Take a plate of glass or a piece of card and bore eight holes through it, as in Fig. 12, and wind a corkscrew of wire in and out; then lay a little bit of thin, soft iron down the middle. We see by the lines of force, when the current is passed, that the iron becomes a strong of the magnet is. Let it run up through the magnet. The "field" we obtain (Fig. 11) shows us neither the rays of the magnet nor the circles of the current, but a set of beautiful spirals unwinding from a common centre. What kind of motion can we deduce from this remarkable figure? If the branches of the spiral could shorten themselves | magnet, but that the wires at the same time are mag NOTES WE notice with regret the death, at the age of sixty-eight, of Mr. James M'Nab, the well-known curator of the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. Mr. M'Nab's father was also curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, where the son was trained. In 1834 Mr. M'Nab paid a visit to the United States and Canada, the fruits of which appeared in a variety of contribu tions, descriptive of the more interesting plants found during the journey, in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 1835, and in the Transactions of that period of the Edinburgh Botanical Society. On the death of his father, in December, 1848, after IT is with sincere regret that we have to announce the thirty-eight years' superintendence of the Botanic Garden, r death, on the 21st inst., at his house in Brighton, of Mr. George Dawson Rowley, the projector of, and principal contributor to, the Ornithological Miscellany, which he published at his own very considerable cost, and author of several papers on ornithological and archæological subjects. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1846, he was the companion, both at school and at the University, of the late John Wolley, whose early passion for natural history he shared. In Mr. Rowley, however, the taste for a time gave way to antiquarian studies, and did not return, at any rate very strongly, until some years afterwards, when he had married and was settled at Brighton, where, notwithstanding the dictum of Mr. Ruskin that "no English gentleman has ever thought of birds except as flying targets or flavorous dishes," he became, so far as the opportunities of the place allowed, a very watchful observer of all that was passing in the feathered world, while in the spring he yearly repaired to his father's estate at St. Neot's in Huntingdonshire, the better to study the habits of birds in the breeding-season. He also began to form a collection of ornithological specimens of singular value, sparing no cost or trouble in the acquisition of objects of rarity or peculiar interest, and the treasures thus amassed finally became very numerous. The design of his Ornithological Miscellany seems to have chiefly been to illustrate this "Rarity Chamber". for so, after the example set by old Rumphius, it might well be called-a considerable number if not most of the specimens therein figured or described being his own possessions. Yet he willingly accorded room in its pages to worthy contributors, among whom may be mentioned Mr. Dresser, Dr. Finsch, Messrs. Salvin, Sclater, Seebohm and Sharpe, and Lord Tweed- | dale, and his printing a translation of Prjevalsky's 's important work on the birds of Turkestan, published in Russian, with copies of the plates, was a real boon to those ignorant of that language. Besides this he often wandered into the by-ways of ornithology, which frequently possess a curious kind of interest, and he gave views of many places remarkable for the birds which frequent them. Never did the contents of a work better justify its title, for anything more miscellaneous than they are cannot well be imagined. Failing health, as he himself only a few months ago stated in his concluding remarks, brought it to an end far sooner than he had intended. Setting aside the scientific value of some of the papers, the beautiful plates by which nearly all are illustrated make its cessation a loss to ornithologists; and those who knew that Mr. Rowley had for a long time been gathering information bearing on the history of the extinct Gare-fowl (Alca impennis) had hoped that some result of his labours in this respect would one day make its appearance. But this was not to be. More than a year ago a violent hæmorrhage of the lungs gave warning of serious danger, and the attack was only too quickly followed by others of a like nature, under which he sank, in his fifty-seventh year, dying, by a singular coincidence, on the very same day as his father, who had long been an invalid. M'Nab was promoted by Regius Professor (Dr. Balfour) to the responsible post thus vacated. The extent of the Garden at that time was not more than fourteen imperial acres. Ten years later, however, two acres were added on the west side, which were laid out and planted by Mr. M'Nab, under the superintendence of Prof. Balfour. After the lapse of five more years the Experimental Garden, extending to ten acres, was thrown into the Botanic Garden, and planted with conifers and other kinds of evergreens. On a portion of the ground so acquired a Rock Garden was, on the suggestion of Mr. M'Nab, begun towards the end of 1860. The Rockery has now upwards of 5,442 "compartments" for the