and growing evils of lotteries, which are carried on to and it is with much regret that he perceives that some of an extent beyond the calculation of those who have not the young gentlemen, under instruction there, are repaid particular attention to the subject. From the ex-gardless of correct deportment, and of their own interest; amination the jury have been able to make, they find while many are found to regard the regulations made for that from the 12th August last to the 10th of November their government, and are pursuing their studies with a inst. fourteen lotteries have been drawn, viz: correctness of deportment, and with a diligence which Three, with 124,000, tickets, at $5, scheme afforded presage of future honor to themselves and useprice, fulness to the country, there are a few who appear to be Eleven, with $76,000, tickets; at $4, scheme insensible to the object for which they have been placed price, 1,504,000 there. 500,000 $0,620,000 The young gentlemen at the institution, are proteges of the government; educated in the hope and expectation that hereafter their country may be requited for the pa ternal care, evinced towards them. Their parents and guardians, too, take a lively interest in their welfare and Of what avail will be the most active efforts to success. render them useful and valuable men, if they disregard $2,124,000 As lotteries are drawn once in every week, by this ratio there would be for the year 52 lotteries drawn, with about 1,857,000 tickets, amounting to about nine million two hundred and seventy thousand dollars. The deduction of 15 per cent. on this sum is $1,390,000. The usual profit of the vender over the scheme price is one dollar for each ticket, being 1,857,000. As there is much apparent mystery in drawing lotteries, the grand jury are not able to state with precision, the amount of money paid weekly or yearly for tickets in this city, nor the profits that are realized by those who are engaged in selling them, or in drawing the lotteries. The calcuThe semi-annual examination is rapidly approaching, lations above rest upon the fact contained in the schemes as published. If they are defective, it must be shown by when the conduct and the proficiency of the cadets will those immediately interested in them. Enough may be be critically looked into. If it shall appear that any, acıascertained upon either gound, to show that lotteries, asing in disregard of their interest, have neglected their now managed, are an evil of the most alarming nature, studies, the academic board must, and will recommend alt both in moral and pecuniary point of view. It is per- such for dismissal; and, however, painful to his feelings fectly obvious that no tax of a quarter of the amount that it may be, a sense of duty will constrain the sceretary of war to confirm its recommendation. This being the is paid for lottery tickets in this city, from year to year, and lost or worse than lost, could be levied upon the in-case, they will be thrown back into the world, and upon habitants at large, without producing the most serious their own resources. As a friend, the secretary of war uneasiness, if not disturbances. But the losses by lot-feels it to be a duty incumbent upon him, to warn the tery tickets, fall upon but comparitively few, and most of young gentlemen of the military academy, in time, that these few are of a class which can ill afford to endure they may be guarded against the possibility of being plac them-and their effect upon morals, are too obvious to ed in so unpleasant a predicament. be questioned. They create a spirit of gambling, which is productive of idleness, vicious pursuits and habits, which lead to the ruin of credit and character, and frequently to other crimes. The grand jury are perfectly aware that there is no power vested in the common council to correct, or even to regulate this alarming evil; but they call upon them as the guardians of this community, to take the subject into their serious consideration, and to draft some law, to be presented to the legislature at their next session, to be adopted by them, to relieve the citizens of the immense amount of tax paid by the inhabitants, and to put an end to the innumerable train of evils, which flow from MILLITARY ACADEMY. The inspector of the military academy in the execution of his duty, in reference to that institution, regularly submits to the secretary of war, for his inspection and observation, the official reports which are forwarded to the engineer department by the superintendent of the military academy, and upon the reports for the last four months, being presented and duly examined by him, he has thought proper to make the following remarks; which are published for the information of the cadets. Department of war, November 9th, 1830. "The secretary of war, since his return to the department, has carefully examined the merits and class reports of the military academy, for the last four months, If dismissed, strong and satisfactory reasons will be required to obtain a restoration. None need calculate on being signalized for fayor, for it cannot be extended. The