was deputy from 1881 to 1900, when he was elected senator for Meurthe-et-Moselle. Besides contributions to the Revue des Deux Mondes and Temps, he wrote 'Shakespeare' (1861); Shakespeare's Predecessors and Contemporaries (1863); Shakespeare's Contemporaries and Successors' (1864); 'Dante' (1865); Petrarch (1867); Goethe' (187273); In France) (1883); Outside of France' (1883); 'Mirabeau' (1891); 'Petrarch (1895); Dead and Living' (1898); (The Passing Time (1906); 'Portraits of Soldiers' (1907); Ulbina Verba' (1914).

MÉZIÈRES, mä'zyar, Philippe de, French soldier, religious pilgrim and author: b. Chateau de Mézières, Picardy, about 1327; d. Paris, 29 May 1405. While still very young he served under Lucchino Visconti in Lombardy and shortly afterward under Andrew, king of Naples. He served with the French army in Smyrna in 1346, was knighted and afterward went to Jerusalem where he endeavored to found an order of knighthood to be maintained in the holy city for its protection against the Mohammedans. He visited Cyprus in 1347 and made a convert of Peter, the son of King Hugo IV; and after the accession of Peter to the throne, in 1358, he returned to the island and became his chancellor, probably in 1360. He was associated here with the legate Peter Thomas, who became patriarch of Constantinople in 1364. Mézières traveled with King Peter to the courts of western Europe, seeking support for a new crusade, and was with him at the capture of Alexandria in 1365. Onethird of the booty was awarded Mézières for the creation of his order, the plan of which was laid forth in his Nova religio passionis' (1367-68), and which he extended in 1386 and 1396. Finding the Crusaders unwilling to aid him in realizing his dream Mézières was commissioned to visit Venice, Avignon and western Europe to enlist their aid for the kingdom of Cyprus against the sultan. Failing in his efforts he again sought converts for his order, but in 1368 returned to Cyprus, where he remained until the assassination of King Peter in 1369. In 1372 he was attached to the court of Pope Gregory XI, and in 1373 he became a counsellor of Charles V, at Paris. He enjoyed the king's full confidence and was tutor to his son, who became Charles VI. After the accession of Charles VI, however, Mézières retired to the Convent of the Celestines. He never lost touch with public affairs, but devoted himself chiefly to literature and the endeavor to establish his order at Jerusalem. His writings are of great historical value. His life of his friend and confrere, Peter Thomas, Vita S. Petri Thomasii' (Antwerp 1659), contains a highly valuable account of the Alexandrian expedition. Most of his writings concerned his project for the founding of his Order of the Passion, among them being 'Songe du vieil pélerin' (1389) and the autobiographical Oratio trægedica.' He was an earnest worker for friendship between England and France, and greatly desired the marriage of Richard II and Isabella of France, believing that it would ensure peace between the two countries and that his crusade could then be successfully inaugurated. His 'Epitre lamentable et consolatoire) (1397) was written after the disaster

which overtook the Crusade of 1396, which he had not thought well advised. Consult Jorga, N., Philippe de Mézières et la croisade au xiv siécle (1896).

MÉZIÈRES, France, capital city of the Department of Ardennes, on the neck of a peninsula formed by the Meuse, 55 miles northeast of Rheims, on the Eastern Railway. It is connected by a bridge with Charleville on the opposite bank of the Meuse, which, together with Arches, Pierre and Mahon, forms practically one city with Mézières. It was formerly a fortified town but its forts were dismantled in 1886. It was successfully defended by Bayard against Emperor Charles in 1521, but was besieged and taken by the Germans in 1815 and in 1871. It fell into German hands early in the European War in 1914 and remained in the enemy's hands until after the signing of the armistice, 11 Nov. 1918. See WAR, EUROPEAN. Its parish church is a fine Gothic edifice dating from the 16th century. Together with Charleville it forms an important manufacturing centre in the metallurgical industries. Pop. about 10,403. MEZÖTUR, me'zō-ter, Hungary, city in the County Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Berettyo, an affluent of the Tisza, 88 miles east of Budapest. It is situated in a rich agricultural district for which it furnishes a trade centre, and there are extensive communal pastoral lands upon which large herds of cattle are grazed. There are several large fairs held annually and the town has important potteries. Pop. 25,835.

on the

MEZZA-MAJOLICA. See POTTERY MAN

UFACTURE,

MEZZANINE, in architecture, a low winSomedow occurring in attics and entresols. times applied to an entresol. A mezzanine story is a half story; one lower than the stories above and below. In theatres it is usually

a floor between the stage and the bottom of the deep cellars of large theatres, from which floor the short scenes and traps are worked, the large scenes going down through openings into the cellar; hence the name, from being midway between the stage and cellar floor.

