'New Commentaries) (1903); Powell, 'The Law of Fjectment) (1911).

Eviction.-Depriving a person of his lands or tenements. Technically, the dispossession must be by judgment of law; if otherwise it is an ouster. Eviction may be total or partial. Total eviction takes place when the possessor is entirely deprived of his rights in the premises. Partial eviction takes place when the possessor is deprived of only a portion of them, as if a third person comes in and ejects him from a portion of his land, or establishes a right to some easement over it, by an older title than that under which he holds. See DISPOSSESS.

The

EKATERINBURG, ě-kä”tě-ren-boorg', or IEKATERINBURG, Russia, town, in the government and 170 miles southeast of Perm, on the east side, and in the mining district of the Ural Mountains. It was founded in 1723 by Peter the Great and was named after Empress Catharine I. It has a mint, arsenal, custom-house, mining-school, hospital, meteorological observatory and botanic garden. art of cutting, polishing and engraving gems, which are found in the neighboring mountains, is here carried to great perfection, and, together with mining and metallurgy, and a commerce in cattle and cutlery forms the chief occupation of the inhabitants. In the neighborhood are several platinum mines and also the famous gold mines of Beresov and Niviansk. Pop. 52,230.

EL BRACITO (N. M.), Battle of (Doniphan's name BRAZITO, Mexican TEMASCALITOS), 24 Dec. 1846, in the Mexican War. Colonel Doniphan, marching from Califorma to Chihuahua, was assailed at a bend of the Rio Grande, some 25 miles from El Paso, by a battalion of Mexicans under Antonio Ponce. The Mexicans fired at long range as they charged; the Americans waited till they came close, then broke them with a destructive volley, and a company of 20 horse scattered their cavalry, which fled to the mountains. American loss, 7 wounded; Mexicans, 43 killed and 150 wounded.

EL BURLADOR DE SEVILLA. Tirso de Molina's drama, 'El Burlador de Sevilla y Convidado de Piedra (The Gay Scoffer of Seville and Feast of the Statue'), is the parent source in literature of the famous legend of Don Juan Tenorio, the unscrupulous gallant and blasphemer, subsequently presented variously by Molière and Byron as Don Juan, by Mozart as Don Giovanni, and, in Spain itself at a more recent date, by José Zorilla as Don Juan Tenorio in the most popular of all Spanish plays. Few characters in the history of letters have attracted the attention of so many writers of genius, or have been reproduced so universally and in such multiplicity of styles. In itself, however, Tirso's play is a structureless aggregation of amorous adventures, in the course of which the hero seduces a Neapolitan lady, a fisher-girl, a young peasant, and, by a base deception, Doña Ana de Ulloa, whose father he slays. The blasphemous feast which follows, at which the statue of the Commander Don Gonzalo de Ulloa dines with Don Juan, dragging him down afterward with the tomb from which it has descended and the chapel containing it to perdition, is wholly distinct

from the other episodes, which Tirso conceives after the manner of the chronicle play in a succession of loosely related incidents, without regard either to consistency of character or to dramatic action. His Don Juan is a mere vulgar seducer, by after-thought a blasphemer, whose overthrow does not rise above the sphere of melodrama. Although Tirso must be held to rank with Lope de Vega and Calderón at the head of the Spanish romantic theatre, even the pastoral elements in this play are devoid of picturesqueness and lack the author's customary mellowness and sober imaginative charm. The story had been utilized previously by Juan de Cueva. While of uncertain origin, prevailing Spanish authority traces it to Seville, where Don Juan Tenorio is said to have died at the foot of the statue of the Commander, whom he had killed, as in the play. The Feast of the Statue is derived from independent sources. The play was first printed in 1630, but has never been translated into English. Consult Cotarelo y Mori, E., in his introduction to the Obras de Tirso de Molina (in the Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Vols. IV and IX, Madrid 1906–07); Menéndez Pidal, R., Sobre los orígenes de El Convidado de piedra' (in Cultura Española, Madrid, May 1906).

