Dec. 1810; 'd. Rome, 25 May 1863. He was educated at the University of Christiania and studied deeply the old Norse language and antiquities. In 1841 he was appointed professor of history at the University of Christiania. He was accorded the unusual privilege of access to the papal archives in Rome, where he spent much time in study. His principal work is 'History of the Norwegian People) (185263). Munch published several works of a. linguistic character, and, repudiating the term "Icelandic," maintained that the so-called Icelandic literature was really Old Norse. He also translated several of the Old Norse sagas... A collection of his essays was edited by Gustav Storm (1873-76). .

MUNCH, Peter Andreas, Norwegian poet; b. Christiania, 19 Oct. 1811; d. near Copenhagen, 27 June 1884, He was originally a student of law, but became an editor (1841-46) and professor in the university (1866) at Christiania. Among his writings are Sorg og Trost (Grief and Consolation'), of which seven editions have been printed; Ephemera'' (1836) King Sverre's Youth (1837), a drama The Singer' (1838); Poems Old and New (1848); Pictures from North and South (1848), in prose; New Poems (1850) Lord William Russell (3d ed., 1888), a tragedy, and 'An Evening at Giske (1855), a historical drama. Munch translated into Norwegian many works from such authors as Tennyson and Walter Scott, and wrote some, popular Norwegian songs.

MÜNCH-BELLINGHAUSEN, münk-běl'ling-how'zen, Eligius Franz Joseph, FREIHERR VON, also known under the pseudonym FRIEDRICH HALM, Austrian dramatist and short-story writer: b. Krakau (Cracow), 2 April 1806; d. Vienna, 22 May 1871. He came to Vienna in 1811 and began studying law there in 1822, making the acquaintance while a young student of such prominent literary men as Bauernfeld, Lenau, Seidl, etc. In 1826 he entered the employ of the Austrian government as a lower official and remained in the bureaucracy from that time until his death, his chief positions being custodian (later director) of the court library and general superintendent of the Vienna Hofburgtheatre. As a dramatist, Halm's position in German literature is that of a constructor of correct dramatic outlines, often banal in their conventionality, which are always surrounded with resounding rhetoric and a peculiar union of romanticism and pessimism, together with occasional real feeling. His first play, 'Griseldis' (1835) had a great stage success and passed over most of the stages of Germany. There followed a number of less successful productions: 'Camoens (1837); 'Adept,' tragedy (1838); Imelda Lambertazzi, tragedy (1842). His greatest success and his best-known play is 'Der Sohn der Wildnis (1842; known on the English stage as 'Ingomar'), although 'Der Fechter von Ravenna (1857) also was very popular. Of his. short stories the best are 'Die Marzipanliese'. and 'Das Haus an der Veronabrücke.' His. works have been published: 'Werke (8 vols., Vienna 1856-64; 4 additional vols., 1872) 'Ausgewählte Werke (4 vols., Leipzig 1904 another ed. by Bong, Berlin 1910). Consult Schneider, 'Friedrich Halm und das spanische

Drama' (Berlin 1909); Schachinger, R., 'Briefwechsel zwischen M. Enk und Halm' (Wien 1890); Pachler, F., 'Die Jugendjahre Halms (Wien 1877).

MÜNCHEN (mün'нen) GLADBACH. A town in the Prussian Rhine province.

