adopted, he was elected professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and, three years later, five young men received medical degrees - the first conferred in America. In 1775 he was appointed by Congress director-general and physician-in-chief to the general hospital of the American army, and reorganized the hospitals of the army. But lack of supplies for the sick and wounded made his energetic efforts largely ineffective and complaints to Washington caused Congress (1777) to dismiss him without reason. A committee of that body, however, after an investigation, honorably acquitted him of blame, while Washington wrote him: "No fault could be found with the economy of the hospitals during your directorship." He wrote 'A Discourse on the Introduction of Medical Schools in America' (1765), and his dissertation 'The Reciprocal Advantages of a Perpetual Union between Great Britain and her American Colonies' (1766) won him a gold medal from England,

MORGAN, John Hartman, British publicist and educator: b. 20 March 1876. He was educated at Caterham School, studied at University College of South Wales, Balliol College, Oxford, and University of Berlin. From 1901-03 he was on the literary staff of the Daily Chronicle, became editorial writer on the Manchester Guardian (1904-05), and London University Extension lecturer as well as at the London School of Economics. He became lecturer in constitutional law at London University College (1907) and was Liberal candidate, in 1910, for Edgbaston (Birmingham), and later in the year for West Edinburgh. Since 1916 he has been staff-captain on the adjutantgeneral's staff. He has written (The House of Lords and the Constitution' (1910); The New Irish Constitution' (1912); The German War Book (1915); German Atrocities: An Official Investigation) (1916). Many articles from his pen have appeared in the leading periodicals.

MORGAN, John Hunt, Confederate general: b. Huntsville, Ala., 1 June 1826; d. New Greenville, Tenn., 4 Sept. 1864. His boyhood was spent in Lexington, Ky., where he was later a manufacturer of bagging. He served through the Mexican War as lieutenant of cavalry. At the outbreak of the Civil War he, with 200 men of the local militia, made for the Confederate ines, and he was appointed a captain of volunteers. Soon discovering that he could best serve the Confederacy by adopting guerrilla methods of warfare he began the series of raids which so annoyed the Union commander. Moving with great celerity, and accompanied by his own telegraph operator, he kept himself acquainted with the plans of the enemy while he misled them regarding his own position. As the result, bridges which they expected to cross were burned, much-needed supply trains were captured and railroad tracks were destroyed. In 1862 he was rewarded by appointment as major-general. In 1863 he projected an extended raid through Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, but was captured and, with many companions, imprisoned in the Ohio Penitentiary. Escaping, he again attempted a raid but, while sleeping at a farmhouse near Greenville, Tenn., he was surrounded by National

troops under Gen. Alvin C. Gillem, and upon attempting to escape was killed. See MORGAN'S RAID INTO INDIANA AND OHIO.

MORGAN, John Livingston Rutgers, American chemist: b. New Brunswick, N. J., 27 June 1872. He was graduated (1892) at Rutgers College, received Ph.D. diploma at University of Leipzig (1895) and was appointed assistant in chemistry at Stevens Institute (1895-96). He became instructor of quantitative analysis at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute (1896-97). He served at Columbia University as tutor of chemical physics and chemical philosophy (1897-1901), professor of physical chemistry (1901-05) and as professor since 1905. He has written "The Principles of Mathematical Chemistry) from Helms' German work (1897); 'The Theory of Solution and its results (1897); 'Elements of Physical Chemistry) (5th ed., 1914); Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers' (2d ed., 1909), besides contributing to the chemical periodicals.

