1853 the New York State legislature appropriated $1,000 for the study of economic entomology and Dr. Asa Fitch was appointed to perform the work specified. Fitch's work con

tinued until 1871 or 1872, when his 14th and last report was published. Afterward different States, Illinois in 1866-67, and Missouri about a year later, appointed State entomologists, the latter State obtaining the services of Dr. C. V. Riley, who wrote a series of nine reports which, for originality, scientific accuracy and practical value, have received recognition the world over.

When Dr. Riley assumed the duties of entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, economic entomology received a new impetus, his work and that of his assistants marking a new era in practical entomological work. Upon his death in 1894, he was succeeded by Dr. L. O. Howard, under whose direction the Bureau of Entomology continues to issue reports, bulletins and circulars of the highest practical and scientific value. See AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF.

Prior to 1888 Massachusetts, New York, Illinois and Missouri were the only States which maintained officially appointed economic entomologist. During that year the State agricultural experiment stations (q.v.) were organized under the Hatch Act and several official entomologists were appointed in connection with them. In 1889 was formed an Association of Economic Entomologists which held annual meetings in various cities subsequently and had in 1916 a total membership of about 470.

Eco

Bibliography.- Harris, 'Insects Injurious to Vegetation' (Flint ed., 1852); Treat, 'Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden' (1882); Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruits (1883); Cooke, Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard, etc. (Sacramento 1883); Smith, nomic Entomology) (1896); Weed, 'Insects and Insecticides (Hanover, N. H., 1891); Sanderson, 'Insects Injurious to Staple Crops' (1902); Chittenden, 'Insects Injurious to Vegetables' (New York and London 1907); Sanderson, Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard' (New York and London 1912); Slingerland & Crosby, Manual of Fruit Insects (New York 1914); Essig, 'Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California (2d ed., Sacramento 1915). Also the serial publications of the United States Department of Agriculture and of the entomologists of the State agricultural experiment stations and of State entomologists, including Fitch, Riley, Forbes, Lintner, Felt, J. B. Smith, Webster and others.

F. H. CHITTENDEN, Entomologist, in Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. en-to-mŏf"

ENTOMOPHTHORALES, thō-ra'lēs, group of parasitic fungi, which is highly destructive of insects. In germination the spore emits a tube which penetrates the insect's body, which is thereupon filled with the mycelium of the fungus.

ENTOMOSTRACA, one of the two great sub-classes of crustacea (the other is Malacostraca), including minute forms; the "waterfleas," having a horny shell of many pieces, a well-developed cephalo-thorax, mandible and three pairs of maxillæ, five pairs of thoracic

feet but no abdominal feet and no gills, breathing instead by specialized organs. They have a great variety of shapes and of means of locomotion. The young is a nauplius and developed by numerous molts. The group includes many thousands of species, divided into four orders, Phyllopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda and Cirripedia (barnacles). They abound in stagnant fresh waters and also in the sea, and furnish an immense quantity of subsistence for fishes that are used for human food. They exist and increase in innumerable millions. The descendants of a single cyclops may in one year number over 4,000,000,000. At one time they render the surface of the sea-water phosphorescent by their vast luminous congregations. At another time the Atlantic Ocean is colored red over a space of hundreds of square miles by the assembly of these minute creatures, attracting multitudes of fishes, even of whales, which feed upon them. On the other hand, some forms are equally injurious as parasites. Those belong chiefly to the copepod group-siphonostomata, having mouths fitted for suction. Some are commensal, entering the gill-sac or digestive cavity and feeding upon the food, not upon the tissue, of the host. Some attach themselves long enough to suck the blood of their victim and then pass on, while others enter the body as permanent residents and embed themselves in the tissue. Thus they are the pests of starfish, jellyfish, worms, ascidians, fishes and whales. See BARNACLE; COPEPODA; CRUSTACEA; FISH-LICE; OSTRACODA; PHYLLOPODA.

ENTOZOA, formerly employed as the name of a subdivision of radiate animals, has passed out of use as a term of systematic classification, because it fails to indicate or signify any ideas of structure and only hints at the habitat and occupation of great numbers of living creatures. Following the strict meaning of the word entozoa, denoting "animals within" (i.e., internal parasites) other animals, not only brings together many genera that belong with the different subdivisions of the same general division, but also imports those which are included under classes morphologically distinct. Even this use of the word is obsolescent. See BOT FLY; DISTOMA; ELEPHANTIASIS; FILARIASIS; GUINEA-WORM; HOOK-WORM; OXBOT; PARASITISM; PLATY HELMINTHES; ROUNDWORMS; TAPEWORMS; TREMATODA.

ENTRE-DOURO-e-MINHO (i.e., between the Douro and Minho), ĕn'trě do’roo ē men'yoo, a province of Portugal, more generally known by the shorter appellation of Minho. The surface is broken and partially occupied by high mountains, but the soil in the valleys is well cultivated and the province the most densely populated in the country. Area 2,808 square miles. Pop. 1,289,066.

ENTRE MINHO e DOURO, name frequently employed by the Portuguese for the province Entre Douro e Minho or Minho (qq.v.).

