heaviest batteries which the government had been able to assemble to watch the Merrimac. The latter bore down directly upon the Congress and Cumberland. At less than a quarter of a mile the Congress delivered her broadside, her heaviest shot making no impression. The return-fire of shells crashed through her sides with terrible effect. Passing the Congress at 300 yards, the Merrimac received the fire of the heaviest guns of the Cumberland without the slightest harm resulting, and without replying she drove her iron prow through the side of the Union frigate, crushing it, and at the same time pouring in a fire of shells. Leaving the Cumberland rapidly sinking, the ironclad steered for the Congress, which had been run ashore, and from a point 150 yards astern raked her decks with shells which caused general destruction and set the ship afire. The Congress was obliged to surrender. The Cumberland

fired a broadside as the water reached the gundeck, and went down with her flag flying. As she sank, the Confederate steamers Patrick Henry, 12 guns, and the Jamestown, two, came out of the James River and joined the Merrimac. The Minnesota had grounded where the Merrimac could not approach within a mile, and her firing was so bad that only one shot struck the frigate. The other Confederate vessels were finally driven off after inflicting much damage with their rifled guns. After several hours' ineffectual attempts to reach the Minnesota, the Merrimac and attending gunboats returned to Norfolk. Several shore-batteries which had attempted to help proved as useless as the batteries of the frigates had been. The Congress continued to burn, and finally blew up. Over half the crew of the Cumberland were lost. The crew of the Congress were made prisoners, but, with the exception of the officers, were released. The total loss was some 250, the Confederate loss was nominal. The battle of an afternoon had ended the day of wooden navies.

The reports of the destruction by the Merrimac caused consternation at Washington, and in the coast cities and, indeed, throughout the North. Secretary Stanton ordered all preparations made for obstructing the channel of the Potomac far below the capital, and warned those in charge of coast-defenses to use every means that could be devised for protection.

At

Meantime the Monitor, in command of Lieut. John L. Worden, had left New York and after a rough voyage entered Hampton Roads at 9 o'clock the night after the battle. At 2 o'clock on the morning of the 9th she had anchored alongside the Minnesota. At 6 o'clock the Merrimac appeared bearing down on them, but at first passed by, gained the channel in which the Minnesota lay, and then steamed directly toward her. The Monitor swept in between the two and steered for the Merrimac. close quarters the latter brought her bow-guns to bear and missed. There was little to fire at except the low turret with a cross-section of 20 feet. The first reply of the Monitor was a solid 11-inch shot which shook the Merrimac from stem to stern. The answer was a broadside, some of the shot of which struck the turret, either glancing or falling as harmless as the shot of the frigates the day before had proved against the Merrimac. Then followed broadside after broadside without producing the

slightest effect on this "cheese-box on a raft,” as spectators described it. At every opportunity of maneuver the Monitor closed in and smote with her 11-inch solid shot, bending the heavy armor and straining the timbers of her adversary. Finally the Merrimac left the Monitor and crowded steam for the Minnesota. Upon reaching point-blank range she received a full broadside, and a shot from a 10-inch pivot gun, without suffering the slightest damage. In reply she raked the Minnesota with a shell, set her afire, blew up a tug alongside, and but for the Monitor, which had followed under full steam, and now swept in between the two, the Minnesota would have shared the fate of the Congress and Cumberland. In changing position to meet the Monitor the Merrimac grounded, and the Monitor continued her hammering with 11-inch shot. As soon as the Merrimac was floated she started rapidly down the bay, pursued by the Monitor. Suddenly she turned and attempted to run the Monitor down. The blow she struck with her prow glanced, and the Monitor was unharmed. The Merrimac then started for the Minnesota for the purpose of ramming her; but when within easy range the Merrimac, with all the Confederate ships, changed course at noon headed for Norfolk. Her officers subsequently gave as a reason that in attempting to ram the Monitor her iron prow_was broken, and their vessel was leaking. The armor was reported damaged, the stem twisted, the muzzles of two guns shot away and the steam-pipe and smokestack riddled. The casualties were only two killed and 19 wounded. The consternation of the day before at Washington and the North was transferred to Richmond and the South. Preparations were hastily made by the Confederates for blocking the channels in the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers, and to obstruct the channel of the James.