MEZZOFANTI, Giuseppe Gaspardo, joosep‍pĕ gäs-pär’dō měd-zō-fän'tē, Italian linguist: b. Bologna, 17 Sept. 1774; d. Rome, 15 March 1849. He studied at the seminary of Bologna, and took priest's orders in 1797. He was appointed librarian and professor of Oriental languages at the university; in 1831 went to Rome, there succeeded Angelo Mai as keeper of the Vatican Library (1833), and in 1838 was made cardinal. It is said that he was familiar with over fifty languages, and even with the provincialisms of these various tongues. Byron called him "a monster of languages, the Briareus of parts of speech." His library and his papers came into the possession of the University of Bologna. His attainments were not entirely limited to proficiency in languages, but only one printed work of his, a eulogy of Emmanuele da Ponte, a Spanish Jesuit who had taught him Greek, is in existence. Consult the 'Lives' by Russell (1858; 2d ed. 1863) and Bellesheim (1880); Manavit, 'Esquisse Historique sur le Cardinal Mezzofanti (1854); 'Quarterly Review,' Vol. CI.

MEZZOTINT, met'sō-, a process of engraving on copper which dates from the 17th century. The smooth plate of the metal is abraded with a file-like tool, and tiny points are raised over the surface. These points catch and hold the ink, and an impression taken from a plate in this condition would give a soft velvety mass of black without variety of light and shade. A burnisher is next used to get rid of the raised points where half tones and lights are wanted. Sometimes where very brilliant high lights are required, they are cut away so as to ensure a smooth surface of copper. By means of this burnishing process, all gradations of light and shade are obtained from the white of the smooth copper to the black of the roughened plate. See ENGRAVINGS.

MHOW, m-how', India, town and British cantonment, in the Rajput state of Indore, 13 miles southwest of Indore. The town, situated on an eminence 1,800 feet high above the Gumber, is European in its appearance, having a church with a conspicuous steeple, a well-furnished library, a spacious lecture-room and a theatre. The cantonment is situated half a mile southeast of the town, and, in virtue of the Treaty of Mandsaur, is occupied by a considerable force. Mhow was one of the centres of the Sepoy mutiny of 1857. Pop. about 29,820.

MIACIDÆ, one of the most recent and most important families of creodonts, distinguished by a single pair of carnassial teeth, and by a larger brain-case and more advanced brain than other creodonts. The feet were five-toed, and spreading, and their claws were small, sharp and partly retractile. In general the structure was a composite of characters that seems to have led by specialization to the various families of fissipede carnivores of more modern times. This development becomes very apparent in the Carnivora of the Eocene, especially in the direction of the dog-type. It may be said that the Miacidæ represent the stock that in the Upper Eocene "passed imperceptibly into the Fissipedia, more obviously into the dog family," which naturalists consider stands in the central line of fissipede development.

MIAGAO, me-ä-gä'o, Philippines, a pueblo of the province of Iloilo, Panay, on the southern coast of the island on Iloilo Strait, 22 miles west of Iloilo, the provincial capital. Pop. 20,656.

MIAKO, mē-ä'kō. See KIOTO.

MIALL, mi'al, Edward, English non-conformist politician: b. Portsmouth, 8 May 1809; d. Sevenoaks, Kent, 29 April 1881. He studied at Wymondley Theological Seminary, Hertfordshire; was pastor of independent chapels in Ware, 1831-34, and in Leicester, 1834-41; then removed to London, where he founded the Nonconformist, a weekly devoted to church disestablishment. From 1852-57 and again from 1869-74, he was a member of the House of Commons. He was one of the founders of the Liberation Society, and in 1858 was appointed to represent Non-conformity on the Education Commission. He urged the disestablishment of the Irish Church in 1856, and repeatedly moved for the formation of committee on English disestablishment. He was twice the recipient of valuable public testimonials. He wrote "The

Nonconformist Sketch Book' (1845), The British Churches in Relation to the British People' (1849). Wayside Musings' (1865), and Social Influences of the State Church (1867). Consult the 'Life' by his son Arthur (1867).

