413 4508 B-282 GOLD AND SILVER COMPRISING AN ECONOMIC HISTORY OF MINING IN THE UNITED STATES, THE GEOGRAPH- THEIR MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS, HISTORY AND DESCRIP- TION OF METHODS OF MINING AND EXTRACTION OF VALUES, AND A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE WORLD AND THE UNITED STATES BY WALTER R. CRANE, PH.D. INSTRUCTOR IN MINING, SCHOOL OF MINES FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED PREFACE. THIS work has been prepared with aid received from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and is to form a part of the Economic History of the United States, which is to be published by that Institution. Its publication in this form has been permitted through the courtesy of Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Chairman of the Department of Economics and Sociology, Carnegie Institution, and the work has been conducted under the supervision of Mr. Edward W. Parker, who is in charge of the division relating to the history of the mining industry. The preparation of this work has occupied two years, it having been begun in January, 1906, and completed in January, 1908. The preparation of an economic history of the precious metals, gold and silver, involves the consideration of a number of subjects if the record is to be complete. Among the subjects discussed in this connection, which are indicated in the headings of the various chapters, are the occurrence, both geographical and geological, association, production of gravels and ores, and methods of mining and extraction of values. As the history of the precious metals, including the discoveries of deposits and the industrial activities resulting therefrom, is necessarily of prime importance in a work of this character, its treatment has been broad and it has been approached from practically every side. In the chapter of the history of the precious metals a detailed account is given of the discovery of occurrences of metals and ores throughout the United States, the period covered extending from the earliest known records, including legends, up to the present time. This account has further been supplemented by a tabulated list of first discoveries, by whom and when made, and finally an extended chronology of the economic history of gold and silver mining is given. Reference to the theory of ore-deposits has of necessity been brief, but is presented in a manner as to best prepare the reader for the information immediately following. In the treatment of the geographical and geological occurrence of the precious metals an attempt has been made to condense the more |