cultivation of Alpine and dwarf herbaceous plants, and is yearly being added to; while of late years portions of the southern slopes have been set apart for the rearing of bulbous and other plants, whose roots require to be well ripened before flowering. Mr. M'Nab was a frequent contributor to horticultural and other magazines, his writings including papers, not only on botanical subjects, but on vegetable climatology, landscape gardening, and arboriculture. One of the original members of the Edinburgh Botanical Society, founded in 1836, he was a voluminous writer in its Transactions; and in 1872 he was elected to the presidency of the society a position rarely held by a practical gardener. In November of the following year Mr. M'Nab delivered his presidential address on "The Effects of Climate during the last Half-Century with Reference to the Cultivation of Plants in the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh and elsewhere in Scotland," a paper which excited a good deal of discussion at the time, the writer having adduced facts with the view of showing that a change in our climate had taken place during the period in question. Mr. M'Nab also contributed to the Society a monthly report on thermometrical readings and progress of open-air vegetation in the Botanic Garden, which was highly valued, alike by horticulturists and meteorologists, for the practical information it conveyed. Prof. M'Nab, of the Royal College of Science, Dublin, is a son of the late Mr. M'Nab. On Friday a meeting of the local executive of the British Association was held at Sheffield to appoint committees to make the necessary preparations for the visit which commences on August 20 next year. The Master Cutler (Mr. W. H. Brittain) presided. It was stated that the guarantee fund now amounted to 3,338%., and would eventually reach 5,000%. The Association, however, do not wish the expenses to exceed 1,500/., or they fear that the expense of entertaining the Association will deter other towns from sending invitations. It is expected that at least 1,500 members and associates will attend the sittings. The necessary committees were appointed, and Mr. J. E. Н. Gordon, who was present representing the Association, thanked the people of Sheffield for the splendid preparations they were making for the reception of the Association and for the hospitality which was already offered. M. BARDOUX has appointed a great commission for the reorganisation of the Museum of Natural History of Paris. This famous institution is almost entirely deserted by students. The report describes all the transformations the Jardin des Plantes has undergone since it was taken out of the hands of the king's physician and entrusted to the care of a special director. ALTHOUGH we are aware that the columns of NATURE are studied by a considerable number of readers in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, it is with some pleasure that we find an extract, however incorrect, from one of our articles ("On Cleopatra's Needle and the Wind Pressure"), inserted in the Bolton Evening News. Before "A Constant Reader" (we presume of the Evening News) took the trouble to multiply out the supposed 80 lbs. to the square inch, obtaining the somewhat alarming result of 11,520 lbs. to the square foot for a wind pressure, it might have allayed his fears concerning his own integrity and that of the Manchester houses, if he had consulted the original article. THE Dundee Naturalists' Society have just obtained possession of a very fine specimen of Pterygotus anglicus, which was found at Carmyllie Quarries some months ago, and has now been presented to the Society by Messrs. Duncan, Falconer, and Co., the lessees of the quarries. Only fragments of this animal have hitherto been found, and its general appearance has been shown by what are known as restorations; but the correctness of these has been doubted by many palæontologists. This specimen, which is on a slab of the well-known Carmyllie pavement, has from head to tail the segmental plates all intact, with the exception of about an inch of the telson, which is wanting. The length of the fossil is 4 feet 2 inches, and its widest segment 15 inches. The carapace or head plate measures 10 inches by 8, and the telson or terminal plate 8 inches by 7. The abdominal aspect is presented, and the curious arrow-shaped plate, "epistoma," is distinctly shown attached to the middle of the second abdominal segment. In many attempted restorations this plate is figured on the under side of the anterior portion of the carapace. THE rich collection of insects of Dr. Moritz Isenschmied is bequeathed to the Natural History Museum of Bern, together with a sum of 3,2007, for the entomological part of the museum. A SCIENTIFIC society has been formed at Berlin under the title " Freie Akademie, wissenschaftlicher Centralverein," with the object of propagating scientific knowledge in wider circles by means of lectures. The new society will begin its work in January, 1879. Herr Eberty, the syndic of Berlin, and Dr. Max Hirsch are its directors, and the number of members is rapidly increasing. AT the instigation of the "Society for the History of the Lake of Constance and its Surroundings," the King of Würtemberg has requested the Statistical and Topographical Office of Stuttgart to undertake a complete