament; all classes completely represented.

1314 Battle of Bannockburn; established Scotland's independence.

1322- - Commons gain a share in legislation; the middle classes begin winning their way into first place in the government.

1346- Battle of Crecy; definitely plunged England into a century's struggle with France; established the supremacy of yeomen and mercenaries over feudal knights and feudal levies.

1349 The Black Death;"-depopulated Europe; provoked a life and death struggle between capital and labor, culminating in the Peasants' Revolt. 1381-Peasants' Revolt; revolution in the manorial system; emancipation of serfs; new era in the history of labor. 1399 Deposition of Richard II and accession of Henry IV; overthrow of royal despotism; establishment of constitutional monarchy; its failure marked a century and a half of great misery.

1429-Siege of Orleans; turning point in the Hundred Years' War; death-blow to English Continental Empire; caused the War of the Roses.

1430 Disfranchising Act; lower middle classes deprived of their vote; no representative parliament for exactly four centuries.

1461 Battle of Towton and of Mortimer's Cross; overthrow of Lancastrian rule and of the constitutional experiment; inauguration of the New Monarchy (the "benev olent despotism of the Crown).

1473 Caxton introduced printing; inaugurated the "New Learning" and the education of the masses.

1497 Cabot's discovery of the American mainland; inaugurated trade with America; forerunner of British-American empire.

1529 Divorce of Catherine of Arragon; Reformation set in motion.

1534 Act of Supremacy; separation from Rome; King supreme head of English Church; establishment of Anglican Church.

1558-Accession of Elizabeth; final victory of Protestantism; beginning of brilliant Elizabethan era and of England's supremacy in Europe.

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada; Protestantism saved; England mistress of the seas; inaugurated great struggle between Crown and Parliament.

1604 -The name "Great Britain" given to England, Scotland and Wales.

1607- Colonization of Virginia; began rivalry of English and French in America.

1628- Petition of Right; first great victory of Parliament over Stuart despotism; ranks with Magna Carta as a bulwark of English liberties.

1640- Meeting of the Long Parliament; overthrew Stuart despotism.

1641 -Root and Branch Bill and Grand Remonstrance; plunged England into the great Civil War; victory of Puritanism over Episcopacy.

1645 Battle of Naseby; victory of Puritan army over Royalists; led to execution of Charles I.

1649-Execution of Charles I.; overthrow of the Constitution, Monarchy, Church and Parliament; establishment of republic. 1660- Restoration; overthrow of Puritanism; restoration of Monarchy, Church and Parliament; renewal of Stuart despotism.

1679-- Habeas Corpus Act; prevented arbitrary imprisonment; guaranteed to the accused a fair trial. 1688- The "Glorious Revolution;" final overthrow of royal despotism; establishment of constitutional government; Bill of Rights-the third great guarantee of English liberty.

1693 National Debt began; revolution in British finance; Bank of England founded (1694); security of invest

ment.

1704 Battle of Blenheim; saved England and Europe from French domination.

1707 Union with Scotland; completed the union of Great Britain; new era in Scottish development.

1721 Walpole Prime Minister; cabinet system; party government; inaugurated a peace policy which formed the foundation of England's future supremacy. 1757 Battle of Plassey; conquest of India; saved England's Empire in the East.

1759" Annus Mirabilis "— the most wonderful year in England's history; gave her Canada; overthrew French supremacy; led to Treaty of Paris, and establishment of her great Colonial Empire.

1783 Treaty of Versailles; Pitt Prime Minister; independence of New England colonies; overthrow of George III's absolutism.

1788 Settlement in New South Wales; colonization of Australia, and establishment of Australasian Empire.

1789 - Outbreak of French Revolution; overthrow of Continental feudalism; inaugurated revolt of the oppressed; plunged Europe into great wars; produced Napoleon; arrested reform in England for 40 years.

1801 Union with Ireland; Pitt's failure to solve the Irish question.

1805 Trafalgar; finally established Britain's naval supremacy, and saved her from Napoleon's domination. 1815-Waterloo.

Welsh constituencies from 34 to 35; total increase for England and Wales, 25 members.

Some of the changes under the redistribution scheme are given below. Birmingham is allotted 12 members instead of 7; Bradford, 4 instead of 3; Bristol, 5 instead of 4; Kingston-uponHull, 4 members instead of 3; Leeds, 6, formerly 5; Leicester, 3 members, formerly 2; Liverpool, 11, formerly 9; Manchester, 10 members, formerly 6; Portsmouth, 3, formerly 2; Sheffield, 7 members, formerly 5. New boroughs created are Accrington, Barnsley, Blackpool, Bootle, Bromley, Kent, Ealing, East Ham, Eccles, Edmonton, Hornsey, Ilford, Kingstonupon-Thames, Leigh, Leyton, Morley, Nelson, Richmond, Surrey, Rossendale, Rotherham, Smethwick, Southend-on-Sea, Southport, Tottenham, Wallasey, Wallsend, Walthamstow, Willesden, Wimbledon.

