owing to their adherence to the edicts of the Emperor Marcian, in favor of the Council of Chalcedon, and their adoption of the doctrine it laid down. (See MONOPHYSITES). Consult Harnack, History of Dogma'; and Ottley, R. L., The Doctrine of the Incarnation.'

EUTYCHIANUS, ū-tik'i-ā'nus, Saint, the 27th Pope and bishop of Rome. He reigned from 275 to 283. He is commemorated on 8 December.

EUTYCHIDES, Greek sculptor of the 4th century B.C. He was a native of Megara and a pupil of Lysippus. For the city of Antioch he executed a statue of Fortune, which made him famous. Many copies of it were made throughout the Orient and a small copy now rests in the Vatican Museum. Some authorities hold that the Victory of Samothrace' is his work, but of this there is no conclusive proof.

EUXANTHIC (ūk-sănthik) ACID (C HO10), called also PURREIC ACID, an acid obtained from purree, or Indian yellow. With the alkalis and earths, it forms soluble yellow compounds.

EUXENITE, ūk'sē-nīt, a rare Norwegian mineral, essentially a niobate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium and auranium. It sometimes contains iron calcium and germanium, while water is always present. It occurs in orthorhombic crystals, but usually it is massive. It has a hardness of 6.5, a specific gravity of 4.7 to 5.0, a brilliant metallic-vitreous lustre, and a brownish-black color, showing a reddishbrown translucence in thin slivers.

EUXINE, ükʼsin, the ancient name for the Black Sea.

EVA, Little, a beautiful child, who becomes the friend and consoler of Uncle Tom in Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.' Her early death forms one of the climaxes of that affecting story.

EVACUATION HOSPITALS. See HosPITALS, MILITARY.

EVADNE, e-văd'nē, in Greek fable, the daughter of Iphis of Argos, who threw herself into the funeral pile of her husband, Cateneus.

EVAGORAS, e-văg'ō-ras, king of Salamis in Cyprus, flourished about the beginning of the 4th century B.C. His family had been expelled by a Phoenician exile. Evagoras recovered the kingdom in 410 B.C., and endeavored to restore in it the Hellenic customs and civilization. He was friendly with the Athenians, and in return for his services a statue was erected to him at Athens. His increasing power attracted the jealousy of the Persian king, Artaxerxes II, who declared war against him and besieged Evagoras in his capital. He was saved only by the dissensions of his enemies, and was able to conclude in 387 a peace by which the sovereignty of Salamis was nominally at least secured to him. assassinated 374 B.C.

He was

EVAGRIUS (e-văg'ri-us) SCHOLAS'TICUS, Syrian Church historian: b. Epiphonia, about 536; d. after 594. He wrote the history of the Church in continuation of the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Theodoret and Sozomen from 431, the date of

the Council of Ephesus, to 594. His surname, Scholasticus, indicates that he was by profession (probably at Antioch) an advocate, for such at that time was a usual meaning of the word: he was legal adviser to Gregory, patriarch of Antioch, who commended him for his fidelity and learning to the emperor, Tiberius Absimarus, and obtained his promotion to a judicial office. In recognition of his eminent integrity as an official of the empire his second marriage was made the occasion of a public festival; which, however, had a disastrous ending, for it was interrupted by a violent earthquake, which caused the loss of thousands of lives.

EVALD, ä'vält. See EWALD, G. H. A.

EVALD, a'vald, Herman Frederik, Danish novelist: b. 1821; d. 1908. His works deal mostly with history and are of considerable merit. They include 'Valdemar Krone's Youth' (1860); The Nordby Family (1862); Johannes Falk' (1865); 'Charles Lyng' (1882); The Swedes at Kronborg (1867); Anna Hardenberg) (1880); 'Clara Bille' (1892); Leonore Kristine (1895); 'Klein Kirsten' (1901); 'Bondebruden' (1904).

EVALD, Johannes, Danish lyrical poet: b. Copenhagen, 1743; d. 1781. In 1764 appeared his Temple of Fortune, followed two years later by Elegies' on the death of Frederick V. These works brought him fame, which was further established by the biblical drama, 'Adam and Eve,' in 1769. His 'Rolf Krake,) which appeared in 1770, was the first original tragedy in the Danish language. From 1770 to 1780 he wrote tragedies, comedies and farces, including 'The Fishers, his greatest work, in which appeared the present Danish national anthem. Evald's health had been seriously impaired through overwork and the strain incident to the production of 'The Fishers' hastened the end. His works were edited by Liebenberg (8 vols., Copenhagen 1855). Consult his Life and Opinions (Copenhagen 1792); and the lives by Hammerich (ib. 1882) and Jorgensen (ib. 1888).

EVANDER, in classical legend, the civilizer of Latium, the son, according to one account, of Hermes and an Arcadian nymph. About 60 years before the Trojan War he established himself in Latium and built, at the foot of the Palatine Hill on the banks of the Tiber, a town, to which he gave the name of Pallantium. The Roman legends represent him as teaching the Latins the use of the alphabet and the arts of agriculture and music, softening their fierce manners by the introduction of more humane laws, and introducing among them the worship of the Lycæan Pan, Heracles, Demeter, etc. In the Eneid Virgil brings his hero Eneas into connection with Evander, who gave him a favorable reception, and becomes his ally against the Latins. Divine honors were paid to Evander by the inhabitants of Pallantium in Arcadia.