investigation of the lake in question. It appears that the various depths of the different parts of the lake have not been measured since 1826. The new investigation will doubtless yield a number of highly interesting data. An excellent geological map of Germany has just been published by the Photolithographic Institute of F. Graaz at Leipzig. It is drawn by Prof. Hirschwald, of Berlin, after the relief of C. Raoz, and is specially intended for use at geological lectures. THE Times of yesterday contains an account of Dr. Schliemann's further excavations on the site of Troy, the account being evidently condensed from several letters of the enthusiastic explorer. All Dr. Schliemann's previous conclusions seem to be confirmed, and his already large collections have been greatly added to. Fortunately for his sceptical critics, some of his discoveries have been made in the presence of several British naval officers stationed at Besika Bay. Among other things he has found a steel dagger, the first iron object found on the site, but perhaps the most curious find are "the billions" of shells of cockles and mussels "found in all the strata of the prehistoric débris," and said to be no longer found on the shores of the Hellespont and Ægean. At some excavations recently made at Heidelberg a Roman well and several milestones were discovered, the inscriptions upon the latter giving interesting details regarding the old Roman colony on the banks of the Neckar. MR. A. R. WALLACE has reprinted from the Fortnightly Review his valuable paper "On Epping Forest and how best to deal with it." It proves how well qualified Mr. Wallace is to have the care of what remains of the once extensive forest. MR. DE WALL, the Polytechnic Review states, has observed that when two electric sparks are simultaneously produced at the extremities of a short tube smoked inside, the two discharges give figures in the form of a black ring at the middle of the tube. When the sparks are not quite simultaneous, the ring is slightly displaced. It is suggested by the author that this obser vation may afford a method of determining the velocity of sound, and of the speed of propagation of electricity in a conductor. PROF. PERSIFOR FRAZER reports, we learn from the Polytechnic Review, the interesting observation that early in last June he tried a telephone with a diaphragm mounted so as to vibrate freely except in the circular line, where it was bound fast. With several other telephones in circuit, but muffled so that they could not take up the direct vibrations of the voice, he found that the over-tones produced in the diaphragm of one telephone, by a musical note sung into the mouth-piece, were reproduced in the others. This shows the extreme minuteness of the motion necessary to produce sound by fluctuations in the transmitting power of the line wire. We are glad to se that the Princetown Review, hitherto known as a high-class theological journal, is enlarging its programme so as to include subjects of scientific interest. In the November number, for example, we have excellent papers on "The Rights and Duties of Science," by Principal Dawson; "Man's Place in Nature," by Prof. Le Conte; "Eclipses of the Sun," by Prof. Simon Newcomb; "The Recent Solar Eclipse," by Prof. Young; and "Physiological Metaphysics," by President Ponter. Besides these there are other good papers on a variety of nontheological subjects. L'Electricité of November 20 contains a first paper by Count du Moncel, on Lacour's Phonic Wheel, and several important papers on Electric Lighting. The Lancet announces the publication, next week, of a special article, from the pen of Dr. Richardson, on the remains of Harvey. The author has recently visited the church at Hempstead, in Essex, where Harvey lies, and has had photographed all the important historical mementoes, copies of some of which will be reproduced in the Lancet. The publication is intended as a further contribution to the literature of the tercentenary year of the birth of the greatest and most original of English anatomists. AT 6 o'clock on the evening of October 2 a severe earthquake was experienced in the village of Jucuapa and neighbouring towns, in the department of Usulutan, in the southern portion of the Republic of Salvador. Nearly all the houses in Jucuapa were destroyed and many families buried in the ruins, particularly in the outskirts of the town, where the means of escape were confined to narrow streets, and where the houses were not so solidly constructed as in the centre. The towns included in the disaster are Guadalupe, Nueva Guadalupe, Chinameca, Usulutan, the Caserio del Arenal, Santiago de Maria, which is entirely ruined and some lives lost, a condition JAPANESE farmers appear to be determined not to be left behind by their fellow-countrymen in matters of progress, for we hear that in some parts they are growing wheat from foreign seed. On this subject a Nagasaki paper says:-"We have seen a magnificent specimen of wheat grown in Japan from American in which are also found Tecapa, Triunfo, and San Buenaventura. ❘ seed, than which nothing better could be desired, the flour pro The shock which produced the greatest damage was at first a kind of oscillatory movement which lasted over forty seconds, and terminated in what felt like a general upheaval of the earth, and was