JOHN GARRETT UNDERHILL.

EL CANEY, ěl kâ'nā, Cuba, town, on the main road, four miles northeast of Santiago de Cuba. During the Spanish-American War it was the scene of a battle between 525 Spaniards under General Vara del Rey, and 4,400 Americans under General Lawton. The Spaniards made a desperate resistance, but were finally overcome by the American infantry. Spaniards lost 320, and 100 were taken prisoners; the Americans lost 440. This battle occurred 1 July 1898. In 1901 the United States government purchased the battlefield and approaches for a public reservation. See UNITED STATES SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR,

EL DORADO. See ELDORADO.

The

EL DORADO, Ark., city and county-seat of Union County, 30 miles southeast of Camden, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the El Dorado and Wesson, and the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads. It has cotton oil and planing mills, railroad repair shops, an iron foundry and bottling works. It contains also a courthouse and a county jail. In 1908 it was chartered as a city. The surrounding district is devoted to cotton and peach growing. Pop. 4,202.

EL DORADO, Kan., city, county-seat of Butler County; on the Walnut River; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Missouri Pacific, and other railroads; about 25 miles east of Wichita. The city is situated in a rich agricultural region, and its principal trade is in grain, livestock and farm and dairy products. The city has machine shops, wagon works and quarries of limestone. It was settled in 1858 and was first incorporated in 1870. The city has a Carnegie library, and the water supply system is the property of the municipality. Pop. 3,129.

EL GRAN GALEOTO. José Echegaray's 'The Great Galeoto,' certainly the most famous Spanish play of the 19th century beyond the

limits of Spain, and the work upon which the international reputation of its author is founded, is an exceedingly effective example of the traditional Calderonian drama of jealousy, in which the honor of the husband is attacked by a peculiarly insidious enemy. Gossip here becomes the Galeoto, or go-between, which unites the lovers, the use of the title having been suggested by its appearance in the episode of Francesca in the fifth canto of Dante's 'Inferno,' where it has reference to the relations of Galahad (Galeoto) with Lancelot and Guinevere. Echegaray is an adept in stage effect, yet his drama is never deficient in a certain weight and dignity which, when tempered with restraint as in this play, impart to his fervid emotionalism a distinction uncommon in the theatre of his time. These qualities, together with a faculty for realistic detail, have led foreign critics to regard him as a psychologist, and the play as a study of the effects of gossip on the lives of innocent persons, who are influenced by its suggestions to their ultimate ruin. From this point of view, however, the work is curiously incomplete and unsatisfying; in Spain it has been recognized since its appearance in 1881, as an excellent stage play, which conforms only superficially to the canons of Ibsenism. The mediocre verse of the original has diminished its popularity and importance of late years upon the Spanish-speaking stage.

The best English translation is that by Eleanor Bontecou, included in 'Masterpieces of Modern Spanish Drama' (New York 1917). Other versions are by Hannah Lynch (London 1895), and by Jacob S. Fassett, Jr., (Boston 1914). The World and His Wife,' a free adaptation made through the German, has been played widely throughout England and the United States. For criticism of Echegaray, consult Bueno, Manuel, Teatro Español contemporaneo (Madrid 1909).

JOHN GARRETT UNDERHILL.

EL-KHARGEH. See KHARGEH.

EL PASO, ěl pä'sō, Texas, city, port of entry and county-seat of El Paso County; on the Rio Grande, the, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Texas and Pacific, the Rock Island, Southern Pacific and other railways; on the Rio Grande River in the extreme western part of the State. It is opposite Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, the north terminus of the Mexican Central Railway. El Paso is about midway between the tide water of the Atlantic (Gulf of Mexico) and the Pacific oceans, about 3,800 feet above sea-level and is central to the rich tributary regions of western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and the northern section of old Mexico; it is 600 miles from any railroad centre that may compete with it. It is the centre of a rich fruit and vegetable growing region, the great Elephant Butte Dam (q.v.), costing nearly $10,000,000, furnishing ample water for irrigation. By it 200,000 acres are reclaimed. El Paso's unequaled railway facilities, the proximity in New Mexico of inexhaustible supplies of fuel coal and the demand for supplies and machinery from the mines, ranches and growing towns of its neighborhood make it one of the most important manufacturing cities of the Southwest. Its most important industry is smelting the valuable ores of the neighboring region. The El Paso smelters have a capacity