EVANGELICAL, a word literally signifying "pertaining to the gospel" and used in different senses. In one of its senses it is a term used to qualify certain doctrinal opinions, stress being laid on the total depravity of human nature, need of conversion, justification by faith, free offer of the gospel, the plenary inspiration and exclusive authority of the Bible.

In this sense the word, when applied to a whole church, is in Scotland almost synonymous with orthodox; and in the United States it has much the same significance, in contrast to the words "liberal" and "rationalistic." In England the Evangelical or Low Church party is looked upon as extreme in its views, and is distinguished from the orthodox party, which holds the doctrines above specified in a more modern form. When used in a less general sense something more is implied in the word. It indicates peculiar attachment to sound doctrine and peculiar fervency in advocating it. In another sense the term is applied in Germany_to_Protestants as distinguished from Roman Catholics, inasmuch as the former recognize no standard of faith except the writings of the evangelists and the other books of the Bible, and more especially to the national Protestant Church, formed in Prussia in 1817, by a union of the Lutheran and Calvinistic churches.

EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, a voluntary association of members of the different sections of the Christian Church, organized in London 19-23 Aug. 1846. At this meeting was adopted a doctrinal basis, which is, in effect, the recognition by the members of the divine inspiration, authority and sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures; the right of private judgment in their interpretation; the unity of the Godhead and the Trinity of persons therein; the doctrine of human depravity in consequence of the fall; the incarnation, atonement, intercession and mediatorial reign of the Son of God; justification by faith alone; the work of the Holy Spirit in conversion and santification; the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body and the final judgment of the world, resulting in the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked; the divine institution of the Christian ministry; and the obligation and perpetuation of the ordinances of baptism and the Lord's Supper. The organization thus commenced has since been extended throughout Protestant christendom. Branch alliances have been formed in Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, Australia, and among missionaries in Turkey, India, Brazil and Japan. These national branches are related to each other as members of a confederation having equal rights. The whole alliance appears in active operation only when it meets in general conferences having the character of Protestant ecumenical councils, but claiming only moral and spiritual power. The American branch of the alliance was organized in 1867. Conferences of the entire alliance have been held in 1851, 1855, 1857, 1861, 1867, 1873, 1879, 1885, 1891, 1896, 1907, that of 1873 having met in New York. The American branch held a conference at Chicago in October 1893. The alliance has aided largely in the promotion of religious liberty in Europe and the East. Consult Reports' of the conferences; and Arnold, 'History of the Evangelical Alliance (London 1897).

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION, a religious denomination founded in Pennsylvania about the beginning of the 19th century by Jacob Albright, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who was born in Pennsylvania 1759, and from about 1790 traveled among the German population as an evangelist. Al

bright founded a society of converts in 1800, which so increased in numbers that it was finally organized in 1807 as the Evangelical Association of North America, with Albright as bishop. The theology of the association as defined in its 21 articles closely resembles that of the Methodist Episcopal Church, from which, also, it differs little in government and form of worship. The Church was divided in 1891, when a minority, numbering 40,000, organized the United Evangelical Church. In 1916 the association had 27 annual conferences, including one in Japan, one in Switzerland, and two in Germany; 1,663 preachers, 115,243 communicants, and property valued at about $11,000,000. Besides its German elements it has a relatively large English-speaking membership and publishes English periodicals and English books. It has four bishops, a well-equipped publishing house at Cleveland and another at Stuttgart, Würtemberg; a biblical institute and Northwestern College at Naperville, Ill.; two seminaries; an orphan home at Flat Rock, Ohio; a charitable society; a missionary society, sustaining domestic and foreign missions in Japan and China and assisting the European churches; Extension Society. Hospitals are maintained a Woman's Missionary Society; a Church various cities in Germany, and in Chicago and in Bismarck, N. Dak. Its periodicals are The Evangelical Messenger (weekly); The Missionary Messenger (monthly); Der Christliche Botschafter (weekly). Consult Plitt, 'Die Albrechtsleute (Erlangen 1877); Carroll, 'Religious Forces of the United States (New York 1912); Orwig, History of the Evangelical Association' (1858).

in

EVANGELICAL CHURCH, The United. See UNITED EVANGELICAL CHURCH, THE.

EVANGELICAL CHURCH CONFERENCE, the name of the general meetings of representatives of the Protestant bodies of Germany and Austria. The first general conference met at Berlin in 1846 and was followed by the Eisenach Conference of 1852. Since 1854 these conferences have been held every two years at Eisenach. The object is the promotion of unity among the several evangelical bodies which send representatives to the conference. The official organ, Allgemeines Kirchenblatt für das evangelische Deutschland, is issued regularly at Stuttgart. Consult Braun, Zur Frage der engern Vereinigung der Deutschen evangelischen Landeskirchen' (Berlin 1902).