ENTRE RIOS, ĕn'trā rē'ōs, Argentine Republic, a province bounded on the north by Corrientes, on the east by the republic of Uruguay, on the south and west by the provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fé. As its name indicates its territory lies "between the rivers" - Rio Paraná and Rio Uruguay. Area 29,241

square miles. Agriculture and immigration were encouraged by the provincial government, which sold land to settlers in portions of 822 acres, to be paid for in three years, at prices ranging from $600 to $2,000, according to location. A considerable amount of land has been taken up by the Jewish Colonization Association. Until the building of the Entre Rios Railway this province was the "poor sister" of the republic; but since then it has made very rapid strides. It is second in the production of oats and grows large quantities of wheat of excellent quality, other products being maize, lucerne, barley, flax, grapes, tobacco, fruit and (on a very large scale) cattle, sheep and horses. Its capital, the city of Paraná (pop. 65,000), was the capital of the republic from 1852 to 1861; it has a national college, a normal school and several elementary schools, a charming park, tramway service, and is an important port for the traffic on the Paraná River. Pop. of the province estimated 423,100.

ENTRECASTEAUX, dontr-käs-to, Joseph Antoine Bruni d', French navigator: b. Aix 1739; d. at sea, near the island of Java, 20 July 1793. He entered the French naval service in 1754, gradually rose to the position of commandant of the French fleet in the East Indies (1786), and in 1787 became governor of Mauritius and the Isle of Bourbon. In the same year he made a voyage to China. In 1791 he was sent by the French government in search of La Pérouse (q.v.), who had not been heard from since February 1788. For this purpose he was given the command of two ships, the Recherche and L'Espérance. He failed in detecting any trace of the lost navigator, but ascertained with great exactness the outlines of New Caledonia, the west and southwest coast of New Holland, Tasmania and various other coasts. The D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago was named in his honor. Other reminders of his visit to Tasmania are D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Bruni Island, Recherche Bay, Port Espérance, all names given by him to these various localities and still in use to-day. The journal of this voyage has been edited by de Rossel, 'Voyage de Dentrecasteaux' (2 vols., Paris 1808). His maps and other topographical drawings have been published as Atlas du Voyage de BrunyDentrecasteaux' (Paris 1807). Consult Cordier, H., 'La Mission de M. le Chevalier d'Entrecasteaux à Canton en 1787) (Paris 1911); Goepp, E., and Cordier, E. L., 'Les Grands Hommes de la France: Navigateurs' (Paris 1873); Labillardière, J. J. H. de, 'Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse (2 vols., Paris 1800), and its translation into English, Voyage in Search of la Pérouse) (2 vols., London 1800); Marriott, I. L., Commodore Sir John Hayes, His Voyage and Life' (London 1912).

ENTREMONT, dôn-tr-môn', Comte d'. See L'HOPITAL.

ENTROPION, or ENTROPIUM, inversion or turning in of the edge of the eyelids, in consequence of which the lashes rub on the eyeball, causing annoyance and pain.

ENTRY, Right of, in the common law, the right of taking possession of lands or property by entering or setting foot on the same. This may be done either by the claimant personally, or through his agent or attorney.

ENTRY, Writ of, a formal declaration made by one exercising the right of entry in recovering property of which he has been disseized that he claims full possession of the said property. The common-law action of Writ of Entry has for some time been obsolete in Great Britain, but is still in use in a modified statutory form and generally for special purposes in a few jurisdictions in the United States.

ENTWISTLE, James, American naval officer: b. Paterson, N. J., 1837; d. 23 March 1910. He entered the engineering service, 1888, and in 1899 was made captain and rearUnited States navy 1861, became commander in admiral and placed upon the retired list. He first served on the Aroostook under Farragut in the Western Gulf squadron, and on 21 other vessels; was inspector of machinery at the Bath (Me.) Iron Works 1890-95 while the ram Katahdin and the gun-boats Machias and Castine were in process of construction, and assistant to the general inspector at Mare Island Navy Yard in 1895. He joined the Asiatic squadron at Yokahoma during that year, being appointed fleet engineer 1897 and assigned to the Olympia. He took part in the battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898, being advanced in numbers for meritorious services upon that occasion.

ENTWISTLE, Joseph, English clergyman: b. Manchester, England, 15 April 1767; d. Tadcaster, Nov. 1841. In 1787 he was called into the Wesleyan ministry by John Wesley and spent 54 years of his life in preaching the Gospel. He was twice president of the British Conference and was connected with the Theological Institution at Hoxton 1833-38. His last years were spent at Tadcaster. Consult 'Memoir of Rev. Joseph Entwistle' by his son (1st ed, 1845, 5th ed. 1861).

ENURESIS. See URINE, INCONTINENCE OF. ENVELOPE, a paper case, sealable by means of an adhesive flap or other means, and used for enclosing letters or other matter. It has not been established definitely by whom and where envelopes were invented, but they seem to have been used first in France, possibly as early as the middle of the 17th century, though in very limited quantities. They were not in general use in any country prior to 1839-40, when, after the passage of the penny postage bill, they became common in England. Until about 1845 nearly all letters in this country were folded so that an unwritten portion came on the outside, and the address was placed there, though even then there was a certain demand for envelopes, all of which, however, were made entirely by hand. Gradually the use of envelopes spread and by 1850 practically all letters were enclosed in them. The first maker of envelopes in New York is believed to have been a Mr. Pierson who, as early as 1843, made envelopes by hand in his store on