so violent that solid walls and arches and strongly braced roofs were broken and severed like pipe-stems. The movement proceeded from the south-west to the north-east. It was supposed to proceed from the volcano of Tecapa, which is reported as being in conflagration. The district which has been devastated is one of the most thickly settled portions of the country. The Idea of Santa Ana reports that apprehensions exist in the public mind that the volcano of Santa Ana is about to be in eruption, from the effects of which serious consequences are feared. The Panama Star and Herald is the authority for these statements. A CORRESPONDENT of the Pioneer, writing from Mirzapore, calls attention to a phenomenon which he considers worth recording. Early on e morning large quantities of fish of every description were seen coming to the surface along both banks of the river gasping and dying; all the crabs came out and hung in clusters to the clay, or lurked in the grass above the water level, and large eels, leaving the water, lay like snakes along the edge. The next day great numbers of fish, some of enormous size, floated past, and endeavours were made to induce the natives to bring them on shore for manure, but as their fathers had never employed fish for such a purpose, they declined to make such an innovation. The river was high, but not in full flood, and the water, probably on account of the long drought, was intensely and abnormally turbid. The death of the fish is attributed to this peculiarity, for the particles of earth held in suspense appear to have impregnated the gills and stopped breathing; it had not, however, been ascertained which of the affluents of the Ganges or Jumna had caused the mischief. THE following method of measuring approximately the velocity of sound, devised by M. Bichat (Journal de Physique) is said to form a suitable lecture experiment. A white-iron tube, about 10m. long is bent back on itself, so that the ends A and B are near each other. A is closed with a caoutchouc membrane; B has a stopper with glass tube which communicates, through a caoutchouc tube of a certain length, with one of M. Marey's manometric capsules. Near the end a is an aperture which, by means of another caoutchouc tube the same length as the former, communicates with another of Marey's capsules. These capsules are arranged before a blackened cylinder, the ends of their levers applied to it one over the other. A tuning-fork, giving 100 vibrations per second, inscribes these also in the same vertical line on the cylinder. All being ready a slight blow is given, with the hand or otherwise, to the membrane A, while an assistant turns the cylinder. The capsules register the point of departure and that of arrival, while the tuning-fork gives the time. Thus it is found that, between those two points, there are, e.g., three vibrations of the tuning-fork, i.e., about 1 of a second have elapsed. The velocity of sound is inferred to be 333.3 m. per second. By means of two iron tubes placed one above the other the difference of the velocities of sound in air and hydrogen may be demonstrated, even though it may be difficult to keep the one tube filled with pure hydrogen. AN historico-ethnographical exhibition has been opened at Winterthur (Switzerland), and the visitors are agreeably surprised by the large number and great variety of objects exhibited as well as by their artistic arrangement. duced from it being fully equal to any we have seen from America. Such a result speaks well for the prospects of Japan becoming, with proper cultivation, a profitable wheat-producing country." A GERMAN engineer residing at Smyrna, Herr Karl Humann, who some time ago had undertaken some successful excavations at Berghama at his own expense (the ancient Pergamum in Asia Minor), has recently been commissioned by the German Government to continue these excavations, and has succeeded in bringing to light some highly interesting objects of art. The Porte has permitted the continuation of the excavations under the condition that only half the objects found shall become German property, while the other half will be retained at Constantinople. In the Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, for the year 1877-78, Dr. King, the superintendent, draws attention to the want of proper accommodation for the herbarium, which now consists of ninety-three cabinets of dried plants, forming, as we are told, "the only large herbarium in India, containing authentic specimens from almost every Indian botanist from Heyne to Kurz, including excellent sets of Wallich's, and Hooker and Thomson's plants." Dr. King reports that of the seedlings of the Para rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis) received at the beginning of last year, some were retained at Calcutta, while the others were sent to the Cinchona plantation in Sikkim. Several of the plants have died during the year, but those remaining at Calcutta are healthy, and have grown fairly well. Of the Ceara rubber plant (Manihot glaziovi), many of them were found to be dead on arrival; those that survived were divided between Calcutta and the Cinchona plantation, one of the plants is said to be ten feet high, and the others vary in height from two to five feet, but they all appear weak and lanky, as if the climate were too damp for them. Regarding