of about 40,000 tons of ore a month. The monthly payment to miners for ores brought in averages nearly $2,000,000, a large part of which finds its way into the stores and factories of the city; the monthly pay-roll of the smelters and other manufactories and the railways centering in the city is nearly $300,000; and these together give to the financial interests a stability that is little affected by conditions in other parts of the country. It has one of the largest custom smelters in the world, giving employment to from 2,500 to 3,000. Other industrial establishments are a woodfinishing and box factory, foundries and machine shops, cement plant, railroad repair shops, brick and tile works, sash and door, macaroni and cigar factories, brass works and flour mills. The United States Census of Manufactures for 1914 showed within the city limits 117 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 2,815 persons, 2,347 being wage-earners, receiving annually $1,663,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $8,666,000 and the year's output was valued at $6,135,000; of this, $3,262,000 was the value added by manufacture. Many eastern manufacturers, especially of machinery, have large warehouses here. The city carries on an extensive trade in copper, silver and lead, machinery, livestock, wool and hides and has important wholesale and jobbing interests. El Paso has 10 national banks, with resources amounting to over $27,660,719, and deposits over $22,660,485, as contrasted with $1,500,000 and $750,000 respectively 30 years ago. El Paso is pre-eminently a city of homes. The streets are lighted by gas and electricity, and a wellplanned electric street-railway system places all parts of the city within easy reach of the business section. The more notable buildings are the Federal building, county courthouse, city hall, post-office, high school, the State School of Mines, Fort Bliss, Carnegie library, Knights of Columbus Home, Masonic Temple. There are 13 public parks. The city has several public schools and parochial (Roman Catholic) schools, a business college, and is the seat_of the Saint Joseph's Academy and of the Rio Grande Congregational Training School and Theological Seminary. There are several handsome churches and two well-equipped hospitals. El Paso is a noted health resort, having many excellent hotels, some of which are open during the entire year. The assessed valuation in 1916 amounted to $48,736,645. There are within the city limits nearly 60 miles of asphalt streets, 82 miles of concrete sidewalks and 97 miles of sewers. The city adopted the commission form of government in 1907. Its receipts amount annually to about $2,000,000, while its payments reach about $1,800,000. The waterworks system, costing $1,500,000, owned by the city. The Spanish explorers visited the site at an early time. The first settlement was made in 1827, and the town incorporated in 1869. During the Civil War it was occupied alternately by Federal and Confederate troops and for a time was the base for operations against New Mexico and Arizona. The present charter dates from 1889 with revisions of 1891 and 1907. El Paso has grown more rapidly than any other city in Texas or the Southwest. The city has had no boom, its increase being healthy and substantial, and in accordance with the demands of commerce and

is

the development of the natural resources of the country tributary to the city. The total imports in 1915 had an appraised value of $9,149,410, of which cotton, cattle, copper, silver, zinc and lumber formed the principal items imported. Exports were valued in 1915 at $6,146,655, of which coal and coke, shoes, bleached cotton and cotton prints comprised the bulk. Pop. 70,700.