The Merrimac did not again engage the Monitor, and after the evacuation of Norfolk, which occurred 9 May, she was destroyed by the Confederates.

The Monitor had hurried direct from her shipyard to Fort Monroe and fought without a previous trial-trip, and before she had been accepted by the government. Her five hours' battle settled many questions, and once again in American history had been fired a "shot heard round the world."

MONITORIAL SYSTEM. See LANCASTERIAN SYSTEM.

MONK, munk, or MONCK, George, DUKE OF ALBEMARLE, English general and naval commander; the restorer of the Stuart dynasty: b. Potheridge, Devon, 6 Dec. 1608; d. Newhall, Essex, 3 Jan. 1670. At 17 he enlisted and served in the Cadiz expedition under Sir Richard Grenville, a relative; then entered the Dutch army; and returned to England in 1639, fought brilliantly in Scotland and after 1640 in Ireland, and on the outbreak of the Civil War kept his commission in the king's army. But in 1644 he was captured by the Parliamentarian forces, and after two years' imprisonment in the Tower, joined the victors, for whom he went to Ulster as governor. Accused of exceeding his powers by arranging a truce (which was almost an alliance) with Owen O'Neil, he was recalled to England in 1649 and repri

manded at the bar of the House of Commons. At the victory of Dunbar in 1650 he did good service; a year later he was made lieutenantgeneral of the ordinance and in Cromwell's absence was commander-in-chief of Scotland. In 1652 he was made a general of the fleet. He introduced the elements of land tactics into naval formation and administered two crushing defeats to the Dutch, van Tromp being killed in the latter battle. In 1654 he again was sent to Scotland on the Royalist rising as commander of the army, and acted there with much more prudence and success. After Oliver's death and Richard Cromwell's resignation Monk set himself to effect the Stuart Restoration, quietly shifted the forces in England until all was so arranged that .there was no chance of armed resistance, and then (1660) brought back Charles II-a bloodless revolution meeting with general favor. He was made Duke of Albemarle, received other high honors, maintained order and showed rare courage in London during the Plague, but with an empty treasury in 1667 could not keep the Dutch from burning the shipping in the Thames. Short, fat, fair and wrinkled, Monk was not a winning personality, being cold, prudent past a virtue and rather unprincipled; but he was a wonderfully able general, with technical skill rare in one so lacking in theoretical training. His life was written by his chaplain, Dr. Thomas Gumble (1671). Consult also the biographies by Guizot (1838 and 1850); and that by Corbett, J., in the English Men of Action series (New York 1889).

MONK, a bird. See FRIAR-BIRD.

MONK. See MONACHISM.

MONK-FISH, ANGEL-FISH, or FID

DLE-FISH, a broad, flattened fish (Squatina angelus), closely allied to the sharks, but more like a ray in appearance, five or six feet long, having enlarged, wing-like pectoral fins. It is found near the coast in the warm seas of Europe and North America; it usually stays near the bottom, is from three to four feet long, slow in motion, dull, voracious and useless, except that some shagreen may be obtained from its skin.

MONK-SEAL, a seal of the genus Monachus, so called from a humorous suggestion in colors to the habit of a monk, the species properly so called is that (M. albiventer) of the Mediterranean; but the West Indian seal (M. tropicalis) is very similar to it, and is of interest as being almost extinct. See SEALS.

MONKEY-BREAD, the fruit of the baobab tree (q.v.).

MONKEY-FLOWER, any of many plants of the genus Mimulus (figworth family), so called because the face of the fox-glove-like corolla suggests that of a cheerful monkey. They are erect, tall herbs, with opposite, clasping, lanceolate dentate leaves, which bear in late summer solitary, axillary irregular blossoms of showy colors. The genus contains some 50 North American species, of which the most familiar is the square-stemmed of the Eastern and Central States (M. ringens). Its flower is violet. A common species in California and on the Pacific Coast (M. guttatus) has the corolla yellow, often blotched with red or purple..

MONKEY-POT, the fruit of a forest tree of Brazil. See BRAZIL NUT and SAPUCAIA NUT.

