without qualification. NH(C2Hs), is known as diethylamine, and N. (CH) is called triethylamine. All three are formed when absolute alcohol is heated with zinc chloride, in closed tubes, to 500° F.; and they may then be separated by the crystallization of their picrates. Ethylamine (that is, the mono-amine) may also be prepared by boiling cyanic ether with an aqueous solution of caustic potash, absorbing the liberated gas by passing it through hydrochloric acid, and finally drying the ethylamine hydrochloride that is so formed, and distilling it with quicklime. All three of the ethylamines are alkaline, all smell strongly of ammonia and all combine with acids to form salts. The monoamine is a colorless, caustic, inflammable liquid, burning with a yellow flame, having a specific gravity of 0.70, boiling at 68° F., and not solidifying at 220° below zero, F. Diethylamine (which may be prepared by heating the monoamine with ethyl bromide is also volatile, colorless and inflammable, with a specific gravity of 0.72, and boils at 133° F., under ordinary atmospheric pressure. Triethylamine is an oily liquid, alkaline, and similar to the other two in general character. It has a specific gravity of 0.73, boils at 194° F., and its critical temperature (according to Pawlewski) is 513° F. (See CRITICAL POINT). Triethylamine is but slightly soluble in water; diethylamine dissolves in water freely; mono-ethylamine mixes with water with a considerable rise in temperature, and the probable formation of a hydrate, though it is entirely expelled again, upon boiling.

It

ETHYLENE, a gaseous hydrocarbon having the formula C2H., and constituting the first member of the olefine series. It is formed in the dry distillation of numerous organic bodies, and constitutes 4 to 5 per cent of ordinary coal gas. It is most conveniently prepared for laboratory purposes by mixing 1 part of alcohol with 4 parts of sulphuric acid, adding enough sand to form a paste, and heating the mass over a flame. The sand takes no part in the chemistry of the process, but merely serves to regulate the action. The sulphuric acid, owing to its affinity for water, removes the elements of water from the alcohol, and thereby liberates the ethylene, C2H..OH-H2O+C2H4. Ethylene is a colorless gas, which burns with a bright flame, a five-foot burner, using the pure gas, yielding a light of 68 candle-power. may be condensed to a transparent liquid which boils, under ordinary atmospheric pressure, at 153° F. below zero, and freezes at 272° F. below zero. Ethylene is an unsaturated compound, and combines directly with hydrogen when mixed with that gas and led over platinum black; the product of the combination being ethane, CH. Mixed with three times its own volume of oxygen, and fired by a spark, ethylene explodes with great violence. When it is mixed with chlorine in the dark, combination takes place according to the formula C.H.+2C1=C2 H.Cl2, the new substance being an oily fluid, known as ethylene dichloride, or "Dutch liquid." It is on account of this reaction that ethylene was formerly called "olefiant" (or "oil-forming") gas. It will be observed that the foregoing reaction is an additive one. In diffuse daylight chlorine attacks the dichloride of ethylene, with the formation of more highly chlorinated substitution products, of which the highest is CaCle.

ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE. See DUTCH

LIQUID.

ETIENNE, Charles Guillaume, shärl gë yōm ā-tě-ěn, French dramatist: b. Chamouilly, 6 Jan. 1778; d. Paris, 13 March 1845. Under the First Empire he was censor, editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Empire, and a member of the Academy. He took part in Napoleon's campaigns in Italy, Germany, Poland and Austria. At the Restoration he was expelled from the Academy, and thereafter as editor of the Constitutional was a power on the side of the opposition. His comedies give proof of brilliant fancy, elegant style, and great constructive skill; 'The Two Sons-in-Law is the best comedy of the Imperial Era, and not unworthy of Molière. He composed many farces, vaudevilles, operettas and spectacular pieces, which had unbounded success; and his operas, Cinderella' and Joconde,' were the delight of Paris. He wrote a "History of the French Theatre.'

ETIENNE DU MONT, ā-tê-ěn dù môn (Fr. "Saint Stephen of the Mount"), a fine church of medieval Paris. It was founded in 1220; its completion and restoration were begun in 1517, and the building reached its present perfection in 1626. The shrine of Saint Genevieve, heroine and patron saint of Paris is its principal point of antiquarian interest, but it is also the burial-place of Pascal and Racine.