MORGAN, J(ohn) Pierpont, American financier b. Hartford, Conn., 17 April 1837; d. Rome, Italy, 31 March 1913. He was the son of J. S. Morgan (q.v.). He was educated at the English High School in Boston and at the University of Göttingen, Germany. He began his business career in the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Co., New York City; in 1860 he became agent and attorney in the United States for George Peabody & Co. of London; in 1864 junior member of the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., and later_member of the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., of which his father was also a partner. By the Ideath of the older members of the firm he became the head of the latter house and the firm name was changed to J. P. Morgan & Co. He also controlled the firm of J. S. Morgan & Co. of London and had partnership interest in Drexel & Co. of Philadelphia. For many years his chief interest lay in railroad negotiations and combinations, and he gradually gained control of the New York Central system, the New York, New Haven and Hartford, the Reading, the Erie, the Lehigh Valley, the Southern, the Northern Pacific, the Big Four and the Chesapeake and Ohio. Shortly after this great railroad consolidation was completed (1901), he succeeded in organizing the "United States Steel Company," uniting the Carnegie Steel Works and other large concerns with a capitalization of $1,100,000,000, and dominating the steel industry of the United States. In the same year he bought up a large English shipping line with the evident design of organizing a trust for the control of transatlantic shipping, but did not succeed in completing the consolidation. He was the head of both the anthracite and the soft coal trusts, and was several times prominent in the settlement of miners' strikes. In 1895 he organized the syndicate which floated the United States bond issue of $62,000,000, for the increase of the gold reserve; and in 1901 secured American subscriptions of $50,000,000 to the British war loan. In 1912 he testified before the Pujo Banking Committee in Washington, appointed by the House of Representatives to investigate the alleged "Money Trust." Probably no other American capitalist was so well known and so thoroughly

trusted in Europe as Mr. Morgan; particularly was this true as regards England, and a large majority of English investments in American securities were made through his house; everywhere he was recognized, not merely as a man of vast wealth, but also as a man of unusual organizing and constructive ability. He gave largely to many charities and institutions, particularly to hospitals, churches and the Trade School in New York, and to Harvard University. He was an enthusiastic yachtsman, was for two years commodore of the New York Yacht Club and built the yacht Columbia, which defeated Sir Thomas Lipton's Shamrock in the international yacht races. Mr. Morgan was the greatest art collector of his time, his collections being among the most varied and important ever owned by an individual, The historic and romantic aspects of art appealed more strongly to him than the purely æsthetic. He built a beautiful library adjoining his home, wherein he housed a collection of important manuscripts and rare and handsomely-bound books. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1913 exhibited most of his collections. Thirteen galleries were needed to house the many rare specimens of Byzantine and Gothic enamels and ivories, bronzes and marbles of the Renaissance, metal work, crystals, Flemish tapestries, a great collection of miniatures and paintings by artists of the first rank. His collection of porcelains, French furniture and objects of decorative art and the paintings of the celebrated Fragonard room were sold by his son in 1915. Mr. Morgan published elaborate catalogs of nearly all of his collections. Consult the catalogs published by the New York Museum of Art (1914), and for much valuable material on Mr. Morgan's career as financier, art collector and philanthropist, consult the New York Evening Post of 31 March

1913.

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MORGAN, J(ohn) Pierpont, American financier, son of John Pierpont Morgan (18371913) b. Irvington, N. Y., Sept. 1867. In 1889 he was graduated at Harvard University and soon afterward entered the London branch of J. P. Morgan & Co., bankers, remaining until 1901. He became a member of the firm and upon his father's death in 1913 became its head. He inherited the greater portion of his father's vast wealth including his almost priceless art collections. He also succeeded to the directorate of several corporations in which his firm held large financial interests, including that of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He resigned from the latter in 1914 when criticism of the financial management of that road became general. Mr. Morgan is a director of the United States Steel Corporation, of the International Mercantile Marine Company, of the Pullman Company, the Northern Pacific Railway, the First Security Company of the City of New York, the Etna Insurance Company and the New York and Harlem Railroad Company. When the United States negotiated the purchase of existing canal rights in the Panama Zone Mr. Morgan arranged for the payment of $40,000,000 in gold to the French Panama Canal Company. After the outbreak of the European War he made a first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In January 1915 the Morgan firm was appointed the

commercial agent of the British government in the United States and thereafter conducted the purchase of all munitions and supplies for the Entente in the United States. In the same year the control of the Equitable Life Assurance Society was sold by Mr. Morgan to T. Coleman Du Pont. On 1 July 1915 at Glen Cove, L. I., Mr. Morgan was shot by a fanatic, but escaped with minor injuries. A loan of $50,000,000 was made to the French government by the Morgan firm in April and a few months. later the firm organized a syndicate of about 2,200 banks in the United States and floated a loan of $500,000,000 to the Entente Allies. Mr. Morgan is a member of the advisory council of the Federal Reserve Board, member of the New York Exchange, trustee and treasurer of the Church Pension Fund and governor of the Peabody Donation Fund.