EL RENO, Okla., city and county-seat of Canadian County; on the Rock Island Lines, junction main lines north and south, and east and west, being operating headquarters for the second district of the system; terminal for Saint Louis, El Reno and Western Railway, and also for Oklahoma Railway Company Interurban. Near the geographical centre of State, it exploits a rich agricultural district producing alfalfa, corn, kaffir, wheat, oats, broom corn, fruits and vegetables. The industries of the city are varied and growing rapidly. They include five lumber yards, two flour mills (daily capacity 3,000 bbls.), vitrified brick and tile factory, two ice plants, incubator factory, washing machine factory, broom factory, cigar factories, foundries, machine shops, tent and awning factory, granite and stone works, planing mill, gas and electric plants, ice cream factory, steam laundry, wholesale groceries, etc. El Reno has 15 churches and 7 public schools, the new High School costing $100,000; school enrolment of 1,600 and a teaching force of 45. The Sacred Heart Institute (Catholic) has an enrolment of 200, with graded, high school and music courses. There is also a business college, Carnegie Library and two hospitals. The Masons and Elks possess fine buildings and the El Reno theatre has a seating capacity of 1,400. The new office building of the Rock Island system cost $150,000, and the city hall cost $50,000. New Federal building cost $120,000. The El Reno Country Club has a fine clubhouse and maintains one of the finest golf courses in the State. The Grand Lodge Masons maintain the State Masonic Home at this point, owning 640 acres which the United States government sold to that body recently; fine buildings already built and plans for one of the finest homes in the country are being laid. Old Fort Reno, nearby, has been converted into a remount station, where horses are gentled and trained for cavalry purposes for use in United States Army. In 1911 El Reno adopted the commission form of government, the executives being commissioner of public affairs-ex-officio mayor, commissioner of finance and commissioner of highways. The city owns its own water plant and extensions, with a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons daily, has 10 miles of paved streets and 15 miles of sewers. The taxable valuation is about $7,000,000. The city has four banks, with a capital and surplus of $175,000 and average deposits of $1,500,000. It was first settled in 1890, made a borough the same year and a city of the first class in 1892. The population has increased very fast, being now over 10,000.

EL SABIO, Alfonso X, king of Leon and Castilla: b. 23 Nov. 1221; d. 21 April 1284. He was the son of Ferdinand III and Beatriz, daughter of Philip of Suabia and sister of Frederick II of Germany. Most carefully educated, he succeeded his father to the throne in 1252, bringing with him to his administrative tasks the

reputation of successes gained in several campaigns against the Mohammedans. His reign was cursed with insurrections led by powerful nobles, financial troubles and warlike movements on the part of the Mohammedans. On the death of William of Holland, emperor of Germany, Alfonso laid claim to the throne as the direct heir. He was opposed in this by most of the nobles of Germany and by the Pope. Nevertheless he maintained the struggle against superior powers for 18 years. In this struggle he was often opposed by some of the most powerful ruling dukes of Spain. Notwithstanding all his reverses he fought stubbornly on, claiming for himself the ancient title of king of the Romans; and signing his official documents with the great seal belonging to that dignity. He made ready several times to invade Italy and Germany, but trouble at home withheld his arm when he was ready to strike, Finally the united efforts of his powerful enemies and the threat of the Pope to excommunicate him, combined with ever-increasing trouble at home, forced Alfonso, in 1275, to renounce his claims upon the ancient throne of the Romans. The opposition of the successive popes to the claims of Alfonso on the crown of Germany was due to the fact that he was the representative of the Suabian princes, long the bitter and uncompromising enemies of the papacy. Alfonso was the more inclined to make peace with his enemies abroad in 1275 because of the increased trouble which the Mohammedans were giving him at home. In Granada, Murcia, Andalucía, Algarve and all the populous centres from Murcia to Jerez the Moors rose up against the Christian_king in an effort to drive Christianity out of Spain. Alfonso besieged and captured Jerez, MedinaSidonia, Rota, Santucar, Lebrija and Arcos; and the Castile fleet, under the command of Don Juan García de Villamayor, took Cádiz. In 1264 Jaime of Aragón came to the aid of Alfonso. The former captured the province of Murcia while Alfonso carried on the war against Andalucía. These constant wars and the struggle against Italy and Germany forced the king to increase the taxes. This estranged many of the nobles upon whom fell this burden of increased taxation; and Alfonso was forced to make concessions to his underlords which gave them great facilities for the oppression of their tenants. Thus the king ultimately lost the goodwill of nobles and peasants alike. The former, deserting the Castilian king, joined hands with the Moorish sovereigns of Granada, Mahomed I and Mahomed II. The treaty of peace with the Pope and with Germany in 1275, however, strengthened Alfonso and enabled him to make temporary terms with his insurgent nobles. Alfonso departed for Rome (1275) for an interview with the Pope, leaving the cares of his kingdom in charge of his eldest son, Prince Fernando de la Cerda. The latter sent an army unter Nuño González de Lara into Córdoba. There the invading forces met with considerable success at first; but in a short while they were surrounded by a greatly superior Moorish force and defeated with heavy loss, among the dead being Nuño and over 400 of his bodyguard. The survivors took refuge in the town of Ecipa (May 1275). The regent died in July while on his way to the relief of the besieged Castilian

