address, entreating "that he would spill no more blood." One of the deputies said, "had we let him alone, he would have hanged half the country." Charles II., whose disposition was not cruel, exclaimed, "the old fool has taken away more lives than I for the murder of my father," and issued a proclamation censuring his conduct as derogatory to his clemency. Sir William was recalled, and his place temporarily supplied by Colonel Jeffereys, who, with two others, constituted a commission of inquiry. They seem to have made it very searching, with even a friendly disposition towards the people. The different counties were invited to produce statements of grievances, and the records of the Assembly were forced from their clerk. A report was drawn up, in which, while the conduct of the insurgents was strongly condemned, that of the government and several members of the council was also censured. These reflections against Berkeley are supposed to have hastened his death, which took place before he had an interview with the king. The Assembly passed a vote, declaring that he had been an excellent governor, and recommended a grant to Lady Berkeley of £300 Jeffereys, during his short administration, put an end to the Indiar After the death of Charles I., some royalist noblemen obtain. ed a grant of the territory between the Potomac and Rappahannock, known as the North Neck, for the purpose of affording a refuge to their adherents. This right was afterwards sold to Lords Culpepper and Arlington. The colonists remonstrated against it, as a violatior. of their charter; but Charles confirmed it by the appointing of Culpepper governor for life. He was avaricious and despotic; and the office finally reverted to the crown. The colony remained in rathe an unsettled state until 1692, when its management was conferred on Sir Edmund Andros. He seems to have conducted himself, during the six years of his administration, with prudence and ability. His successor, Nicholson, having formed a scheme of uniting the settlements into a union for mutual defence, which displeased the Assembly, was deposed, and the government given to the Earl of Orkney, who held it as a sinecure thirty-six years.

war.

Virginia, from this period till the peace of 1763, enjoyed an almost uninterrupted prosperity. She was engaged in military operations against the French and their Indian allies; but as these were common to the whole range of states, we prefer to make them, with some other matters, the subject of a general chapter.

IRGINIA, under the second charter, was extended so as to embrace in its area the whole of the present state of Maryland. In the territory around Chesapeake Bay a valuable trade was carried on with the Indians, principally by William Clayborne, a surveyor of the Virginia Company, and member of the council. Under direct license from the crown, he built a number of establishments on the bay, the proceeds of which were highly beneficial to the colony.

This profitable trade was interrupted by the grant of a charter to Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, for the land extending from the Potomac to the fortieth degree of north latitude, to be called Maryland, in honour of the queen. Sir George, having died before the grant was fully made out, was succeeded by his son Cecil, who immediately devoted all his exertions for the good of the future

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colony. The expenses from his own funds amounted to £20,000, and an equal sum was raised among his friends. Warned by Virginian disasters, he avoided, from the first, all chimerical projects, and placed his establishment entirely on an agricultural basis. Every one who carried out five persons, male or female, paying their expenses, (about £20,) was to receive a thousand acres. Those defraying their own charges got a hundred acres for themselves, and the same for every adult member of their family; for children under six years, fifty acres. The rent was two shillings for each one hundred acres.

In November, 1633, Leonard Calvert set sail with the first emigrants, consisting of about two hundred persons, including a son of Sir Thomas Gerard, one of Sir Thomas Wiseman, and two of Lady Wintour. In February, he touched at Point Comfort, in Virginia, where his arrival was by no means acceptable; nevertheless, Sir John Harvey, in obedience to the express orders of Charles, gave him a courteous reception. Early in March, he entered the Potomac, to the Indians on the shores of which the sight of so large a vessel was quite new, and caused the utmost astonishment. The report was, that a canoe was approaching as big as an island, with men standing in it as thick as trees in a forest; and they thought with amazement how enormous must have been the trunk out of which it had been hollowed. A piece of ordnance, resounding for the first time on the shores of this mighty river, caused the whole country to tremble. The intercourse, however, appears to have been judiciously conducted, and was, on the whole, very amicable. Calvert sailed up to Piscataqua, an Indian settlement nearly opposite the present site of Mount Vernon, where the chief received him with kindness, saying, "he would not bid him go, neither would he bid him stay; he might use his own discretion." On reflection, he considered the place too far up the river, and, therefore, the vessel was moved down to a tributary named then St. Georges, now St. Mary's. Ascending it four leagues, he came to a considerable Indian town, named Yoacomoco; and, being hospitably received, as well as pleased with the situation, he determined to fix his colony there. The werowanne accepted an invitation on board, and Sir John Harvey having just arrived from Virginia, the chief was led down to the cabin, and seated at dinner between the two governors. An alarm having spread among the people on shore, that he was detained as a prisoner, they made the banks echo with shouts of alarm; the Indian attendants durst not go to them, but when he

himself appeared on deck, they were satisfied. He became so much attached to the English, as to declare, that if they should kill him, he would not wish his death avenged, being sure that he must have deserved his fate.

Amid these dispositions, it was not difficult to negotiate the formation of a settlement. For hatchets, hoes, knives, cloth, and other articles of probably very small original cost, the strangers not only obtained a large tract of land, but were allowed by the inhabitants to occupy immediately one half of their village, with the corn growing adjacent to it, and, at the end of harvest, were to receive the whole. Thus the English were at once comfortably established, without those severe hardships which usually attend an infant settlement.

The colony thus commenced enjoyed privileges to which Virginia had been a stranger. Her charter secured the great privilege of perfect freedom of opinion in religious matters, the right of suffrage, the appointment of officers by the crown, and a permanent exemption from all royal taxation.

N 1635, the Assembly met at St. Mary's; but the record of their proceedings is now lost. Immediately after, Clayborne refused to submit to Calvert's government, and at length appeared in arms to maintain the right of possession in his territory. A skirmish occurred in May, in which a few on each side were killed, and Clayborne's party taken prison

Their leader fled to Virginia, and, on being demanded by the Maryland Assembly, was sent to England for trial. The Assembly seized his lands and declared him a traitor. Clayborne appealed to the crown, but, after a full hearing, the case was decided against him, and his estates reverted to Lord Baltimore.

These difficulties were scarcely suppressed, when others, little less formidable, occurred with the Indians. These increased to such an alarming extent, that, in 1642, all the neighbouring tribes were arrayed against the colony. The disgusting scenes attendant on savage warfare continued until 1644, when they were happily terminated by a treaty, the conditions of which, and some acts of Assembly immediately following, seem to prove that the evil had arisen entirely from the interested proceedings of individuals. The prohibition of kidnapping the Indians, and of selling arms to them, show the existence of these culpable practices. This peace was of long duration, and the Maryland government seems, on the whole, to have acted more laudably towards the red men than any other, except that of Penn.

In 1645, Clayborne returned to Maryland, raised a rebellion, and drove the governor into Virginia. A period of disorder ensued until the summer of 1646, when the government was restored. A season of prosperity followed until 1650, when still further security was given to political freedom, by dividing the Assembly into two houses, composed of the governor and council in one, and the burgesses elected by the people in the other.

The suppression of royalty in England seems to have acted unfavourably to Maryland. The parliament sent a number of commissioners to reduce the territory to obedience; among these was Clayborne. Governor Stone was twice removed. The great religious sects organized themselves into parties, and a proscription was