MORGAN, John Tyler, American lawyer and politician: b. Athens, Tenn., 20 June 1824; d. Washington, D. C., 11 June 1907. He went to Alabama when nine years old, received his education there, was admitted to the bar in 1845 and commenced practice. He rapidly gained a high reputation as a lawyer and speaker; was presidential elector in 1860, voting for Breckenridge, and in 1861 was a delegate to the Alabama convention which declared for secession. He enlisted in the Confederate army as a private in 1861; in 1862 raised a regiment in his State, of which he was made colonel; and in 1863 was commissioned brigadiergeneral and commanded a division under General Johnston. After the war he resumed the practice of law at Selma, Ala.; was presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1876, and sat in the United States Senate from 1877 until his death. He was long recognized as one of the ablest leaders of the Democrats in the Senate, was a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and for some years its chairman; in his last term he was chairman of the Committee on Interoceanic Canals and, favoring in that capacity the Nicaragua Canal route instead of the Panama, was removed from his post in November 1903. He was an earnest and able advocate of recognition of Cuban independence, and won popularity in all parts of the country by his eloquent speeches in behalf of Cuba. In 1892 he was a member of the board of arbitration on the Bering Sea Fisheries, and in 1898 was one of the commission appointed to prepare a system of laws and organize the government for the Hawaiian Islands.

MORGAN, Junius Spencer, American financier: b. West Springfield (now Holyoke), Mass., 14 April 1813; d. Monte Carlo, Monaco, 8 April 1890. He entered a dry-goods store when a boy and remained there until he came of age, when he was engaged for 18 months in banking in New York. He returned to the dry-goods business in Hartford, Conn., where he was junior partner in a leading firm and. rapidly advanced until he formed a partnership under the name of J. M. Beebe, Morgan & Co., which became one of the largest dry-goods establishments in the United States. In 1854 he became a member of the banking house of George Peabody & Co., in London, which subsequently became J S. Morgan & Co., and was ranked among the world's greatest banking

houses. He was a generous benefactor of various public and private institutions, among them being Trinity College, Hartford, and the Hartford Orphan Asylum. He established a public library in Hartford and made valuable donations to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale College, etc.

MORGAN, Lewis Henry, American archæologist and anthropologist: b. Aurora, N. Y., 21 Nov. 1818; d. Rochester, N. Y., 17 Dec. 1881. He was graduated at Union College in 1840, practised law at Rochester in 1844-64 and served in the State assembly (1861) and senate (1868-69). His enduring fame rests on his researches in the history and customs of the American Indians. In his labors he received the aid of the Smithsonian Institution and the United States government. He spent much of his time among the tribes and was regularly admitted into the Senecas. His earliest work, 'The League of the Iroquois (1851; new ed., 1904), was the first scientific account of the organization and government of an Indian tribe; but even more valuable are his 'Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1869) and his treatise on 'Ancient Society (1877), each based on the same material, the former being a collection of facts, the latter a philosophical treatise. He also published The American Beaver' (1868) and 'Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines (1881). In 1875 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and 1879 was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He bequeathed $80,000 to found a woman's college at the University of Rochester.

MORGAN, Matthew Somerville, American artist: b. London, 27 April 1839; d. New York, 2 June 1890. He studied scene painting, but soon abandoned it to become correspondent and illustrator for the London News, afterward studying in Paris, Italy and Spain, and in 1858 penetrated the interior of Africa on a sketching tour.