forces; and Sancno, second son of King Alfonso, a boy of 18, at once took charge of the expeditionary force which he managed with considerable skill. Alfonso, on his return from Italy, made a two years' peace with the Moors, on the conclusion of which the latter again made an attempt to conquer the Christian possessions in Spain. Don Sancho led an army into Granada where he fell into an ambuscade and suffered defeat, losing over 3,000 of his finest knights. Sancho continued with the remainder of his forces on into the heart of Granada, burning villages and towns and laying waste the country he traversed. But the Castilians were forced to retreat to Córdoba (1281). The following year Alfonso and Sancho quarreled over the succession to the throne and the son declared himself in open insurrection against the father. Sancho stirred up the towns of the country against the king and even sought the aid of the enemies of Christian Spain. But the Pope threw his influence in favor of Alfonso and most of the nobles, obeying the spiritual head of the Church, returned to their allegiance (1282). Alfonso disinherited his son and carried the war on with the aid of Yacub, ruler of Morocco. The insurrection lost ground rapidly, but just as everything was turning in his favor Alfonso died.

Alfonso the Wise occupies a prominent place in Spanish history as a legislator. He gave uniformity to the laws of his united kingdom, which were, on his coming to the throne, a confused mass of privileges and local observances, often at variance with one another, and frequently subversive of the order of the nation. Out of this confused mass of privileges and local laws he succeeded in creating a certain uniformity of legal observances whose influences were felt in Spain for centuries. He wrote the 'Septenario, a work wonderful in its day and for the political conditions under which it appeared. This is a sort of political, moral and religious compilation which has served as the basis of numerous legal works which have developed the law of Spain. In this and other works of a like nature Alfonso shows an intuition of the spirit of law and a knowledge far ahead of his time. His 'Libro del Espéculo ó Espejo de todos los derechos' and Fuero Real' are works scarcely less notable than the 'Septenario. They were the result of much thought and investigation. They both appeared together in 1255. The Libro del Espéculo (Book of Laws) is a summing up of what appeared to Alfonso to be the most just statutes or custom laws of Leon and Castile, and they were compiled to be used in adjudging all cases brought before the king's court. The 'Fuero Real (royal law, in contradistinction to municipal or community law) was a compilation of the laws and usages of the different communities of the kingdom, for use in the courts of the common people. Alfonso's intention in writing the Fuero Real' was to do away with the anarchy in local law which reigned everywhere throughout his dominions. As these laws prohibited countless abuses, their enforcement was bitterly opposed by the nobles and others in high office throughout the land. These works were followed by the 'Libro de los Leyes) (Book of Laws), also known as 'Las Siete Partidas) (Seven Parts) on account of its being divided into seven sec