ETIOLATION, e'ti-o-la'shon, the alteration in the color and the structure of plants due to the absence of light during growth. The most noticeable changes are paleness and elongation of the stems. The elongation is due to the extension of the cells, and the paleness to the non-development, arrested development or destruction of the chlorophyll or green coloring matter of the plant. Other phenomena are imperfect development of leaves, altered method of branching and various modifications of tissues, especially in the imperfect development of the cell walls, which do not attain normal thickness. Agriculturally, etiolation is either a fault to be shunned or a useful process. In the first case it is often responsible for the "lodging" of wheat and other grain-crops sown too thickly, the bases of the stems being shaded so much that the cells fail to develop normal strength, and when the heads form the wind easily beats down the plants. The sprouting of potatoes, turnips, etc., is also undesirable. But etiolation is utilized in the blanching of various plants, such as asparagus and sea-kale, and especially salads such as celery, endive and chicory. The process involves the exclusion of light by means of earth banked around the stems, by boards, paper, etc., or by tying the outer leaves loosely over the inner ones as with endive or with cauliflower. Rhubarb is often grown in darkness. In general, tenderness and modifications in flavor are the chief ends sought in the process.

ETIOLIN, in botany, a name given by the older authors to the carotin of etiolated plant structures. See CAROTIN.

ETIQUETTE, Madame, the nickname of the Duchesse de Noailles, mistress of ceremonies at the French court in the time of Marie Antoinette, because of her rigid adherence to the formalities or prescriptions for the various ceremonies at court,

ETIQUETTE, ěti kět, a collective term for the established ceremonies and usages of society. Among courts the Byzantine and Spanish courts, and the French court under Louis XIV and Louis XV, were noted for the strictness of their etiquette. Social etiquette consists in so many minute observances that a tolerable familiarity with it can be acquired only by a considerable intercourse with polite society. Quickness of sympathy and a certain fineness of observation are more needed for proficiency in this sphere than mere power of intellect. The term is derived from the French word etiquette, originally a slip of paper affixed to a packet to indicate its contents. This term has come to mean the various decorums to be observed in the ordinary intercourse of life, and especially the comportment on state occasions perhaps from the custom formerly of distributing tickets or slips of paper to each person containing the rules to be observed by him or her at the ceremony. The word is also used by the members of certain professions to designate the rules to be observed by the members, e.g., "legal etiquette," etc. In the latter sense, however, it has been supplanted by the word "ethics."

ETIVE, ětiv, Loch, an inlet from the Firth of Lorne, in north of Argyllshire, west coast of Scotland. The river Awe, the outlet of Loch Awe, and the river Etive flow into it. At Connel Ferry, about three miles from the sea, it is barely 200 yards wide, and is crossed by a ridge of sunken rocks. The depth here at low water is six feet; the inflowing tide, which rises 14 feet, rushes with tremendous force through the narrow channel, breaking into raging foam which may sometimes be heard miles away. Dunstaffnage, a 13th century castle, once a royal fortress, is near its mouth.

ETLAR, Carit, pseudonym of KARL BROSBÖLL, Danish realistic novelist: b. Fridericia, 7 April 1816; d. 1900. His first story was The Smuggler's Son' (1839); of his later writings, the historical tale of "The Queen's Captain of the Guard' and the realistic story "The People in Need' (1878) are the most popular; his verse also has merit. An edition of his collected works was published in 1859-68, with an additional collection in 1873-79; a new addition appeared in 1888.

ETNA, or ÆTNA, a volcano in the eastern part of the province of Catania, on the island of Sicily, and the largest active volcano in Europe and the highest mountain in Italy. Directly north is the valley of Alcantara, on the west and south, the valley of Simeto, and on the east, the Ionian Sea. From the waters on the east, which are in depth from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, Etna rises cone-like to a height of about 10,875 feet; but on the south and west it seems formed of superimposed mountains, the terminal being surrounded by a number of cones, all of volcanic origin, about nine of which are of considerable size. The circumference at the base is about 90 miles. Around the mountain and at the lower slope are a number of villages, cultivated fields, groves of olive-, orange-, fig- and date-trees; and a little higher up is a belt of forest with oak, birch, beech and coniferæ. Above 7,000 feet vegetation is scanty, the cone is almost bare; rocky precipices, lava beds, masses of ashes and scoriæ are

visible at its summit except where covered by snow. A deep depression, Val de Bove, on the eastern side, was once the principal crater; and frequently lava has issued out of the sides of the mountain, thus forming small cones and craters, about 200 of which are now distinctly marked. The summit is usually altered with every eruption. From the summit may be seen the whole of the island of Sicily, the Lipari Islands, Malta and Calabria.