Returning to London he became joint editor and proprietor of the Tomahawk, and his cartoons, which audaciously attacked the aristocracy and royalty, brought him into disfavor. He assisted in the establishment of the London Fun, and in 1870 removed to the United States, where he was engaged with Frank Leslie. He managed several theatres in New York, managed the Strobridge-Lithograph Company of Cincinnati in 1878-85, and founded in that city the Matt Morgan Pottery Company and the Art Students' League.

MORGAN, Morris Hickey, American classical scholar: b. Providence, R. I., 8 Feb. 1859; d. 1910. He was graduated (1881) at Harvard, receiving (1887) the degree Ph.D. He held the chair of classical philosophy at Harvard. He wrote 'De Ignis Eliciendi Modis apud Antiquos' (1890); 'Dictionary to Xenophon's Anabasis' (1892); 'A School Latin Grammar (1899); The Minor Works of Tacitus (1904); The Language of Vitruvius' (1906). Among his published translations are Xenophon's Art of Horsemanship) (1893); 'Bibliography of Persius' (1893); The Phormio of Terence' (1895); Eight Orations of Lysias (1895). Numerous essays and reviews from his pen have been published in the contemporary philological periodicals.

MORGAN, Sydney Owenson, LADY, In novelist: b. Dublin, Ireland, about 1783; London, 14 April 1859. Her father was a actor on the Dublin stage, of the name of Ma Owen, afterward changed to Owenson She was a governess for a time. Her first literar effort was a volume of poems (1801), f lowed by a collection of Irish songs and tw novels, Saint Clair) and the 'Novice of Sam Dominick' (1804). In 1806 appeared her W: Irish Girl,' a novel which, avowedly nationalin sympathy and containing good descript passages, established her reputation, becam immediately popular and secured for her a high position in fashionable and literary li She had by this time removed from Dublin 1 London, and in 1812 was married to Sir Charis Morgan, an eminent physician. She also e tributed English words to be set to Irish air In 1837 she received a civil list pension of £ a year, the first woman author to be so re warded. Her style was inflated and gushing her vanity was inordinate; but she drew ma vivid characterizations of Irish characte Among her other works are novels O Dor nell'; 'Florence McCarthy'; and 'The O'Brier: and The O'Flahertys'; the 'Life and Times Salvator Rosa'; Woman and her Master, and Passages from my Autobiography. Cosult Fitzpatrick, W. J., 'Lady Morgan' (Lor don 1860).

MORGAN, Tali Esen, American chora conductor: b. Llangynwyd, Wales, 28 Oct. 1858 He studied music and came (1876) to Scra ton, Pa., and was publisher of the Cambra American, Scranton, in 1879, also editing T People, the State prohibition organ for years. He was associated (1887) with Wate Damrosch on musical work and later with Ante Seidl; conducting the Ocean Grove (N. D Festivals since 1888, becoming manager and conductor of the Ocean Grove Summer Mex Festivals from 1898. He was next conduc of the New York Festival Chorus. He is ed and publisher of The American Musical T and president of the International Correspas ence School of Music, Asbury Park, N. Î

MORGAN, Thomas Hunt, American 20ogist: b. Lexington, Ky., 25 Sept. 1866. He wa graduated (1886) at the State College of Ke tucky, took the degree Ph.D. (1890) at Johns Hopkins and became professor of biology at Bryn Mawr (1891-1904). In the latter year he was appointed professor of experimental zoology at Columbia University. He was given the degree LL.D. by Johns Hopkins in 1917. He has written The Development of the Frog's Egg (1897); 'Regeneration' (1901); Evolu tion and Adaptation' (1903); Experimental Zoology' (1907); 'Heredity and Sex' (1913); 'Critique of the Theory of Evolution' (1916). Many monographs and papers of his have been published on biology and embryology, etc.

MORGAN, William, American Freemason, whose death was the immediate cause of the formation of the Anti-Masonic party: b. Culpeper County, Va., about 1775; d. possibly near Niagara in 1826. He fought in the defense of New Orleans in 1815; removed to York, Canada, in 1821, where he became a brewer, and whence soon after he moved to Batavia, N. Y.; and in August 1826 disappeared soon after a