worthy and industrious cadets must be separated from the vicious and the idle; their interests, and the interests of the country, require and demand it. If to this timely, friendly admonition, and to the pa J. H. EATON. FOURTH SERIES. No. 15-VOL. III.] BALTIMORE, DEC. 4, 1830. [VOL. XXXIX. WHOLE No. 1003. THE PAST-THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE. EDITED, PRINTED and PUBLISHED BY H. NILes, at $5 per ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. "POLITICS FOR FARMERS." This favored essay, ac We have been compelled at least to postpone, an unusual quantity of matter this week-and, as con- cording to some rough memorandums which I have kept gress will be in session on Monday, we shall continue has, probably, passed through not less than ninety much pressed for room. But some space will be obtain- thousand impressions, which great number is still raed by extra sheets; which we are always ready to give, pidly increasing." I am, indeed, grateful for the kindwhen feeling an ability to encounter the cost of them. ness that has been extended towards it-which has caused It was only a day or two since that we received a copy a resolution to revise and enlarge it a little, by the adof Mr. Burgess' address to the American Institute, at dition of a few more facts-follow it by a like essay to New York, which we had the pleasure of bearing de- be called "Politics for mechanics," in which manufactulivered. We had intended to have given it a prompt in-rers will be included--and, by an article of about the same sertion, by means of an extra sheet-but must now post-length as the first, to shew the intimate and important pone the intention, because of the press of current matter incidental to the meeting of congress. The reports from the different departments, &c. we think, will be longer than usual, as well as highly interesting to the public. There was a grand celebration at New York on the 26th ult. (postponed from the 25th, because of the great inclemency of the weather), in honor of the late revolution in France. It is said that about 30,000 persons were in the procession. Some of the trades made a beautiful show. A vast multitude of persons attended from places adjacent, to behold the spectacle and partake in the good feelings that prevailed on the occasion. relation which exists between all the different branches of industry, as applicable to the national prosperity, in the "circulation of values”——and print the whole in a neat pamphlet, which those interested may place upon their mantle-pieces, or work-benches, to read at their leisure. But without a view to personal profit. My old and valued friend, the editor of the "Steubenville Herald," in reference to the essay above named, has noticed it, and myself, in a manner that I may not speak of-except heartily to thank him for his generous proposition in my behalf; and it is the more agreeable, because that it comes from Mr. Wilson-an old and faithful fellow-laborer in the same general cause, of about twenty-five years standing. We now, with great respect, and more than usual diffidence, present to the consideration of our Mr. Rush, late secretary of the treasury, in reply to a HOME TRADE. We have an admirable letter from readers, the essay as promised in our last number, on the circulation of values. It has cost us more time, re- compliment paid him by the proprietors of a line of flection and labor, than any such article that we ever pre-R. I. who have called one just launched the "Richard packets running between Philadelphia and Providence, pared-not because of difficulty in comprehending the Rush." In their note to him they state, that sixteen various parts of the widely extending and exceedingly important subject, but in gathering, arranging and con-years ago only, their business between those places did densing, and bringing into something like a regular not fully employ a sloop of 37 tons, making one trip in shape, the thousands of things, (literally speaking), of 70 tons, in the trade, so arranged that one departs from two months-that they now have six staunch schooners which pressed themselves upon us, as if demanding attention. There is no mystery in the things themselves, each port every week, with full freights both ways-and and we are habituated to compositions of this sort-but they suppose that the property annually transported by our intellect is too obtuse to grapple the various and them is worth $1,500,000, which they attribute to the mighty points presented, at once-and prepare and sim-progress of manufactures in Rhode Island, and the plify them for general use. But the most unpleasant part of such labor is, that, when a subject which has not been often and familiarly discussed, the writer does not know how far he ought to proceed in thinking for his readers, or what may best be lett to their own reflections. Hence there is always danger of repetition or tediousness-or of obscurity. We have exerted ourselves to avoid either; but the length of the essay, it is apprehended, will prevent some from honoring it with an examination, though generally zealous to investigate