The eruptions of Etna have been numerous and many of them destructive; more than 80 have been recorded, 11 of which occurred before the Christian Era. That of 1169 A.D. overwhelmed Catania and buried 15,000 persons in the ruins. In 1669 the lava spread over the country for 40 days, and 10,000 persons are estimated to have perished. In 1693 there was an earthquake during the eruption, when over 60,000 lives were lost. One eruption was in 1755, the year of the Lisbon earthquake. Among more recent eruptions are those of 1852, 1865, 1874, 1879, 1886, 1892, 1909 and 1911. An eruption is ordinarily preceded by premonitory symptoms of longer or shorter duration. In Greek mythology there are found frequent allusions to Etna, especially in the legends of Enceladus and Hiphæstus. Consult Dana, 'Characteristics of Volcanoes'; Kneeland, ‘Vol

canoes.'

ETNA, Pa., borough in Allegheny County, on the Allegheny River, the Baltimore and Ohio and a branch of the Pennsylvania railroads. It is really a suburb of Pittsburgh, with only the Allegheny River between. The chief industries are in connection with the iron and steel products for which this part of the State is famous. It has rolling mills, furnaces, steel mills, galvanized-pipe works and other manufactures. The waterworks and electric-light plant are owned by the borough. Pop. 5,830.

ETON, England, village and parish, in the county of Buckingham, on the Thames, 21 miles west-southwest of London. It consists principally of one narrow street which has of late years been much improved. An iron bridge across the Thames connects Eton with Windsor, from which it is separated only by the river. Eton derives its celebrity from its college. Pop. 3,192.

ETON COLLEGE, the most famous of English public schools, was founded by Henry VI in 1440, under the name of "The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary Beside Windsor." The present collegiate edifice was begun in 1441 and the whole of the original structure was completed about 1523. Important additions were made in 1846, and also in 1889. This school was intended originally for the benefit of the sons of worthy but poor parents, and also for the support of 25 poor infirm men; and was to be maintained out of the incomes from the royal demesne lands. Now the students admitted are the sons of the gentry and nobility, and so numerous are the applicants that it is usual to enter the names at birth. The scholarships are open to all British subjects; but candidates must be 12 years or over and not more than 14 years, and must pass an examination. A certain number of the students, not under 17 years, are elected each year to scholarships at King's College, Cambridge. The number of pupils on the foundation is limited to 70, but the number out

side, called oppidans, who board and lodge in the houses of the masters is about 1,000. The course of instruction is mainly classical, but modern languages, mathematics and the natural sciences are given now a due share of attention. The college roll includes the most famous names in more recent English history in nearly every department of service, and especially among statesmen and administrators. Consult Cust, 'Eton College'; Lyte, 'History of Eton College' (1440-1898).

ETOROFU, a'to-ro-foo, or or ITURUP, e-too-roop', (1) an island; (2) a strait; in the most northerly part of Japan. The island belongs to the Kurile group. Area, 1,500 square miles.

ETOSA LAKE. See KUNENE.

ETOURDI, L', a comedy of Molière, which was first produced at Lyons in the year 1653. See MOLIÈRE.

ETOWAH MOUND. See MOUND BUILDERS AND MOUNDS.

ETRETAT, France, a fashionable summer resort on the English Channel, 17 miles east of Havre, in the department of Seine-Inférieure. It contains à casino, bathhouses, a fine strand and many summer residences. It is famed for its gatherings of litterateurs and artists. Pop. (commune) 1,973.

ETRURIA, e-troo'ri-a (Greek Tyrrhenia), the name anciently given to that part of Italy which corresponded with the greater part of modern Tuscany and part of Umbria, and was bounded by the Mediterranean, the Apennines, the river Magra and the Tiber. The name Tuscia, for the country, came into use in late times, while Tusci, as well as Etrusci, was used by the Romans as the appellation of the people from an early period. The oldest inhabitants of the country belonged, according to the accounts of the ancients, to the Umbrian stock and were dispossessed by the Tyrrhenians or Tyrsenians, a people who came by sea and who were generally believed to be Lydians. These again were in early times subjected by another race who called themselves Rasena and who finally became incorporated with the Tyrrhenians proper, the whole nation then being called Tuscans or Etruscans. These Rasena, by ancient writers usually confounded with the Tyrrhenians, entered Italy at a very early period from the north and gradually took possession of the whole country from the Alps, Ticino and lower Adige on the south,