ENGLAND'S HELICON, an anthology of 150 poems by popular writers of the period, edited by John Bodenham in 1600. It was republished in 1812.

ENGLEHEART, George, English miniature painter: b. Kew, 1752; d. 1829. He was a pupil of George Barret and Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1773 he first exhibited at the Academy. He retired in 1813. He is reputed to have painted in all about 4,850 miniatures, mostly on ivory, but also on enamel. He was a good draughtsman and a skilful colorist. He was appointed miniature painter to George III in 1790, whom he painted 25 times. He was the most important rival of Richard Cosway for court honors. Consult Williamson and Engleheart, George Engleheart' (London 1902).

ENGLER, Edmund Arthur, American educator: b. Saint Louis, Mo., 23 Dec. 1856. He was graduated at Washington University in 1876, where he taught mathematics from 1881 to 1901. In 1901-11 he was president of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute and in 1911 returned to Washington University as secretary and treasurer. He was a member of the Washington University eclipse party to Norman, Cal., in 1889, served as chairman of the jury of the department of manufactures at the Buffalo Exposition of 1901, and chairman of the international jury on instruments of precision at the Saint Louis Exposition of 1904. He is Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and member of many other scientific societies, serving as president in 1898-1901 and again in 1912-15 of the Saint Louis Academy of Science. He is a frequent contributor to magazines on scientific subjects.

ENGLER, Heinrich Gustav Adolf, German botanist: b. Sagan 1844. He received his education at Breslau, held the chair of botany at Kiel in 1878-84, and at Breslau in 1884-89. In the latter year he was appointed to the chair of botany at Berlin, becoming also director of the Botanical Gardens. His work has been more or less exclusively devoted to classification and plant geography. After 1881 he edited the leading journal in this field, the Botanische Jahrbücher. His most remarkable publication is Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,' the classification of which has been almost universally adopted. With Prantl he issued a systematized presentation of the plant genera of the world,

entitled 'Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,' and of the species, 'Das Pflanzenreich.' With Drude he prepared a detailed plant geography of the different regions under the title, 'Die Vegetation der Erde.'

ENGLEWOOD, Colo., city of Arapahoe County, five miles south of Denver. It is the seat of the National Swedish Sanitarium and the Molkeray Sanitarium. The surrounding region is engaged in agriculture, dairying and stock-raising, which represent the city's principal interests. The city contains many beautiful homes, and is a favorite residential suburb of Denver, with which it is connected by trolley. Pop. 2,983.

ENGLEWOOD, N. J., city, in Bergen County, near the Hudson River, on a branch of the Erie Railway, about 13 miles north of Jersey City. It lies on the long slope toward the west from the crest of the Palisades of the Hudson. It is a beautiful residential city, contains two summer homes for working girls, a hospital and a library with over 10,000 volumes. The township of Englewood was set off from the old township of Hackensack in 1871. It was incorporated as a city in 1895, but because of error under the constitution of the State it was reincorporated in 1899. While not important in manufactures the United States census for 1914 showed within the city limits 19 establishments of factory grade, employing 135 persons; 91 being wage earners receiving annually a total of $51,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $257,000, and the year's output was valued at $321,000 of this, $210,000 was the value added by manufacture. Fop. 11,487.

ENGLIS, John, American shipbuilder: b. Brooklyn, 25 Nov. 1808: d. Brooklyn, 25 Oct. 1888. He was educated in the public schools of New York and learned the shipbuilding trade there. In 1837 he went to Lake Erie where he built his first steamships. A few years later he returned to New York, opened a shipyard of his own on the East River and devoted himself to the building of steamships, a science then still in its infancy and facing many difficult problems. To the solution of these he brought a keen scientific mind and a great capacity for hard work, which soon put him into the forerank of American shipbuilders. During his long business career he built a total of 89 boats, mostly side-wheelers. Amongst them were many of the most famous boats of this period, such as the steamboats Saint John, Dean Richmond, Daniel Drew, Grand Republic and especially the Long Island Sound liner Newport. The lastnamed boat was 340 feet long and made the trip from New York to Newport in eight hours, a record which stood for many years. In 1861 he built the Unadilla, the first gunboat built for the United States government. Many improvements in shipbuilding were due to him. After his retirement his son and grandsons continued his shipyard.

an authority on genito-urinary diseases. His published works include 'Ueber Ovarialhernien (1871); 'Zur Radikalbehandlung der Eingeweidebrüche) (1878); Ueber abnorme Lagerung des Hodens ausserhalb der Bauchhöhle) (1885); 'Ueber angeborene Penisfisteln' (1892).