MONKEYS, a general name for the animals of the highest mammalian order, the Primates (q.v.), excepting mankind and the lemurs; ordinarily also excepting the anthropoid apes (see APE) and the baboons (q.v.). The term in fact, then, is suitably limited to three families, considered in their broadest sense, the Hapalidæ, Cebida and Cercopithecida. General characters are as follows: the short hallux, or great toe, is opposable to the other digits of the foot, so that the feet become converted functionally into hands. The pollex, or thumb, of the fore limbs may be absent, but when developed it is usually opposable to the other fingers. These animals may thus be called "four-handed" or quadrumanous; hence the old designation Quadrumana. The limbs are nearly of equal length. There is only one pair of mammary glands, which are pectoral in position. In many cases the cheeks are dilated into pouches. The teeth consist of two incisors in each side of each jaw. premolars, or false molars, vary in number. The true molars number three in each side of each jaw, the latter teeth being furnished with tubercles of various sizes and shapes, adapted for crushing fruits and vegetables. The canine teeth are generally strong and of large size. A diastema or interval exists between the lower canine and the first lower premolar tooth, and between the upper canine and outer incisor teeth; this interval admitting of the large canines being brought into apposition when the jaws are closed.

The

For information as to the probable descent and geological history of monkeys, see PRI

MATES.

Hapalida, more usually called marmosets (q.v.), The small American monkeys of the family

seem to be lowest in the scale of structure and nearest the lemurs, and are by some naturalists separated from the Cebide in a group Arctopithecini. They are least in size of the race, have the tail long, hairy and not prehensile; no cheek-pouches or natal callosities; the fore limbs shorter than the hind ones; the thumb not opposable; the ears hairy and of large size; the body covered by a close fur. Their dental formula gives four incisors, two canines, six premolars and four molars in each jaw - this dentition resembling that of the Old World monkeys, and also that of man himself. The molars are provided with blunt processes. They are confined to tropical America, and wholly arboreal, feed on insects and fruit, and are tamable, gentle and intelligent. See MARMOSET.

Next to these come the Cebida, called New World monkeys, because the family is confined to the American continent, and also known as Platyrhini, because of the broad partition in the nose, which widely separates the nostrils and causes them to open somewhat laterally, though this term is often applied to the Hapalida also. They are characterized by the possession of an extra premolar on each side of each jaw; and by the length and strong prehensility of the tail in most forms an arrangement by which the end of the tail (naked there on its underside) curls without effort around a limb and clings firmly to it, giving so great assistance in climbing that many of these monkeys exhibit wonderful agility among the trees, grasping and

swinging by their tails alone, leaving all four feet (or hands) free. The ears are rounded and with most of the face are destitute of hair, there are no cheek-pouches or callosities on the buttocks, so characteristic of the Old World forms. The hind limbs are generally the longer in this section. In the spider monkeys, however, the fore limbs are longer than the hinder members. The thumbs are not generally opposable, and may be wanting; and the thumb in these monkeys nearly approaches the other fingers in size and form when present. Unlike other monkeys, they have the thumb placed in nearly the same plane as the other fingers, so that the mere position of the thumb renders it unfitted. The great toe is generally of large size, and is more capable of being opposed to the other digits than the thumb. The diet is mainly of a vegetable nature, and their life almost exclusively arboreal, a fact which, more than any question of climate, seems to limit them in range to the region of the tropics, between the plains of northern Mexico and those of southern Brazil, since several species dwell in the cold regions of high mountains. Of the Cebida the spidermonkeys (Ateles) present very typical examples. In these forms the tail reaches its greatest development as a prehensile organ. The limbs are exceedingly slender, and the thumb is rudimentary. (See SPIDER-MONKEY.) The capuchin monkeys, or Sapajous (q.v.) form the type of the genus Cebus, and include many species, as also does the genus Callithrix (see SQUIRRELMONKEY). The howling monkeys (Mycetes) are so named from the loud howling noises they are capable of producing, through the possession of a bony "drum," which opens into the larynx, and which greatly increases the resonance of the voice. Other genera are Pithecia, the sakis, or hooded monkeys; Uacavia, the woolly monkeys; Chrysothrix or golden monkeys; and Nictipithecus, the Dorocouli monkeys.