To what race the Etruscans belonged is unknown and our ignorance is equally great with regard to their language, remains of which still exist in numerous inscriptions mostly on tombs. It appears to have been quite distinct from the languages of the rest of Italy, but attempts to connect it with the Greek, Celtic, Germanic or Semitic languages have had little or no success. The characters used are essentially the ancient Greek and were either introduced from Magna Græcia or possibly from Corinth. Etruria was very early a confederation under the rulers of the 12 principal cities, each of which formed a republic by itself. The chiefs of these republics were styled lucumones, who were also the priests and generals and held their meetings in the temple of Voltumna, where they deliberated together on the general affairs of the country. In

all the cities there appears to have been an aristocracy, toward which the mass of the common people stood in the relation of clients, though there would no doubt be a body of entirely free men resembling the plebeians at Rome. The religion of the Etruscans offers a subject of great difficulty, but it is at least certain that it had many points in common with the religious systems of the Sabines and Latins, while in some respects it shows evidences of an Eastern origin. Among the deities may be mentioned Tina or Tinia, corresponding to the Latin Jupiter; Cupra, corresponding to Juno; Menerfa (Minerva); Sethlans (Vulcan); Turms (Mercury); and Aplu or Apulu (Apollo).

What may be called the Etruscan Era commenced about 1044 B.C. They became the dominant race in northern and central Italy and Rome itself fell under their rule and was ruled by Etruscan kings. In the maritime wars they were in alliance with Carthage against Greece. The zenith of their power was in the 6th century B.C., when with the Greeks and the Phonicians they shared the maritime supremacy of the Mediterranean. Their naval power was shattered in 474 B.C. by Hiero I of Syracuse and after this their decline was rapid. The Gauls swarmed over the Alps in 396 B.C.; in 351 the southern Etruscans made submission to the Romans; and the process of conquest was completed by the subjugation of the northern Etruscans in 282 B.C. After this they became merged in their conquerors, on whom they exercised a considerable influence in religious, social and political life.

The chief occupations of the Etruscans were agriculture and commerce, both maritime and overland. Grain, wine, timber, cattle and wool seem to have been the principal articles of trade. The staple food of the common people was pulse, but the upper classes were notorious for extravagance in their diet as well as in dress and in furniture. Their knowledge of the arts and sciences is said to have been derived mainly from Greece and in a less degree from Egypt. The iron mines and copper mines in the interior of Etruria were worked at a very remote period and the metallurgical skill shown by the Etruscans was obviously connected with their proficiency in the art of working in bronze, silver, gold, etc. Of Etruscan architecture our knowledge is limited; but their cities were laid out on a quadrangular plan and strongly fortified. The so-called Tuscan order seems to be little else than a modification of the Doric. Of their temples there exist no traces; the theatres have been more fortunate, that at Fiesole showing how much in this form of construction they owed to the Greeks. The sepulchres, which were always subterranean, but frequently having superstructures of an architectural character surmounting them, present many varieties of construction.

For articles in terra-cotta the Etruscans were especially celebrated. These were not restricted to small objects, but embraced statues and figures of large size, with which the exteriors and interiors of their temples were adorned Closely related to this branch of art was the Etruscan pottery, in the manufacture of which they excelled; but the only extant productions of this class that can be said to be genuine are

the red ware of Arretium and the black ware of Clusium ornamented with figures in relief, many of them of a grotesque and strongly-marked Oriental character. On the other hand, numbers of the painted vases popularly known as Etruscan vases are undoubtedly productions of Greek workmen, the subjects, the style and the inscriptions being all Greek. The skill of the Etruscans in works of bronze is attested by many ancient writers, and also by numerous extant specimens. The style of art characteristic of these works is stiff and archaic, having some resemblance to the early Greek, though some of the existing specimens exhibit more freedom of design and great beauty of execution. The bronze candelabra, of which many examples have been preserved, were eagerly sought after both in Greece and Rome. Another branch of art which seems to have been peculiar to this people was that of the engraved bronze mirrors, a considerable number of which has been disThese mirrors covered, some quite recently.

were polished on one side, and have on the other an engraved design, taken in most cases Consult from Greek legend or mythology. Dennis, 'The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria' (1892); Seymour, 'Up Hill and Down Dale in Ancient Etruria' (1910).

