II. The development of religious liberty. A. The Reformation. B. Varieties of Protestant sects, from state churches to individualistic sects. C. The Religious Wars, and toleration. III. Absolute monarchy. A. Dynastic states. B. Dynastic wars and the balance of power. IV. The development of democracy. A. The dynastic feudal state (Ancien Régime). Higher clergy and state churches. The army command (younger sons of the nobility). The schools (education for privileged classes only). B. The revolutionary elements. 1. The dissatisfied feudal serf. 2. The intellectuals, rationalists, political theorists. The "social compact." . . Popular sover eignty. 3. Religious dissenters. 4. Industrial elements. a. The Industrial Revolution. Resulting in exportation, markets, and laissez-faire doctrines. b. The bourgeoisie (employers). . The Third Estate. c. The proletariat.. Unorganized labor ele ments. C. The Revolutionary Period, 1789-1800. 1. Triumph of bourgeoisie over feudal aristoc racy in France, 1789-1791. Limited monarchy. Mirabeau. 2. Increasing influence and rise to control of France of the Parisian proletariat. The Republic.. The Terror. . Robespierre. 3. Radiation of revolutionary ideas to other nations. 4. Wars between revolutionary France and monarchical Europe. The rise of Napoleon. D. The decline of the revolutionary elements, 18001815. 1. France converted from a republic to an empire by Napoleon. 2. The Napoleonic Wars. a. Reveal Napoleon's dynastic ambition. c. Result in the defeat of Napoleon and the E. The fruits of the principle of popular sovereignty during the 19th century (chronologically England and France lead the other countries in most of these developments).1 1. Constitutions, embodying ever-increasing popular rights and powers. 2. Extension of suffrage. Political parties and party politics. 3. The spirit of nationality. Independence of Greece and Belgium. 1 This summary of the consequences of the doctrines of democracy is allowed to break into the topical development of the outline, as it gives a sort of general introduction to tendencies since 1815. It will not escape the teacher that he could treat history since 1815 by taking up in order the topics given under this heading. 4. Class consciousness and strife. Feudal aristocratic class-leans toward absolute monarchy. 5. Abolition of feudal forms and tenures. Fight on great landlords. Encouragement of independent farmers. Emancipation and protection of peasants: 6. Social, socialistic, and humanitarian legislation. Factory acts, minimum wage laws, industrial insurance, old age insurance, labor exchanges, child labor laws, prison reform acts, revision of penal codes, abolition of slavery and slave trade, government control or ownership of railways, telephones, telegraph, and mails. 7. Opposition to state or national churches. Disestablishment agitations. . Separation of church and state. 8. Demand for free public schools to replace church or other private schools. State lay schools in England. . Suppression of teaching orders in France.. Kulturkampf in Germany.. Expulsion of Jesuits. . Tendency toward compulsory non-sectarian education. 9. Imperialism. Industrial societies depend on imports, ex ports, and markets as means of keeping labor employed and people prosperous. This means export of capital, hence, plans for colonies, closed doors, preferential markets, and demands for the protection of citizens abroad and political stability in backward areas. Partition of Africa, Asia, and Near East. 10. Militarism. Expansion and colonial acquisition by one country exclude another, thus unsettling the balance of power. Therefore rival nations depend on force and go in for military and naval programs. F. The conflict between reactionary and bourgeois interests, 1815-1848. 1. Reactionary elements in control - opposed to democracy and revolutionary doctrines. a. Restore Europe as nearly as possible on old lines at Vienna, 1815. Ignore liberal tendencies and national sentiments. b. Seek to maintain status quo. Metternich.. Holy Alliance. Carlsbad Decrees. . Congresses of Trop- Proposal to restore Latin America to Opposed by Great Britain in compliance Monroe Doctrine. c. Failed to prevent: Greek revolution and independence (national movement). Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands (national). Revival of liberal demands in various quarters, producing the revolution of 1830 in France and elsewhere. 2. The ascendancy of the bourgeoisie, 18301848. a. Industrialism on the continent. b. The bourgeois (capitalist employer) secures political power to advance his in terests. Revolution of 1830. Reform bill of 1832. Legislation against labor organizations and for tariffs favoring trade. c. The development of organized labor and Legislation hostile to labor. Chartism. d. The Revolution of 1848. Socialist republican state in France, 1848. The winning of constitutions in Prussia, Austria, and elsewhere-breach in the walls of reaction. G. The broadening base of democracy, 1848-1914. 1. The organization of labor. 2. The spread of socialistic views and of class 3. The resistance of the old aristocratic class |