the principles exposed: still we believe that, in justice to those principles, in their numerous operations on persons and things, we may not rightfully reduce its dimensions. If, however, we have succeeded in plainly setting forth the true causes of prosperity, or the reasons of adversity, we shall rejoice that our labor has not been in vain. An earnest and deep reflection on the circulation of values, we think, is about the most interesting of all others pertaining to the comfort of societies, or wealth of nations; and it should come home to the heart of every freeman, for there are none so rich, none so poor (unless actual paupers living on the labor of others), who have not an immediate stake in the operations reter ed to. great developement of the mineral and agricultural products of Pennsylvania. These facts afforded Mr. Rush an opportunity, or rather invited him, to speak of the benefits of the system that we support, and he has spoken, indeed, with power. If we had received a copy of his letter before our own long article was in type-we should preferred its insertion, in the present number; but will give it a place as soon as we consistently can. JUDGE SMITH, OF S. C. The address of this senaor from South Carolina, to the people of that state, several accounts, it required a publication and record is presented in the following pages-believing that, on from us. Judge Smith is severely against the "American System," and we are willing that all should hear what he has to say against it--but he is also opposed to nullification, and the ambitious views of certain men, who would drown the whole world, with another deluge, they could, like old Noah and his family, find whence they might spread a dominion. an ark to bear them safely to some high place--from of A strong attempt will be made against the re-election judge Smith-as the following extracts from the Columbia Times will shew. The re-election of judge Smith will prostrate South With these prefatory remarks, we submit our essay Carolina in the dust. It will be a ratification of the ulto the public judgment, only requesting that the facts tra-submission doctrines of his late address; and any stated, or suggestions offered, may be considered before further effort to induce the belief that our state will rejected, if such must be the fate of some of them-now, or ever resist the aggressions of the general goin the minds, at least, of those who regard the fo- vernment, will not only be useless, but utterly ridicu reign trade of a country as the summum bonum of na-lous. There will be no course of resistance left but by tional prosperity-whieh, as we believe, must be chiefly respected, even in its most flourishing condition, only as an agent in the production of profits at home. VOL. XXXIX-No. 16. * Without any agency on my part, except in publisk ing the original essay in the REGISTER. BLOOD. Every measure, short of one leading directly | penny-weights of gold in 110 bushels of earth, one half of which was obtained from six bushels only. The whole was found in a vein about fifteen feet below the surface. This is the most extraordinary product that we have heard of yet, and from the manner in which it was communicated to us, we have no doubt as to the correctness of the statement. The whole amount of 2,540 dwts. was sold in this place last week. {Miners' Jou. to the ultima ratio, will be laughed to scorn, as the empty vapouring of a hacking bully." There are many men who would have as soon believed that the sun would wander from his course, as that judge Smith would have recommended South Carolina to kneel at the foot-stool of the presidential chair, or AGAIN place her interests in the keeping of a faithless corrupt, all-grasping, and omnipotent majority of congress." [So we are to be ruled by an "omnipotent" MINORI TY-a lean, and lank one, of the people of the United States! We fear there is no prospect of the re-election of judge Smith, unless the choice is a little postponed, and then, such men as he is, as to nullification, at least, will come into fashion.] APPOINTMENTS BY THE PRESIDENT. Joseph Friend to be receiver of public moneys for the district of lands subject to sale at Ouachita in the state of Louisiana, vice Henry Bry removed. A large vein of gold, (says the Salisbury Journal), has recently been discovered in the mine belonging to Messrs. Henderson and Wilson, near King's mountain, Lincoln county, the ore from which, we are informed, is worth $3 20 per bushel. A large "particle." We have just received a letter from R. L. Powell, esq. an owner of one of the principal mines in Habersham county, Ga. dated the 4th instant, from which we make the following extract: [Rutherford Spectator. "I will give yon some little idea of the production of the mines in this county. I secured, a few days since, out of the creek, a piece of gold which weighed two Daniel Lane to be collector of the customs for the hundred and twenty-seven penny weights and twentydistrict and inspector of the revenue for the port of Bel-seven grains. I have no doubt in declaring my opinion, fast, in the state of Maine, from