the cultivation of vanilla in India, especially in the climate of Calcutta, Dr. King's experience confirms his first impression that "it is not worth while to go to any further expense in attempting to make a plantation of it, to be conducted on commercial principles." It is satisfactory to learn that ipecacuanha has been propagated largely; like vanilla, Dr. King is of opinion that it can never be grown successfully as a crop in any part of Bengal. The utilisation of new vegetable substances for paper-making, especially baobab bark and bamboo shoots, are fully considered by Dr. King, who expresses an opinion with regard to the former that, if the plant is "to be grown to a profit, it would be hardly feasible to give it cultivation, however rough, after the first year." Considering also the comparatively slow growth of the baobab, Dr. King says he is driven to the conclusion that it is not likely to afford in India a sufficiently cheap paper-fibre. He points out that a plant yielding an annual crop is much more likely to fulfil the financial conditions of success than any perennial like the baobab, which yields a crop only after many years. Regarding the use of the young shoots of bamboo for paper stock, whiche have been very favourably reported on by Mr. Routledge, Dr. King does not look upon it in any hopeful light. Of the socalled "Rain Tree," which has already been noticed in our columns, and referred to Pithecolobium saman, a number of good trees are growing in the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. One set consists of five trees, about eleven years old, and the other of eighty-four trees, planted in an avenue about four years ago. The tree is a very fast grower, and is said to be perfectly at home in the soil and climate of Lower Bengal. From its umbrageous habit and wide-spreading branches it is extremely valuable as a shade tree. The wood is soft and of little value except as firewood, and the pod is sweet, like that of the carob (Ceratonia siliqua), and may probably prove valuable as a food for cattle, for which purpose, indeed, these pods are used in the West Indies. For this reason, and not for that of gathering and dispersing moisture (for which the tree became momentarily celebrated), it is probable the tree may be generally planted. THE additions to the Zoological Society's Gardens during the past week include a Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus) from India, presented by Mr. Theodore Beck; a Black-crested Cardinal (Gubernatrix: cristatella), two Red-crested Cardinals (Paroaria cucullata) from South America, purchased; a Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus) from India, deposited; a Baker's Antelope (Hippotragus bakeri) from Nubia, received in exchange. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL THE proposals of the Cambridge Mathematical Studies Syn; dicate for completing the new scheme for the mathematical tripos have been carried. The following summary of the whole scheme of the mathematical tripos which will come into operation in the year 1882 is given in the Times. It will consist of three parts, the examination for each part occupying three days. The subjects of the first part are to be confined to the more elementary parts of pure mathematics and natural philosophy, the subjects to be treated without the use of the differential calculus and the methods of analytical geometry. The examination in Part II. will only be open to those who have passed Part I. so as to deserve mathematical honours, and the subjects are algebra, trigonometry, plane and spherical, theory of equa tions, the easier parts of analytical geometry, plane and solid, including curvature of curves and surfaces, differential and integral calculus, easier parts of differential equations, statics, including elementary propositions on attractions and potentials; hydrostatics, dynamics of a particle, easier parts of rigid dyna mics, easier parts of optics and spherical astronomy. Those who pass this second part will be arranged as wranglers, senior optimes, and junior optimes in order of merit. Both the examinations in Parts I. and II. will take place in June. The examination in Part III. will be held in January, and be open only to those who are classed as wranglers. It will last three days. On the tenth day after the end of the examination in Part III. the moderators and examiners, taking into account the examination in that part only, shall publish in three divisions, each division arranged alphabetically, those examined and approved. The moderators and examiners may place in the first division any candidate who has shown eminent proficiency in any one group of the subjects in Schedule III. THE University College of Wales Magazine, the first number of which lies before us, is a neat little publication of fifty-two pages, doing credit to the Oswestry press from which it issues, as well as to the enterprise of the Aberystwith Institution, and the ability of its members. We do not suppose its promoters expect a large general circulation, though there is no reason why the magazine might not be so conducted as to meet with considerable favour in the principality. Curiously enough, the first paper after the introduction is on Persian literature, while one on Welsh literature occupies the sixth place. There is a