MÜNCHHAUSEN, münh'how-zěn, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, BARON: b. Bodenwerder, Hanover, 1720; d. there, 1797. He was a German soldier and served in his youth as a cavalry officer in the Russian army. He was possessed of an adventurous and dare-devil spirit and an imagination that knew no bounds. He told the most wonderful stories of his adventures in the Turkish campaign of 1737-39, and soon became famous as the most unique exaggerator that ever lived. The tradition of the baron's story-telling is supported by his old days the officer used to relate his most the evidence of a clergyman, who says that in surprising adventures "in a cavalier manner, with a military emphasis, but without any passion and with the easy humor of a man of the world, as things which required no explanation or proof." His tales are thought to have been first compiled by Rudolf Erich Raspe, a man of position as curator of the museum at Cassel to letters, who, being compelled to flee from his England on account of a charge of embezzlement, was engaged in London in literary pursuits, and is generally believed to have published anonymously an English edition of the stories under the title of 'Baron Münchausen's Narrative of his Marvelous Travels and Campaigns in Russia (1785). A second edition, enlarged and ornamented, was published at Oxford in 1786 under the title of The Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages and Sporting Adventures of Baron Munnikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen; as he relates them over a bottle when surrounded by his friends.>> A third edition, published by Kearsley in Lon don the same year, bore the title of Gulliver Revived. The story passed through many edi tions by different hands, gaining more and more accretions each time, whether in form of bor rowings from Lucian or of topical "hits" Baron de Tolt, Montgolfier, the first balloonist,' or Bruce, the explorer of the Nile. One of the best editions is that by Shore 1872), illus-: trated by Doré, with additions by Theodore Gautier. It is said a large proportion of the hunting tales are derived from Henry Bebel's 'Facetiæ (1508), while other incidents are bor-. rowed from Castiglione's Cortegiano' and Bildermann's Utopia, which are included in Lange's 'Delicia Academicæ (1765). Consult Müller-Fraureuth, 'Die deutschen Lügendich-, tungen auf Münchausen) (1881). See ADVENTURES OF BARON MÜNCHAUSEN, THE

umes

on

MÜNCHHAUSEN: A Story in Arabesques: a satirical romance by Karl L. Immer-. mann (q.v.) originally published in four volin Düsseldorf during 1838-39. The eponymous hero is presented as the nephew of the famous prevaricator, while the author has also taken at least a part of his ideas from 'Don Quixote' in attaching to the hero a droll serviteur who closely resembles the materialistic Sancho Panza. Other influences are traceable in the work, notably of Rückert's translation of Hariri's 'Makamen,' Swift's 'Gulliver's

Travels' and 'Gil Blas.' The story may be described as a formless mass of episodes played in Westphalian villages. The "New Munchhausen" is a traveller like Humboldt; like Gulliver, he sojourns among and converses with animals; like Gil Blas he serves as kitchen boy; like Cagliostro he lives indefinitely on rejuvenating medicine. He appears in different rôles, and in each character successfully exploits the credulity of his audiences. As a disinterested financier and company promoter he is eminently and humorously successful.

MUNCIE, mŭn'si, Ind., city, county-seat of Delaware County, on the White River, and on the Central Indiana, the Lake Erie and Western, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Chesapeake and Ohio of Indiana, Fort Wayne, Cincinnati and Louisville and other railroads, about 56 miles northeast of Indianapolis. There are six interurban lines. A belt railway encircles the city and furnishes intercommunication among the lines which enter the city. Muncie is situated in an agricultural region and in a natural-gas belt. The chief manufacturing industries are iron and steel works, glass works, machine shops, canneries, pulp and paper mills, manufactories for silver and silver-plated goods, wagon and carriage works and flour mills, automobiles and automobiles parts, motors, pianos, toys and gloves. Other articles manufactured are gas-engines and gas fixtures, knit underwear, glass-jars, lawn mowers, silverware, wheels, boilers, iron bedsteads, caskets and undertakers' supplies. There is a large trade in the manufactures of the city, and in coal, farm products and livestock. The city is the seat of the Eastern branch Indiana State Normal Institute. city has good public and parish schools, good modern high school, a public library which has over 35,000 volumes, a city hospital, courthouse and a number of fine churches. The government building cost over $80,000 and the public library building $50,000. The present form of city government is on the Federal plan, consisting of a Mayor and aldermen elected under the ward system and with the usual executive branches. Pop. 35,000.