The last and highest section of the monkeys (next to the anthropoid apes) is that of the Old World tribe Cercopithecida, if that family name is used, as is recently the custom, to cover all the formerly called "catarrhine" monkeys, distinguished by their obliquely-set nostrils, the nasal apertures being placed close together, and the nasal septum being narrow. Opposable thumbs and great toes exist in all, except the genus Colobus, the members of which want thumbs. The teeth are arranged to exhibit four incisors, two canines, four premolars and six molars in each jaw; the incisors are prominent, and the canines are especially large and strong - the latter teeth being separated by an interval or diastema from the upper outer incisor, and from the first lower premolar. The tail may be rudimentary or wanting, but in no case is it prehensile. Cheek-pouches, or pocket-like cavities excavated in the cheeks, which are used as receptacles for food preparatory to its mastication, are present in many; and the skin covering the prominences of the buttocks is frequently destitute of hair, becomes hardened and thus constitutes the so-called natal callosities of these animals. Sometimes these callosities exhibit brilliant colors, and the skin in the neighborhood of the nose, as in the mandrill, may also be striped with gay hues. In their distribution all the catarrhine monkeys inhabit Asia and Africa, a macaque inhabiting the Rock of Gibraltar, and called Barbary ape (q.v.).

Many of these monkeys are small or of moderate size, handsome and graceful. Such are the African guenons, green monkeys and mangabeys (qq.v.) of the genera Cercopithecus and Cercocebus. Nearly related to them are the macaques (q.v.); and the baboons (q.v.). These have cheek-pouches, and the fore limbs the longer. The genera without cheek-pouches and with the hind limbs longer than the fore limbs are the African thumbless genus Colobus, which contains the_guerezas (q.v.); and the East Indian tribe Semno pitheous which contains the Hindu sacred monkey or entellus (q.v.), the proboscis monkey, negro monkey and several others described elsewhere under their names, some of which are large and extraordinary.

These Old World monkeys are more varied in their food and activities than are those of America, and are far superior to them in intelligence; consequently they furnish nearly all the pets, circus-performers and servants of wandering musicians that we see from time to time. Many of them breed in captivity, adapt themselves well to civilized life and betray a surprising ability to learn in various directions, though prone to be inattentive, and growing dull and surly in old age. Few, however, when taken into cold climates live long, even when most carefully treated, as they seem peculiarly susceptible to diseases of the lungs, which usually have a fatal termination.

Excellent accounts of the monkeys of the world exist in the Standard,' 'Royal,' 'Cassell's,' and 'Allen's Natural Histories'; the last and most recent being a monograph by Forbes. Otherwise information must be gleaned mainly from the books of scientific travelers.

MONKHOUSE, William Cosmo, English author, poet and art critic; b. London, 18 March 1840; d. Skegness, Lincolnshire, England, 2 July 1901. He received his education at Saint Paul's School in London and in 1857 became a junior clerk in the Board of Trade office with which he was connected with advancement for the remainder of his life. Although not a great poet his work enjoys a high reputation among the works of the minor poets and as an art critic he won considerable attention. His work for the 'Dictionary of National Biography' takes within its scope practically all of British art. He published A Question of Honor,' novel (1868); The Works of John Henry Foley' (1875); The Italian Pre-Raphaelites (1887); 'British Contemporary Artists' (1899), etc. Among his poetical works are A Dream of Idleness (1865); Corn and Poppies' (1890); "The Christ upon the Hill (1895); and 'Pasiteles the Elder,' published after his death.

MONKSHOOD. See ACONITE.

MONLUC, môn‘luk, or MONTLUC, French marshal and military writer: b. Sainte Gemme, near Auch, 1502; d. Estillac, near Agen, July 1577. He entered the army as an archer, fought (1525) at Pavia, accompanied the campaign of Francis I against Charles V and aided much in the outcome by improvements in tactics and in the artillery and engineering. His defense of Siena (1555) was brilliant, but he became hated, as governor of Guienne, for his severity against the Protestants. He was first to recommend the introduction of caring for the wounded and the testing of officers. His 'Memoirs,' which takes in from 1521 to 1574