ETRURIA, Kingdom of, the name given to the province of Tuscany, in Italy, when, in 1801, Napoleon formed of it a kingdom, and made Florence the capital. In 1808 he incorporated it with the French Empire, and in 1809 his sister, Elise Bacciocchi, was made Grand Duchess of Tuscany. When Napoleon became an exile in 1814, Tuscany reverted to Austria, and Frederick III became king.

ETRUSCAN. See ETRURIA.

ETSCH. See ADIGE.

557

'Beitrage zur Erforschung der Phylogenie der Pflanzenarten' (7 vols., 1877-80).

ETTLINGEN, ět'ling-en, Germany, town in the grand duchy of Baden, on the Alb, five miles south of Karlsruhe. It is an ancient place, containing some Roman remains; is entered by three gates, and has an old castle with gardens, town-house, hospital, normal and other schools, manufactures of machinery, linen and cotton goods, starch, leather and paper. Near the town the Archduke Charles of Austria here suffered defeat at the hands of Moreau, 9 and 10 July 1796. Pop. 9,407.

ETTMÜLLER, Ernst Moritz Ludwig, lood'vig ět'mül-lĕr, German philologist and historian: b. Gersdorf, Saxony, 5 Oct. 1802; d. Zürich, 15 April 1877. He was graduated at Leipzig; lectured at Jena on the German poets of the Middle Ages; in 1833 went to the Gymnasium at Zürich and in 1863 he became professor of German literature in the University of Zürich. He made extensive researches in German mediæval literature and was author of 'German Dynasty Founders' (1844); and other epic poems, besides the He also (1852). 'Anglo-Saxon Lexicon' translated Beowulf into German.

ETTOR, Joseph J., American industrial agitator: b. 1886. He came into prominence during the labor troubles at Paterson, N. J Brooklyn, N. Y., and elsewhere, but attained his greatest attention in conducting the textile workers during the strike at Lawrence, Mass., in 1912. For his methods in this affair he was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, having been held responsible for the death of a woman shot in a riot there on 29 Jan. 1912. After his release he was again prominent in the waiters' strike in New York in 1913 and the barbers' strike in the same city in 1914. He is prominently identified with the Industrial Workers of the World, of the executive council of which he became a member.

ETTRICK, ĕt'rik, a district of Scotland, in Selkirk, through which the Ettrick water runs. It is now a sheep pasture, denuded of wood, but in ancient times it formed part of Ettrick Forest, which included the whole country as well as parts of Peebles and Edinburgshire. The "Ettrick Shepherd," James Hogg, was a native of this district. Consult Craig-Brown, "History of Selkirkshire) (Edinburgh 1886).

ETTRICK SHEPHERD, The. See HOGG, JAMES.

ET TU BRUTE ("and thou also, Brutus"), the words supposed to have been uttered by Julius Cæsar at the moment he was stabbed by Brutus. There is, however, no ancient authority for attributing this utterance to Cæsar, and it is probable that the popular impression is due to the use of these words by Shakespeare Other dramatists in his play, Julius Cæsar.'

of the same period also used the phrase.

ETTWEIN, ĕt'vin, John, American Moravian bishop: b. Trendenstadt, Würtemberg, 29 June 1721; d. Bethlehem, Pa., 2 Jan. 1802. He came to America in 1754 and for nearly 50 years worked among the Moravians as evangelist, pastor and bishop. He traveled thousands of miles, oftentimes on foot, preaching in 11 of the 13 colonies and in what is now the State of

Ohio, "in cities, in villages, in homesteads, from pulpits, in the open air, in courthouses and barns to many and very different classes of men," as he himself wrote. Among the Indians, too, he worked with great success. In 1776-77 he rendered noble services to the sick and wounded of the American army in the general hospital at Bethlehem, Pa. Elected bishop in 1784, he presided over his Church for nearly 17 years, displaying the soundest judgment in matters of polity and a fine personal heroism in critical circumstances. In 1787 he founded the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen, which still exists, richly endowed, and is the bulwark of the extensive Moravian mission work. He became proficient in the language of the Delaware Indians, prepared a dictionary and phrasebook of it, and in 1788 compiled an account of the language with a vocabulary, which has since been published by the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Old age compelled his retirement from active service in 1801.