paper on Cambria at Paris, showing what a good appearance she made at the recent exhibition; a Welsh story, an Oxford letter, college news, &c. We wish the magazine success; and it might do good service by devoting itself to research in various directions in regard to Wales. We should like to see the science professors in this college fill up some of its pages. THE First Annual Report of the Dulwich College Science Society is, on the whole, satisfactory; the appended lists, forming the bulk of the volume, show that the Society has several diligent collectors, and we hope it will continue to do genuine work and nourish in the scho 1 a lasting love of real science. PROF. H. G. SEELEY completed on Friday at the College for Men and Women, 29, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, a course of six lectures on some of the principal forms of extinct animals which resemble reptiles and birds, and have no representatives now living. The subjects have been as follows:-Lecture I.On the Geological Distribution of Fossil Reptiles and Birds; and concerning points in which Extinct Reptiles differ from those which now inhabit the Earth. Lecture II. -The Ichthyosaurians and Animals of the Open Ocean. Lecture III.-The Plesiosaurians and Animals of the Sea Shore. Lecture IV.The Dinosaurians and Allied Types of Land Animals. Lecture V.-The Ornithosaurians and other Flying Types of Life. Lecture VI.- The Classification of Reptiles and Allied Fossil Animals, as illustrating some Aspects of the Doctrine of Evolution. PROF. WURTZ was charged some time since by the French Minister of Public Instruction, to make an inquiry into the organisation of the laboratories and practical instruction given in the several universities of Germany and Austro-Hungary. Prof. Wurtz accordingly made several journeys to the great seats of learning in these two countries, and the Journal Officiel of last Saturday publishes at full length his report. Prof. Wurtz insists strongly on the danger of creating large establishments, where students are taught something of everything, and on the necessity of creating special foci for every large section of experimental science. He shows the advantage of special institutes, and insists upon the organisation of chemical, physical, physiological, anatomical, and pathological institutions such as flourish on the other side of the Rhine, and may be established in Alsace-Lorraine. He ends his report by describing the Munich Hygienic Institute. THE French budget of Public Instruction has been voted au pas acceleré. The resolutions proposed by the Commission were voted without any material alterations. The estimates reach about 2,000,000/. The University of Bern celebrated, on November 15, the fortyfourth anniversary of its foundation. It numbers among its students, about twenty ladies, mostly Russians, who study medicine. ACCORDING to a new law, all children who finish their education in any school of the Canton of Bern are submitted to an examination. This year 4,610 boys and 4,446 girls were examined (total population of the Canton 537,000), and the results proved unsatisfactory. The Canton continues to occupy the eighteenth and twenty-first places in the Cantons of the Swiss confederation. A WEALTHY Serbian, Ilija Milosavljewitch Kolaraz, who died a month ago at the ripe age of eighty-two, has left the sum of 100,000 ducats for educational purposes, 10,000 ducats for the publishing of valuable works in the Serbian language, and 60,000 ducats for the foundation of a Serbian university at Belgrade, which is to be known as Kolaraz' University. SCIENTIFIC SERIALS Fournal of Anatomy and Physiology, July, 1878.-Dr. Ogston, of Aberdeen, gives an account of the growth and maintenance of the articular ends of adult bones. He believes that the arti cular cartilage produces the osseous tissue beneath it, forms the epiphyses, supplies their waste, and maintains them in their proper size and bulk during adult life.-Prof. Cleland describes the brain in cyclopians or one-eyed monsters, including specimens of human kind, dogs, lambs, and pigs. He finds that there is no trace of a retina in the cyclopian eyeball, and that moreover there is an arrest of the development of the first cerebral vesicle. --Dr. Creighton gives an exhaustive account of the formation of the placenta in the guinea-pig, and refers very prominently to its early development in connection with the structure of the ovaries and supra-renal bodies. -Prof. Turner contributes notes on the fœtal membranes of the reindeer, and on the oviducts of the Greenland shark. -Mr. David Newman's paper on the functions of the kidney gives an account of the physical influences which promote secretion, so far as can be demonstrated by experiments with animal membranes and the kidneys of animals recently killed.-Dr. Dodds' historical and critical analysis of our knowledge upon the localisation of the functions of the brain deals with the anatomy of the brain in this number. October.-Dr. Cunningham, of Edinburgh, gives his deductions on the intrinsic muscles of the mammalian foot, derived from a large number of dissections; and further describes the muscles of the foot of cuscus and thylacine.-Prof. Miall and Mr. Greenwood conclude their valuable memoir on the anatomy of the Indian elephant, dealing with the alimentary canal and |