O knjigi
Moja knjižnica
Knjige v storitvi Google Play
$ 6 Universal propositions respecting forms of government. Ex-
amples of the mode in which the subject has been treated p. 49
7 Analysis of the method of constructing universal propositions
respecting the tendency of the forms of government .
60
8 Method of investigating the general characteristics of monar.
chical or despotic, as distinguished from free or republican
government.
70
9 Method of investigating the general characteristics of aristo-
cracy and democracy ; meaning of the entire community' 78
10 Average results respecting forms of government are attainable 84
Distinction between an inquiry into the characteristics of each
form of government, and the problem of the best form of
85
12 General propositions as to other political relations .
86
II
CHAPTER XVI.
On Partial Theories, or Principles of Limited Causation,
in Politics.
87
88
2
$ 1 True general propositions respecting political causes can be
more easily laid down, if they are confined to a certain set
of communities
Such limitations ought to be made expressly
3 Classification of communities. I. Savage and wandering
tribes; II. Oriental; III. European. Characteristics of
the two latter classes illustrated.
4. Similar characteristics for other classes of communities
5 National character. .
6 Results of the observation of national character; formation of
limited theories and limited maxims
90
106
108
.
112
CHAPTER XVII.
On Hypotheses in Politics.
§ 1 Different sorts of hypotheses used in politics
117
2 Hypotheses are arbitrary
121
3 Hypotheses imply uncertainty
122
4 Special hypotheses imply possibility, but general ones do not. 123
CHAPTER XVIII.
On the Existence of a Science of Politics.
p. 125
127
Positive politics possess the scientific character Speculative politics admit, though in a less degree, of general
scientific expression .
3 The necessity of local and temporary limitations in politics
does not deprive the subject of a scientific character .
4 Constantly recurring necessity of new inductions in politics
5 Science of legislation ; meaning of the phrase
6 Law of nature; its supposed universality; opposition between
nature and institution
7 Resemblance of political institutions in different countries ex-
plained
130
131
133
139
CHAPTER XIX.
On the Art of Politics, and the Formation of Political
Precepts.
141
144
150
151
§ 1 Different sorts of arts
2 Relation of art to science
3 Relation of art to nature
4 An empirical art of politics has existed since the existence of
government
5 Speculative writers on politics have treated the subject partly
as an art, and partly as a science
6 The precepts of political art are general
? In order to convert political theorems into general precepts,
the end must be given
8 Political apophthegms, preceptive in substance, but not in
form
9 Two classes of political maxims — I. Maxims of policy ;
II. Maxims of legislation
10 Limited political maxims
Other modes of guiding conduct employed in political art
152
155
156
157
CHAPTER XX.
On the Application of Political Theories and Maxims
in Practice.
p. 163
165
166
171
172
X Х
§ 1 Conversion of political theorems into maxims ; importance of
distinguishing between a false theory and an unsound
maxim
Form of the argument in politics when a maxim is applied to
a practical case
3
Allowance must be made for disturbing causes in the practical
application of general maxims-first, for those arising from
internal variations in the subject itself
4. Secondly, for those arising from external causes ; external re-
tarding causes
5 Meaning of the dictum, True in theory, false in practice'
6 Manner in which general maxims are circumscribed with re-
ference to actual cases
7 Meaning of the dictum that a case must be decided on its own
merits
8 External accelerating causes
9 Constant counteraction of habit, with respect to political
changes; nature and operation of habit in politics.
Modification of universal theorems by theories of limited ap-
plication
Distinction between unsound or inapplicable maxims and false
theories
175
177
179
IO
200
CHAPTER XXI.
On Practical Examples and Real Models in Politics.
203
ST Imitation of real and ideal models
The unsoundness of theory engenders a preference for the
direct argument from experience; distinction between the
Dogmatici and Empirici
3 Mode of arguing from precedents or real examples in politics
4 Precedents are usually adduced without the principle which
they involve
5 Importance of precedents in practice
6 Rules as to the selection and application of precedents
211
213
215
P. 219
220
221
§ 7 Practical examples may be affirmative or negative
8 Advantage of real models
9 Good political institutions are generalized by being treated as
real models
10 Distinction between the cases in politics where a real model
can be multiplied by imitations, and those which require a
measure peculiar to themselves
I Tendency to idealize real models in former states of society
12 Differences between the practical argument from a single ex.
ample and that founded on a general maxim
223
226
231
CHAPTER XXII.
On Ideal Models in Politics.
§ 1 Characteristics of an ideal model
236
2 Analogy between ideals in politics and ideals in the useful arts 237
3 A political ideal is not founded on real data .
241
4 Ideal models may be faultless
5 Ideal models belong to the constructive department of politics 242
6 Examples of ideal models of a perfect state.
243
7 The plan of Hippodamus of Miletus
8 The speculations of Socrates
244
9 The Cyropedia of Xenophon .
245
10 The Republic and Laws of Plato.
246
11 The plan of the best constitution in the Politics of Aristotle 254
12 The ideal model of Zeno
258
13 The Republic and Laws of Cicero
14 Imaginary communities in antiquity
263
15 The Utopia of Sir Thomas More, and the New Atlantis of
Lord Bacon
265
16 The Civitas Solis of Campanella .
268
17 The Oceana of Harrington
269
18 The Mundus alter et idem of Bishop Hall; The History of the
Sevarambians; The Aventures de Jaques Sadeur
270
19 Descriptions of a happy people in Télémaque, in The Voyages de
Cyrus and Sethos, in the Lettres Persanes, and in Gauden-
tio di Lucca. Klimir Iter Subterraneum .
272
20 Notions of the ancients respecting a golden age, and the pri-
mitive state of mankind
274
21 Connexion between the conception of a golden age and the
ideal commonwealths
277
p. 283
§ 22 Limited political ideals ; perpetual peace.
23 Fichte's Geschlossener Handelsstaat, or Perfect Commercial
State ; the Catholic and the Invisible church
287
24 Utility of ideal models in politics; all political improvements
imply an ideal conception
. 288
25 Conditions for the advantageous use of ideal models—first, the
model must admit of imitation
293
26 Secondly, the model must not imply conditions unsuitable to
the case in hand; ideal states always imply impossible
conditions
296
27 Ideal plans of a best possible commonwealth imply a denial of
the progressive character of society
301
28 Descriptions of imaginary governments afford facilities for the
expression of opinion
29 Distinction between ideal perfect states and ideal institutions ;
inquiry into the possibility of determining the best form of
any political institution
302
30 Nature of the problem of the best form of government
307
CHAPTER XXIII.
On Political Conduct.
310
312
315
§ 2 Political action consists in the choice of alternatives
The alternatives may be prescribed by law, or by moral
necessity.
3 The alternatives may be practically unlimited
4 Deliberation consists in the comparison of alternative courses
5 Analogy between public and solitary deliberation
6 Alternative courses often consist of two extremes and a
mean; prevalence of compromises in politics
7 The easiest alternative is often preferred .
8 The choice of alternatives is often determined by the probable
conduct of another party
9 Connexion of political conduct with the question of freedom
and necessity
10 Nature of political liberty
317
320
321
322
323