MIALL, Louis C., English naturalist: b. Bradford, 1842. He was made curator of the Leeds Literary Society in 1871 and professor of biology in the University of Leeds, 1876-1907 and was Fullerian professor of physiology the Royal Institution, 1904-05. He has written 'Object Lessons from Nature' (1891); Anatomy of the Indian Elephant' (1878); Natural History of Aquatic Insects' (1895); 'Round the Year (1896); Thirty Years of Teaching' (1897); Injurious and Useful Insects) (1902); 'House, Garden and Field (1904); and 'The Early Naturalists) (1912).

MIAMI, mi-äm'e, Ariz., town in Gila County, in the Pina Mountains, 10 miles west of Globe and 60 miles east of Phoenix, on the Arizona Eastern Railway. The town owes its existence to the rich copper mines in its vicinity and dates from 1909, being incorporated in 1914. It is growing rapidly and the buildings are largely of concrete. Its light and power are supplied from the Roosevelt Dam, 40 miles to the northwest. Pop. 10,000.

MIAMI, Fla., town and county-seat of Dade County, at the mouth of Miami River on Biscayne Bay, and on the Florida East Coast Railroad. It has steamship connection with Havana, Nassau and San Juan. It is situated in an important citrus fruit and trucking district and is a shipping centre for great quantities of fruit and winter vegetables for the northern market. It has also a considerable fishing industry; and sponge fishing also is carried on in Biscayne Bay. The town dates from its selection as the southern terminal of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1896, at which time it was practically non-existent. The railroad was later extended to Key West, and the erection of the Royal Palm Hotel formed the inauguration of the town as a winter resort. The United States subtropical laboratory is located here, and it is the site of the now abandoned Fort Dallas, famous in the Seminole War. Pop. 5,471.

MIAMI, Okla., village and county-seat of Ottawa County, 16 miles southwest of Baxter Springs, Kan., on the Saint Louis and San Francisco, the Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf, and the Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri Interurban railroads. It is situated in a rich graingrowing district and there is a considerable industry in lumber, as well as the mining of lead and zinc. Pop. 2,907,

MIAMI, a river of Ohio, which rises in Hardin County and flowing south and southwest for a distance estimated at 150 miles, passing Troy, Dayton and Hamilton, enters the Ohio River at the southwest corner of the State, 20 miles west of Cincinnati. It is a rapid stream, passing through a picturesque and fertile country, and admits of navigation for only a portion of its length. Its principal branches are the West Branch, the Mad and the Whitewater rivers. The Miami Canal runs along the river for about 70 miles, and together they furnish extensive power for manufacturing

purposes. This river is sometimes called the Great Miami, in distinction from the Little Miami, which rises in Madison County, and after a southwest course of about 100 miles, nearly parallel to the former, enters the Ohio six miles east of Cincinnati. It is skirted for the greater part of its course by the Little Miami Railroad, connecting Xenia and Cincinnati.

MIAMI INDIANS, an American tribe of the Algonquian family, and first known to French explorers in 1658 and then located near Green Bay, Wis. In 1700 they removed to Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, and later separated into two distinct tribes Wea and Piankishaw. In the Colonial wars the Miamis figured with both combatants, but eventually joined Pontiac's alliance in 1764, opposing the Americans. After their defeat by General Wayne they signed a treaty at Greenville in 1795. They again joined the British against the Americans in 1812, fighting under Tecumseh (q.v.). In 1827 they sold most of their lands and removed to Kansas. Disease killed off the majority of them, and the remnant of the tribe located in Wabash County, Ind., until 1872, when they moved to the Quapaw Reserve in Indian Territory. In 1905 their numberswhich probably never at any time exceeded 1,700 in Indian Territory were 124, and in Indiana 243, all of mixed blood.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY, in Oxford, Butler County, Ohio, is a coeducational institution. In 1788 J. C. Symmes purchased from the United States 1,000,000 acres of land, bounded south by the Ohio River, east by the Little Miami, and west by the Great Miami. One condition of this purchase was, that a full township, six miles square, should be set apart "for the endowment of an academy and other seminaries of learning." This condition was not complied with; but as the prospect of the establishment of a university within the bounds of Symmes' purchase had induced many to settle there, in 1803 Congress ceded to the State of Ohio the township of Oxford, to be held in trust for educational purposes. The university was incorporated in 1809. The lands are leased for 99 years (renewable forever, without re-valuation), subject to an annual quitrent of 6 per cent on the purchase money. The government is vested in a board of 27 trustees appointed by the governor of the State, nine of whom retire every third year. A grammar school was established in 1818, and in November 1824 the college department proper was opened. The school has normal and college departments, the courses leading to the degrees of B.A. and B.S. In 1916 there were connected with the institution 55 professors and instructors and 789 students in the regular year, 1,154 in the summer school. The grounds and buildings were valued at $900.000. There were over 46,000 volumes in the library. The State aid amounted to about 205,652, and the total income from tuition, productive fund and State was $250,000. The first class, consisting of 12 members, was graduated in 1826.