EVANGELICAL COUNSELS, in Catholic theology, are distinguished from divine commandments in this, that the commandments are of universal obligation for whoever would be saved, while the Evangelical Counsels point to the readiest and surest means of attaining that end. When a certain ruler put to Jesus Christ the question "What good thing shall I do that I may inherit life?" and received the answer "If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments," he was taught the condition of salvation which applies to all mankind. But he wanted to know whether there is not a more excellent way: he had "observed all those things from his youth up"; was there not some other "good thing" for him to do? Then Jesus prescribed to him the perfect way: "Sell all that thou hast and distribute unto the poor" (Matt. xix, 21),

giving him one of the Evangelical Counsels, the counsel of voluntary poverty. The celibate life is commended by Saint Paul as more favorable to entire devotion to the service of God than the state of marriage; that Evangelical Counsel is the principal topic of the epistle of 1 Corinthians. Finally, entire obedience is the third of those counsels- renunciation of selfwill, cheerful submission to the rule of superiors. Members of the religious orders of the Catholic Church bind themselves by solemn vows to practise the three Evangelical Counsels: poverty, chastity and obedience.

EVANGELICAL UNION, the name of a religious body, also familiarly known as the Morisonians, from the Rev. James Morison, of Kilmarnock, by whom, with three other clergymen, it was founded in Scotland in 1843. The founders were soon joined by a number of ministers and churches of the Congregational Union of Scotland, and extended themselves considerably in Scotland and the north of England. The Morisonians maintain the universality of the atonement, combining with this the doctrine of eternal personal and unconditional election. In point of church government the members of the Evangelical Union are independent, but many congregations have ruling elders. In 1896 nearly all the churches were absorbed by the Congregational Union. The body had in 1899 between 90 and 100 congregations, chiefly in Scotland, and 712 ministers. Consult Ferguson, History of the Evangelical Union' (1876); and Adamson, 'Life of Dr. James Morison' (London 1898).

EVANGELINE. 'Evangeline: a Tale of Acadie' is based upon a true story which traveled from Canada to New England by word of mouth, reached Hawthorne, who did not care to use it for a romance, and was by him turned over to Longfellow, who published his poem in 1847. It instantly won the widest public, and has ever since remained among the most popular narrative poems in the English language. Hawthorne's disinclination to use the incident was probably due to the fact that he did not find it deeply tragic: the fate of the innocent lovers who are separated by a purely external force but who remain faithful till death is hardly more than pathetic. The tenderness, however, with which Longfellow handled the pathos of the theme quite conceivably appealed to a larger variety of readers than a stern tragic handling, such as Hawthorne's might have been. In form the poem follows the example set by J. H. Voss's 'Luise' (1795) and the greater Hermann und Dorothea (1798) of Goethe, both of which had attempted to treat modern sentiments and manners with Homeric simplicity. But 'Evangeline' owes nothing essential to its predecessors. The hexameters in which the story is told, while not so close to classical hexameters as those of A. H. Clough's 'Bothie of Tober-naVuolich' (1848) or Kingsley's 'Andromeda' (1858), added to English poetry, neyer before or since hospitable to the measure, a new rhythm. The language of 'Evangeline,' while rarely vivid, is pure, sweet and melodious; its landscapes, though full of charm and color, like its characters, resemble its characters also in belonging less to any particular soil than to

the general world of romance. Still, in spite of its lack of raciness and actuality, the poem founded a national legend which has kept alive the memory of an episode that would otherwise have been forgotten; and by something universal in its gracious manner has increased modern literature with a story everywhere read and remembered.

CARL VAN DOREN.

EVANGELIST (a bringer of good tidings), in the New Testament, a preacher of the gospel, distinguished (Eph. iv, 11) from the apostles, prophets, pastors and teachers. The term came ultimately to refer to only the authors of the four Gospels, but in modern times has been extended to indicate also an unattached preacher whose specific work is the arousing of personal interest in matters of religion.

EVANGELISTARION, a book of selections from the Gospels, used as a service book in the Greek Church. It contains the Gospel lessons for each day in the year. The book which contained the lessons from the Acts and Epistles was called the Praxapostolos. If both were included in a single work, the latter was termed a Euxologia. There are hundreds of manuscripts of these service books in existence, dating from the 6th century onward. Consult Gregory, C. R., "The Canon and Text of the New Testament' (New York 1907) and Scrivener, 'Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament' (4th ed., London 1894).

EVANGELISTS, Symbols of the Four. These symbols take their origin from Irenæus, who identified the four living creatures before the throne of God (Rev. iv, 64) with the four Evangelists. For a long time there was little agreement as to the order in which the creatures were assigned to each Evangelist. Later in the Western Church the following order became general: the man represents Saint Matthew; the lion, Saint Mark; the calf, Saint Luke; and the eagle, Saint John. Consult Goldsmith, E. E., Sacred Symbols in Art' (New York 1911) and Jenner, Mrs. Henry, 'Christian Symbolism' (Chicago 1910).