the 30th day of Novem ber, when his present commission will expire. John M. M'Calla to be designated collector of internal revenue and direct tax, for the state of Kentucky. that gold is deposited in the same ratio with the magnitude of the stream it is found in. Our attention at present is a little turned to the hills: I think they will be equally profitable." CIRCULATION OF VALUES-OR CAUSES AND EFFECTS. We believe that the Boston banks are discounting promissory notes at 5 per cent. and we see it officially stated LITERARY WORKS. The "Southern Review," published at Charleston, S. C. and the rev. Mr. Flint's "Western Quarterly Review," published at Cincinnati, have both been discontinued for the want of efficient sup-that the Union Bank of Maryland will make loans, on port. pledges of approved stocks, at a less rate than 6 per cent. per annum. The United States three per cent. MAINE. At the second trial, Edward Kavanah, esq. stocks are worth 93 per cent. and the 4 per cents, administration and "anti-tarif," has been elected a though there is a prospect that they will be promply member of congress from Maine. At the regular elec-paid off, obtain a price above par. The rate at which tion in September last, the votes were--for Mr. Kava- the 3 per cents. may be redeemed, as established by act nah 3,021, Moses Shaw 2,954-scattering 405. Now of congress in 1817, is 65 per cent. It is probable that the vote stands for Kavanah 2,048, Shaw 1,599, scatter- the United States, just now, might borrow a vast sum of ing 256. Total in September 6,380-in November money at an interest rather less than 4 per cent. if made 3,903-comparative deficiency of votes 2,337-an irredeemable for a considerable length of time—a delayexhibit of carelessness as to the issue, not very flattered period for payment being preferred to an early one. ing to the patriotism of the people, on either side--or shewing the folly of forcing a majority to agree, by repeated callings of the people to the polls. The representation of Maine in the next congress, stands-1 tariff and 6 anti-tariff. Mighty amounts of money have been vested, during the last ten or fifteen years, in reducing wild lands to the plough-in the enlargement of our cities, towns and vil lages, and in building houses, and making other improvements in almost every part of the country, such as roads, canals, bridges, &c. and yet almost every well-managed bank desires to lend more money than is called for, and capitalists, generally, are much at a loss how to keep their surplus cash in productive employment. SOUTH CAROLINA. The legislature of this state met at Columbia on the 22d ult. Henry L. Pinckney, esq. editor of the Charleston Mercury, was elected speaker of the house of representatives-For Mr. Pinckney 63, In 1805, 1806 and 1807, when the population of the Mr. Dunkin S1, Mr. Speer 26. The Columbia "Times" United States was about 6,300,000, a million of slaves regards this election as a "complete triumph of the con- included, we exported an average annual value of nearly vention party." It seems that Mr. Speer was the de- 44 millions of dollars in domestic products, and 57 mileided anti-convention candidate, and that Mr. Dunkin re- lions in foreign articles, together 101 millions a year. ceived the votes of the moderate men of both parties-In 1828, 1829 and 1830, the population being about unpledged on that subject. It requires two thirds to call a convention, or, according to the vote taken, 80 in the affirmative-so that the result appears uncertain. Very nearly all the members were present. 12,000,000, two millions of slaves included, we shall export an average of about 54 millions in domestic products, and of 18 millions in foreign articles-together 72 millions a year. Had the amount of our exports kept pace with On the 23d, gov. Miller sent his message to both the increase of our population, we should now be sending houses. The parts that relate to subjects of general in-away 80 millions worth of domestic products and 100 milterest, we shall speedily insert. These are severely anti-lions of foreign articles. In the first period of three tariff, decidedly favorable to a convention, and run into years there was much bustle, and we seemed to be mak fullest nullification, saying, "If congress has the right ing a great deal of money; and its interest, on the whole to pass on its own power-so have you"--and that "constitutional protection" [by the state], may be interposed against "unconstitutional exaction," [by congress.] This covers the broadest ground. GOLD. The unexampled richness of a large portion of the southern states, in this precious metal, must, in time, produce a great effect on the condition of our country, whether ultimately for good or evil we leave to the professors of political philosophy to predict. The annexed statements would scarcely be credited, if they were not sustained by authority so respectable. that was variously borrowed, exceeded 9 per cent. for our cities were filled with brokers and shavers. In the second period, every sort of business seems to proceed quietly— and, though the new property of the