tions. It was the first great legal code of the Middle Ages. In this and his other works Alfonso shows exact knowledge and appreciation of the laws of the Romans, of the Justinian Code and of Spanish and foreign laws of his day and of the ages preceding him. In addition to these virtues, his works have been long_considered as literary models in their field. They form a wonderfully interesting and useful exposition of the laws, morality and religious uses, observances and practices of the age in which they were written. The ability, industry, powers of assimilation and excellent judgment of the king are evidently shown in his writings which called for a mastery of three great fields of knowledge, common and royal law, canonical law and theology. In his work he had, no doubt, helpers and investigators, but he was himself the heart and soul of it all; and his was the master mind that brought order out of confusion and conceived plans whose broadness were a century ahead of their time. Alfonso was a great lover, not only of everything relating to law, but also of literature and science; and the extent of his knowledge is often surprising. He was a poet of no mean talent and he encouraged the troubadours of Provence and Catalonia. His knowledge of history was very broad and exact; and he had mastered the extensive mathematical knowledge of the Arabs, so that, even among the Moors, he had acquired a reputation as a mathematician. It is not strange, therefore, that he should have done much, by his example and his influence, to advance the general culture of his kingdom. Of the many debts that Spain owes to him, one of the greatest and of most far-reaching consequence, is the fact that, for years, he labored to make the tongue of Castile the language of the whole country. This tended to create the national unity for which he strove. Though he was disappointed in the result of his work in his lifetime, it bore abundant fruit in after days. He encouraged education and established schools of higher learning in Toledo, Córdoba and Sevilla, and he welcomed to his court the troubadours. He ordered the Bible and various other works translated into Spanish, among them books on scientific subjects written in Hebrew or Arabic. In addition to his 'Cantigas numerous other works of a nonlegal nature have been attributed to him, in some cases apparently with considerable reason, among these being 'Estoria de Espanna ó Crónica General' and Grande y General Estoria. Consult Ticknor, 'History of Spanish Literature (New York, 1854); any good history of Spain, or history of Spanish literature. JOHN HUBERT CORNYN,

Editorial Staff of The Americana.

EL SOMBRERO DE TRES PICOS (The Cocked Hat). The journalist and novelist Pedro Antonio de Alarcón (1833-91) met with little acclaim for his more ambitious literary performances; in fact, he attained to no measure of success in his novels. With his short stories, however, he gained a welldeserved repute, and with two of them, the 'Sombrero de Tres Picos' and the Capitán Veneno,' which are really long enough to be termed novelettes, he won his permanent place in the annals of Spanish prose fiction The 'Capitán Veneno' is entirely of his own de

vising; the 'Sombrero de Tres Picos, on the other hand, is the result of his refashioning an old narrative previously decked out in prose form by the Italian Boccaccio in his 'Decameron' (VIII, 8) and refurbished for French readers in the 'Cent nouvelles nouvelles.' Alarcón may have known these versions of the story, but he certainly derived his direct inspiration from the treatment accorded to it in two popular Spanish ballads which may be seen in the 'Romancero general,' and he drew upon his own powers of invention for factors and embellishments which are not present in these verse sources. The subject of the Sombrero de Tres Picos' is one which required delicate handling if the unduly scabrous was to be avoided in the telling. It would have been easy for any author to run aground on the shoals of what the literary critics now call naturalism in the treatment of a theme which, like this, involves attempted adultery as a necessary element. But there is no indulgence shown here for the vicious, and whatsoever elements of the unbecoming are inherent in the popular tradition and are perforce adopted in Alarcón's story are sufficiently countered by the firm way in which the Corregidora, safeguarding her own honor and rescuing that of the peasant woman señá Frasquita, dispenses poetic justice to her own recreant husband. Humor of incident is rife in the work. It may be noted that Alarcón's redaction of the old legend has been utilized for operatic purposes in both French and German.