ENGLISH, Thomas Dunn, American author: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 29 June 1819; d. Newark, N. J., 1 April 1902. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1839. In 1842 he was admitted to the bar. From 1844-52 and 1857-59 he engaged in journalism in New York and Washington. From 1852-57 he practised medicine in what is now West Virginia. During the years 1859-79 he divided his time between New York city and Fort Lee, N. J. In the latter year he removed to Newark, N. J., where he resumed the practice of medicine. He was a member of the New Jersey State assembly in 1863-64, and of Congress in 1891-95. During all these years he was also very active in literary work. He was the author of 'Ben Bolt, an exceedingly popular ballad (1843), which after having long fallen into obscurity was revived by its employment in Du Maurier's novel 'Trilby,' but which owed its popularity more to its sentimentality and its musical setting than to any inherent poetical merit. His published writings are Zephaniah Doolittle: a Poem. From the Manuscripts of Montmorency Sneerlip Snags, Esq. (Philadelphia 1838); Walter Woolfe' 1842); 1844; or, the Power of the "S.F." A Tale'; 'Developing the Secret Action of Parties During the Presidential Campaign of 1844' (New York 1847); together with C. G. Foster, The French Revolution of 1848, etc. (Philadelphia 1848); 'Ambrose Fecit, or, the Peer and the Printer' (New York 1867); 'American Ballads (New York 1880); The Boy's Book of Battle-Lyrics' (New York 1885); Jacob Schuyler's Millions' (New York 1886); The Rules of Order Governing Public Meetings, etc.) (under the pseud. F. M. Payne, New York 1887); Old Glory: A Song' (1895); 'Fairy Stories and Wonder Tales' (New York 1897); The Little Giant, the Big Dwarf and Two Other Wonder Tales, etc.' (Chicago 1904). During the period of his New York residence he also wrote about 20 plays for Palmo's Opera House, later Burton's Theatre, on Chambers street, New York, of which only one, The Mormons; or, Life at Salt Lake City, A Drama in Three Acts,' has been published (New York 1858). Consult Noll, A. H., Thomas Dunn English (in Midland Monthly, Vol. VII, p. 3, Des Moines 1897).

ENGLISH, William Hayden, American capitalist: b. Lexington, Ind., 27 Aug. 1822; d. Indianapolis, Ind., 7 Feb. 1896. He was educated at Hanover College, Indiana, and admitted to the bar in 1840. However, he soon became interested in politics, gave up the practice of law, and successively held various local, State and Federal positions. In 1851 he was elected to the Indiana State legislature where he served as speaker. He was elected to Congress in 1852 and served there through four consecutive terms. As a member of the Committee on Territories, in opposition to his own party, he worked against the admission of Kansas to the Union. He reported from the Com

mittee of Conference what was known as the "English bill," in which it was urged that the question of admission be referred back to the people of Kansas according to the provision of the Lecompton constitution. This was adopted and the people voted against admission. He strongly opposed secession, and warned Southern Congressmen that the North would never countenance such a policy. He also served as regent of the Smithsonian Institution for eight years. He finally refused the offer for a renomination for a fifth term in Congress and in 1863 removed to Indianapolis where he founded the First National Bank and soon made a reputation for himself as a banker. Though not taking an active part in the Civil War, he was an ardent supporter of the Union. He continued his interest in politics, and, in 1880, was unanimously nominated by the Democratic party for the office of Vice-President on the unsuccessful ticket with General Hancock against Garfield and Arthur. He was president of the Indiana Historical Society, a number of whose publications were financed by him. He also published 'Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1778-83, and Life of General G. R. Clark (2 vols., Indianapolis 1896). Consult Forney, J. W., Life and Military Career of W. S. Hancock, etc.) (Philadelphia 1880); Keyser, C. S., The Life of W. H. English' (Philadelphia 1880).

ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. The earliest architecture of England (not including the megalithic remains at Stonehenge, Avebury, etc., whose date and history are still in controversy and which can hardly be classed as architecture) dates from the Roman occupation, which has left many remains of walls, villas and baths (Bath, Silchester, etc.), but hardly more than the foundations of these. Indeed, there is but little left of any architecture prcvious to the Norman Conquest (1066 A.D.), for the active building of churches and monasteries which followed involved the demolition of most of the earlier Christian or "Saxon" edifices. A few walls, crypts and fragments show that they were without exception rudely built, with little of architectural elegance in design or decoration. The tower of Earl's Barton is the most noted of these remains.

Following the Conquest, there began under the Norman kings a remarkable activity in building, especially of abbeys and castles. The imported Norman style, itself a provincial phase of the French Romanesque, was modified in English hands, developed into the AngloNorman, and applied in the building of great monastic churches, many of which surpassed in size those of France or Italy. This style was marked by its great massiveness; the use of the round arch of stepped section; huge piers sometimes round, sometimes clustered; square lantern-towers at the crossing of nave and transept; timber ceilings in preference to vaulting for the high central aisle; and restricted but bold decoration in which the zigzag is the most frequent motive. Interlaced arches frequently appear as a wall decoration. The original abbey-cathedral of Canterbury, St. Alban's abbey, Romsey abbey, Ely and Peterboro' cathedrals, Winchester, Southwell, Durham, Norwich, Gloucester and Hereford cathedrals, the church of Christchurch, Saint Bar