country, created since 1805, in improved lands, houses, factories, roads, canals, water courses, mines, &c. cannot be of less value thanmillions of dollars, the banks overflow with money, all *We had filled up this blank with 3,000 millions, but prefer to let it pass as it is-in blank. Our numbers have increased since that time in 6,000,000 persons, we are, in all 12 millions. If the acquisitions of new property in 25 Charlotte, N. C. Nov. 22. We have been inforined, years, has only been at the rate of 100 dollars for each perfrom undoubted authority, that at Mrs. H. Harris's mine in son, or no more than 5 or 6 dollars, individually, the Cabarrus county, there was found by Mr. Isaac M'Clel-aggregate would be 1,200 millions. And since 1805, how lan, a few days ago, two thousand five hundred and forty great has been the progress of improvement every where the world is Indebted to us, the exchange on England is owner, and his family, with all things which they need, below par, and the interest, on approved loans, does not or will, or must have-besides new cattle or implements, exceed 41 per cent. The people too, are far better fed, with interest on capital, &c. &c. It is very certain, that clothed and accommodated, in every respect, than they if slaves do not average the production of an annual vawere in 1805-debts are more certainly collected, and ex-lue equal to $100 a year, both themselves and their tensive bankruptcies less frequent. We may as well say, masters must live very poorly. It is such production that the planetary system was organized by chance, as that we call CREATIONS OF VALUE. that these important events are the result of accident. It is then well worth our serious enquiry,—what has caused them? We limit the circulation of values by its creations. Thus-if a farmer in Vermont grows bread-stuffs sufficient for his own use, it is as much a circulation of vaFrom the great comparative decline of our foreign lue as though he sold it in the market, because that his trade, it is certain that we must look at home for these subsistence must be had-and the cost of that subsistacquisitions of value and increased comforts, which a ence passes into the value of the cattle, sheep, poultry, people who have duplicated their number, enjoy.-butter, eggs, or any thing else that he has to dispose of And we easily refer glorious results to the new and pro-including his labor given to other employments. If a fitable employments of the laboring classes-the deve- slave in South Carolina cultivates corn enough to feed lopement of the resources of our country-the new stimu- himself, the value of the corn as certainly passes into lants afforded to industry, by all sorts of internal improve-that of the cotton which he makes, as if his master purments, in opening new markets-in short, because "the chased and paid his own money for the corn. The adconsumer has been placed by the side of the producer," vantage in cultivating corn on a cotton plantation, is simurging onward those vast and rapid exchanges of values,ply in placing the "consumer by the side of the producer" which we shall speak of below. We hear of distress" or, in the better use of labor and time; and herein is in some parts of the United States,-but there is no man- the whole secret that we have to reveal!A new ner of question as to the unrivalled prosperity of the peo-house built, or an old one repaired, at the cost of 1,000 ple in general, and especially of those who, with their dollars for labor and materials required, has so much an own hands, labor; and it is in these that creations of valne amount in the circulation that we allude to-but the sale must be found. The amount of our foreign trade, when of this house, ten times in a year, adds not one cent to in its greatest activity, was a small thing compared with the real value of property gained by its erection or rethese creations of value. Its whole amount-in domestic pair. Such sales, however, are useful in furnishing inor foreign articles, if regarded as profits earned, would ducements to build or repair other houses. The famous allow to each person now in the United States less than 8 carrying trade once enjoyed by the United States, bedollars per annum-or 16 cents a week, for subsistence, cause of the wars of Europe, had an amount in one year clothing, shelter, &c. which cannot have less than an ave- of 60 millions: but the profit or addition to the national rage of $100 a year, for every individual. The foreign wealth, was only in the value of the freights earned, or trade, then, can do but little to sustain the people of the employments derivable therefrom. Had the property exUnited States, whose domestic circulations of value are ported been produced in our country, the whole 60 milmore than one thousand millions of dollars a year, and lions, as well as the profit on freights, would have been must exceed that sum, unless a wide-spread misery pre-added to the public wealth. We shall illustrate this by vails. We beg the reader's attention while we explain this. We think that it is capable of being demonstrated by very simple elements, indeed. a