J. D. M. FORD.

ELEAGNUS, ěl-e-ag'nus, a genus of shrubs or small trees of the family Eleagnaceœ. The species, of which there are about 40, are natives of the northern temperate zone, and are characterized by deciduous or persistent entire leaves covered with silvery or brownish scales, solitary or clustered apetalous axillary flowers and one-seeded drupaceous fruits. They are valued in ornamental gardening for their foliage, usually decorative fruits, and mostly fragrant flowers. The deciduous members are hardy in the north; the evergreen ones, which mostly come from Japan and China, only in the south. They are easily propagated by means of seeds, cuttings and layers, and succeed upon almost any well-drained soil in a sunny situation. The best known species probably are: (1) E angustifolia, the oleaster or white olive, which attains a height of about 20 feet. It has been introduced from southeastern Europe or adjacent Asia, and has proved hardy in the bleak and cold prairie States. It is one of the most ornamental species. (2) E. argentea, the silverberry, a native of the colder parts of Canada and the northern border of the United States. It seldom attains a height exceeding 15 feet, and is perhaps the most popular native species. (3) E. multiflora, the gumi, a species introduced from eastern Asia. It is gaining in favor. It attains a height of about six feet and, like the preceding, bears edible, slightly acid fruit of pleasant flavor. This last species became of horticultural importance during the last 25 years of the 19th century because it produces good crops of fruit in climates too rigorous for most of the other fruit-bearing shrubs and trees.

ELEIS, ĕ-le'is, the name given to a genus of palms. The seven species are dicecious or monœcious, the flowers, especially the males, in dense masses, packed very closely together; the fruit is partly three-sided, but somewhat irregular. E. guineensis, the maba or oil-palm of the West African coast, has heads of large fruits. The outer or fleshy part of the fruit is boiled in water, when the oil rises to the surface and may be skimmed off. In its native country it is used for butter. It constitutes one of the chief commercial products of western Africa. E. melanococca also furnishes oil. Both species yield by manufacture palm-wine.

ELEOCARPUS, ě-le-o-kär'pus, a genus of plants of the Elæocarpacca. The species are shrubs and trees and are found chiefly in New Zealand, Australia and southeastern Asia. From the seed-stones of E. ganitrus the natives of Australia make necklaces. The New Zealanders find a rich black dye in E. lunau, and in India several species furnish one of the ingredients of curry-powder.

ELEODENDRON, ĕ-lē-ō-děn'dron, a genus of the staff-tree family (Celastracea). The plants of the genus are generally trees, natives of southern Asia, western and southern Africa and South America. The drupes of E. kubu are eaten at the Cape of Good Hope while the bark of E. roxburghii, rubbed with water, is used by the Hindus as an external application to swellings of all kinds. E. glaucum, a native of Ceylon, is sometimes called the Ceylon tea-tree. Saffronwood is the product of E. croceum, and an oil in common use in Africa is made from E. argan.

ELAGABALUS, è-la-găb'a-lus, or HELIOGABALUS, he"li-o-găb'a-lus, Roman emperor: b. Emesa 204 A.D.; d. 222. His real name was Varius Avitus Bassianus, but when a youth he was appointed high priest of the SyroPhoenician sun-god Elagabol and assumed the name of that deity. Soon after the death of his cousin Caracalla, Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in opposition to the legitimate sovereign, Macrinus. The rivals met in battle at Antioch 218 A.D., Macrinus was defeated and Elagabalus assumed the purple. His reign of three years and nine months was infamous for the debaucheries of every kind in which he indulged. He instituted ceremonies in honor of the god Elagabol and it is believed made human sacrifices to him. He was murdered in an insurrection of the Prætorians and was succeeded by his cousin and adopted son, Alexander Severus, whose assassination he had twice attempted. Consult Butler, O. F., Studies in the Life of Heliogabalus' (New York 1908).

ELAINE, ĕ-lä'in, or ELAIN, the oily principle of fat, obtained by submitting fat to the action of boiling alcohol, allowing the stearin to crystallize and then evaporating the alcoholic solution; or by the simple process of pressing any oily or fatty substance between folds of blotting paper, the oily matter or elaine is absorbed, while the stearin remains. The paper being then soaked in water and pressed, yields up the elaine. It possesses much the appearance and properties of vegetable oil, and olein (q.v.) is liquid at the temperature of 60° F. and has an odor derived from the solid fats from which it has been extracted.