ETTY, William, English painter: b. York, 10 March 1787; d. there, 13 Nov. 1849. He worked long without much recognition, but at length in 1820 won public notice by his 'Coral Finders. In 1828 he was elected an academician. Among his works, which were greatly admired, are a series of three pictures (182731) illustrating the 'Deliverance of Bethulia by Judith'; Benaiah one of David's Mighty Men'; Women Interceding for the Vanquished. All these are very large pictures, and are now in the National Gallery of Scotland. Others of note are "The Judgment of Paris'; "The Rape of Proserpine'; Youth at the Prow and Pleasure at the Helm. In coloring and the representation of the nude he displayed high ability.

ETUDE, at first a term to designate a musical composition written for the purpose of developing some particular point, as arpeggio, etc., has come to mean a study for a concert performance with many technical difficulties. Some of the latter by famous masters are of special beauty and elegance, of which we may mention here the famed études of Chopin, Liszt and Schumann, which rank among the finest compositions for the piano. For the violin the compositions of Fiorillo, Kreutzer and Paganini are justly famous.

ETYMOLOGICUM GUDIANUM. See

ETYMOLOGICUM MAGNUM.

ETYMOLOGICUM MAGNUM (Gr. "the great etymological glossary, or dictionary"), the sole lexicon of size surviving from the Byzantine age of Greek learning. It is evidently a compilation from other works of the same class, and bears no author's name. The book may be attributed to the 10th century. It consists of a number of quotations from the works of ancient grammarians, arranged alphabetically. It may have received its name from its first critical editor, Sylburg, or from its printer, Calliergus. The book is of high philological value, although many of the derivations of words contained in it are fanciful and utterly unscientific. Consult Cohn, Griechische Lexicographie' (in "Griechische Grammatick' of BurgmannThumb, Munich 1913); Gaisford, Etymologicum Magnum' (Oxford 1848); Reitzenstein,

'Geschichte der griechischen Etymologika' (Leipzig 1897); Sturz, Etymologicum Gudianum (Leipzig 1816-20).

ETYMOLOGY, that branch of philology which deals with the investigation of the origin or derivation and of the original signification of words. It forms a subsidiary part of the science of comparative philology, and, though it has occupied the attention of the learned and the curious in every age, it is only within the 19th century that its study has been pursued on really scientific principles. Ignorance, or what is still more dangerous, halfknowledge, has often suggested false etymologies and many more have sprung from that excess of confident and self-sufficient ingenuity which will not take plain words like beef-eater and welsh-rabbit for what they are. Folketymology, properly so called, has played an important role in the development of languages. The words that the people have known from infancy are for them things, but it is quite different from the new terms they meet. These arrest their curiosity, and, as they believe that every word has its signification, they seek for this, guided by resemblances of sound with words already known, and consequently reach conclusions often hopelessly distorted by false analogies. We see the same illogical process in the Old Testament interpretation of personal names, applied conveniently after the fact; in the Homeric explanation of the names of gods and men; in the quaint etymologies so common in the medieval writers and in such moderns as Thomas Fuller; in the vagaries of Celtic topographers; and even in the pages of some modern dictionaries it is possible to find such a statement as that the English word news is derived from a certain conjunction of the points of the compass, north, east, west and south. These whimsical etymologies were laughed at by Dean Swift, whose ostler = oatstealer, was a stroke of genius, but have not yet disappeared; and, indeed, the modern ideas of method in etymology are hardly at all beyond the point attained by the grammarians of Alexandria and by Varro among the Romans. It was the birth of philology and the study of the languages of the East that made a scientific etymology possible. It no longer sought the relation of the words of a single language exclusively within itself, but extended its view to the whole group of cognate tongues, or, wider still, to a whole family and became a new science under the name of Comparative Grammar. Grimm's Law was the first finger-post that pointed out the path; among his greatest successors are Curtius and Fick. The Teutonic revival in England in the 19th century commenced the history of English upon an historical method, from which has grown a really scientific English etymology, as seen in the dictionaries of Professor Skeat and Dr. Murray. No more useful chart of warning could be given than the former's canons for etymology: "Before attempting an etymology, ascertain the earliest form and use of the word and observe chronology. If the word be of native origin, we should next trace its history in cognate languages. If the word be borrowed, we must observe geography and the history of events, remembering that borrowings are due to actual contact." See Curtius, 'Grundzüge der Griech