familiar example-premising that the localities made have no effect upon the general concerns of the United States, exchanges of all sorts being reciprocal, or affected only by natural or adventitious circumstances, which cannot be changed, or must be submitted to, until great improvements are made, and extensive alterations in habits accomplished. changes of goods in Baltimore, he cannot-because of the cost or difficulty of transportations home. But when 100 barrels of flour, made at our own mills, from wheat grown in Mary land, reaches the market at Baltimore, the whole value is thrown into the business or wealth of the people of Maryland, and has an endless variety of circulation-to mechanics, manufacturers and laborers, indefinitely. This latter value is turned among us, perhaps, 15 or 20 times in a year, perpetually assuming new shapes, as we shall see below, and benefitting all classes of the people. The former value promptly goes where it ultimately should-being the place of its creation; but without being "turned" for our advantage, except in the small things stated. By the circulation of values we mean all the new productions of labor, for the subsistence and comfort, necessity or luxury, of man; such, as, the products of our fields, forests, mines, minerals and earths, and the ultimate values given to them by labor of every description Say,-100 barrels of flour descend the upper Susque-the building of new houses and the repair of old ones, hannah and arrive at Baltimore. Maryland is enriched so of ships or other vessels, machinery, implements by this proceeding only in the amount of the freights and tools; in short, in the doing of any thing needful, carried by her own people, in the drayage, cooperage, useful, or in demand. It embraces as well the labor of storage and merchant's commission on sales.-The whole a poor woman employed at the washing-tub, as that of a proceeds, less these charges, are paid to the owner of man engaged in the growing of wheat, cotton, or tobacco the flour, and he carries off the money to cast it into the of the person who mends a tin-sauce-pan, as of anocirculation of Pennsylvania or New York, wherein its ther employed in building a ship of the line-the grow-value was created-for, if it be his wish to make exers of cranberries, as well as the breeders of cattle, horses and sheep, or slaves. It is impossible, that these new values should be worth less than a thousand millions a year. Take a case in which, perhaps, there is the lowest average rate of production, that of a plantation on which there are fifty slaves, who have but few labor-saving machines to assist in their operations.At $100 per head-(which would give an annually produced value of 1,200 millions to all the persons of the United States), the entire aggregate would be only 5,000 dollars, to subsist and clothe, and shelter and protect the slaves, by medical aid or otherwise, and supply their -how many millions of acres of new lands have been brought into cultivation in certain parts of the old states, and in the establishment of several new states, now teeming with busy men-how many hundreds of thousands of houses bave been built, how many, theretofore, almost useless water courses and falls, mines and minerals, been brought into action! The ever rapidly changing character of our country, renders it exceedingly difficult to make any estimate as to the value of the new property created, or obtained-but, upon a close investigation, we should not be surprised if an amount between 5,000 and 6,000 millions was rendered probable as the new acquisition since 1805. The increased value in slaves only, is 200 millions, simply because of their increased number, without at all regarding the new values given to lands, e. by their labor, which is in a much greater amount. We hope that, with these presentations of principles, we have succeeded in making ourselves understood as to the creation and circulation of values-or, in other words, in shewing the relation between producers and consumers, on which prosperity depends. And the more intimate the connection is between these, so far is the real independence of a people established. We have oftentimes said, and can hardly repeat it too often, that it is the home-trade of a country which insures the nation's wealth. Is it not manifest that a farmer and his family, supplying themselves with all that necessity requires,-and, limiting their wishes for comforts or luxuries by the means present to obtain them, must enjoy a saucy independence? They do not waltz in spangled shoes nor ride in coaches, but they have no care for constables, or sheriffs, or marshals! They "fear God, and pay every man one hundred cents to the dollar," of their just debts, and are a "chosen people," Though liberty have no other abiding place, she will find a home in their bosoms-and, cherished and nursed, she will from thence ever spread her wings "for the healing of nations." "Princes and peers may flourish or may fade," but a "virtuous populace" is the parent and the shield of independence. England could far better "throw overboard" all her princes, and her nobles and government-bishops and priests, than even her spinning jen-. nies and power-looms-much as the latter have been laughed at by the tobacco-growing "philosopher" of Roanoke. Nay,-sueh "Corinthian pillars" of society would fall of themselves, were such supporters of their burthen on the earth withdrawn. 