The

MUNDE, mun'dě, Paul Fortunatus, American gynecologist: b. Dresden, Saxony, 7 Sept. 1846; d. New York, 7 Feb. 1902. After coming to the United States in 1849 he attended the Boston Latin School and then studied medicine at Yale. He left before completing his course, entering the Union army as medical cadet in 1864. He was afterward graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1866 and went to Germany, where he enlisted in the Bavarian army. He was decorated by the emperor with the Iron Cross for heroism in saving the lives of patients from a burning hospital near Paris. After devoting himself to study and practice in hospitals in Berlin, Heidelberg, Paris, London and Edinburgh he took up his residence in New York in 1873, and practised obstetrics and gynecology. He was appointed professor at Dartmouth Medical College and in the New York Polyclinic in 1882. He edited (1874-92) the American Journal of Obstetrics, and was president of the American Gynecological Society in 1897-98. Among his works are 'Minor Surgical Gynecology) (1880); 'Appendix to

the Midwifery of Cazeaux and Tamier' (1884); Pregnancy and the Puerperal State' (1887), and 'Diseases of Women' (1891).

MUNDELEIN, George William, American Roman Catholic archbishop: b. New York, 2 July 1872. He studied first at the De La Salle Institute and later at Manhattan College, after which he began his theological course at Saint Vincent's Seminary, Beatty, Pa., completing it at the Urban College of the Propaganda in Rome. Ordained to the priesthood in Rome 8 June 1895, he became assistant secretary to Bishop McDonnell of Brooklyn, N. Y., being appointed diocesan chancellor in 1897, which office he held for 12 years. In 1903 Father Mundelein was named censor of the Liturgical Academy; in 1906 was elevated to the rank of domestic prelate and in 1908 received from the Propaganda the degrees of licentiate of sacred theology and doctor of divinity. Monsignor Mundelein was consecrated titular bishop of Loryma and auxiliary bishop of Brooklyn 21 Sept. 1909 and on 15 Dec. 1915 was promoted to the archiepiscopal see of Chicago, receiving the pallium at the hands of Archbishop John Bonzano, Apostolic Delegate to the United States, 9 Feb. 1916. Archbishop Mundelein is linguist of marked ability and as metropolitan a distinguished liturgist and theologian and a of the ecclesiastical province of Chicago is shepherd of over 1,150,000 souls.

MÜNDEN, mün'den, Prussia, town in the government district Hildesheim, located on the confluence of the Werra and Fulda with the Weser. It is the junction of the Hanover-ElzeCassel and the Nordhausen-Münden state railways. The neighborhood has romantic forests and contains two Lutheran churches, the Blasükirche dating from 1263 has a monument to Erich II of Brunswick, besides a Catholic, a Reformed church and a synagogue. There are also an ancient castle with a museum, an Imperial academy of forestry, a gymnasium, a realprogymnasium, etc. Its industries include rubber works, wooden and lead ware, leather, tobacco and cigar factories, also factories producing cellulose, artificial manures, glass-paper, a sugar refinery, boiler factory, etc. Considerable commerce is carried on in lumber and shipping. In 1910 it had 10,991 inhabitants.

MUNDT, moont, Klara Müller ("MÜHLBACH, LUISE"), German novelist: b. Neubrandenburg, January 1814; d. Berlin, 26 Sept. 1873. She was married to Theodor Mundt (q.v.) in 1839. She was an extremely prolific writer of popular historical novels, which though quite without merit in point of style are by no means wanting in descriptive excellence. They were all published under the pen name of "LUISE MÜHLBACH" and have had as many eager readers in this country and England as in the writer's own land. Among them are Queen Hortense (5th ed., 1861); 'Emperor Joseph II and his Court (9th ed., 1866); Marie Antoinette and her Son' (1867); 'Emperor Alexander and his Court (1868); Mohammed Ali and his House' (1871); 'Frederick the Great and his Court' (8th ed., 1882).

MUNDT, Theodor, German author: b. Potsdam, Prussia, 19 Sept. 1808; d. Berlin, 30 Nov. 1861. He was the husband of Luise Mühlbach. He studied at the University of