42,872,655 We regard the two last, in the amount stated, as added since 1805 to the agricultural productions of the south, and as fairly passing into the means of the planters, as foreign countries. The effect is precisely the same. 1805 1807 Flour-bls. Beef and pork-bla 777,513 1806 782,724 1,249,819 8)2,810,056 183,457 153,696 123,458 460,609 153,536 We claim for the United States generally, an unrivall-though their additional quantities had been exported to ed degree of solid prosperity: but hear of "oppresion," and "poverty" in certain parts of the south, Admitting, for the sake of the argument, that these things exist let us endeavor to ascertain the causes of them, that the one may be insured and the other removed. To us it is as certain, that the causes are local, or special—and have only a small, if any, relation, one to another, of an irremediable character; and not at all dependent upon the laws of the general government, which, being equal in their principle, would bear equally upon all in their practice if all are equally zealous to profit by the good that is in them. "It is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings." We pray to Hercules for help, without putting our own shoulder to the wheel, and must stick in the mud,-for Hercules will not help the lazy and the careless. The actual condition of all nations, or divisions of a people, shew that it is the productions of combined labor which render them prosperous, or the want of such combination that makes them poor. And, though agriculture is the parent of all value, a purely agricultural people never has been, nor will be, the richest-the best fed, best clothed and best accommodated, because of the want of rapid exchanges of value. We see how it is that the British nurse their West India islands, by extra duties imposed on like productions even from their own East India colonies,—and yet capital vested in the sugar plantations of the islands named, does not yield three per cent. profit. The planters of Louisiana receive a less degree of encouragement, and yet make a good interest on their capital, because consumers and producers are subject to the same general laws-and the market of the latter is at home. It is in full proof, that the demand for the agricultural products of the southern states, has mightily increased-and at a much greater ratio than that of the population,-while it is equally certain, that every article which the people must of necessity purchase, or, to gratify desire, will have, has been materially reduced in price. These facts admitted, and they must and shall be, FOR THEY ARE TRUE,-why is this complaint of "oppression" and "distress" so loudly and piteously raised? And how happens it, that with a greatly reduced foreign demand for their products, as compared with their population, the people of other states are rapidly increasing their wealth, and powerfully adding to the effective force of the United States? We shall see. There must be causes for these things. The chief articles of export from the south was as follows-in the years stated. Average 936,685 837,385 110,639 In 1829 So much as to the quantities of these leading articles. There is an important decrease in each, notwithstanding the mightily increased numbers of the persons interested in their production, But further-the following shews the values exported in the years given, being all the chief articles supplied for the foreign market by the states not southern-except that some small part of certain of the values is derived from the south, such as flour from Virginia and lumber from North Carolina, &e. Value, in dollars, of articles exported in the years stated. of Flour. Animals. The forest. The fisheries. 1805 8,325,000 4,141,000 5,261,000 2,844,000 1806 6,867,000 3,274,000 4,861,000 3,116,000 10,753,000 3,086,000 5,476,000 2,804,000 25,945,000 10,501,000 15,598,000 8,764,000 5)8,648,300 3,500,300 5,199,500 2,921,300 Average values. 1805-6-7 8,648,300 3,500,00 5,199,300 2,921,500 20,269,200 Values-1829 5,793,651 2,563,291 3,040,856 1,817,109 13,214,907 1805 1806 1807 A decline from twenty to thirteen millions, though the people interested have more than doubled their numbers. We shall soon apply the figures thus obtained. The dimunition of the foreign exports of the eastern, northern and western states, has been partly caused by the increased production of sugar in Louisiana--which has also bad a most important and beneficial effect on the price of other southern articles, by diverting a vast quantity of labor from their production. Our trade with Cuba, the most valuable of all to the people of the graingrowing states, has been materially affected by it. The old saying, that those "who cannot sell cannot buy," is just as valid at Havana, as at Columbia, where Dr. Cooper |