Cincinnati. It is an agricultural region, where abundant water power has made it an important manufacturing place. It has large shipments of tobacco, manufactures and cereals. One of the largest Indian mounds in the State is iust outside the city. In March 1913 the city suffered severely from a river flood, the damage being estimated at $1,500,000. Pop. about 4,300.

MIANABUG, a Persian tick of the genus Argas, greatly dreaded by travelers in former times; but its reputed powers of poisoning and otherwise harming humanity have been greatly exaggerated.

an

MIANTONOMOH, mi-ăn-tô-nô mỡ, American Indian chief, a sachem of the Narragansetts, who succeeded his uncle, Canonicus, in 1636. In 1637 he assisted the early settlers of Massachusetts in the Pequot War. In 1643 he attacked Uncas, his bitter rival, was captured and turned over to the commissioners of the United Colonies at Boston. He was placed on trial before an ecclesiastical court, found guilty, condemned to death, and Uncas was commissioned to carry out the sentence. A brother of Uncas, however, assassinated the captive before the sentence could be executed. He was buried where he fell, and a monument was erected over the spot in 1841.

MIAO-TSE, mē-ä'ō-tsě, or MIAU-TSI, general name of numerous aboriginal Chinese tribes dwelling in the provinces of Yunnan, Kweichow, Hunan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung, China. They are hillmen and number some 80 tribes, with a population running into millions, although their numbers are decreasing. While nominally under Chinese rule they are practically independent, maintaining their own government, customs and dress; the authority of the Empire extending only so far as to keep them within the hill districts and prevent their attacking their neighbors. They speak several dialects and the customs of the different tribes vary considerably. The last serious uprising was in 1832, since when they have in the main kept to themselves. They are of low stature and more angular in feature than the Chinese, and somewhat darker of complexion. Consult Bridgman, E. C., Sketches of the Miau-tsi' Williams, S. W., The Middle Kingdom' (1883); Edkins, The Miau-tsi Tribes (1870); Boulger, D. C., The History of China' (1898). MIAS. See ORANG-UTAN.

one

MIASMA, or MIASM (Gr., "pollution"), an ancient term, now obsolete, which meant a disease-producing emanation in the atmosphere, from decaying animal or vegetable material; malaria; malarial poison. Diseases at time supposed to be thereby produced were classified as miasmata - such as intermittent and remittent fever, typhus and typhoid fever. The term is used infrequently at the present day, as micro-organisms (bacteria-germs) are believed to be responsible for the spread of most of these diseases, and do not exist in the form of a miasm. While some of these organisms are carried by the atmosphere, and are inhaled, others are conveyed by insects to articles of food, and are taken into the body when such food is eaten. Others, still, are elaborated in a kind of mosquito (Anopheles) and injected into the blood.

MIASSKY ZAVOD, mē-as'kē za-vōd, or MIAS, MIYASS, or MIYASK, eastern Russia, city in the government of Orenburg, in the Ural Mountains, 35 miles west of Cheliabinsk, near the Trans-Siberian Railway. It has important gold mines. Pop. 25,479.

name

MIAULIS, mē-ow'lès, Andreas Vohos, or Bokos, Greek admiral: b. Negropont, about 1768; d. Athens, 24 June 1835. His family was Vokos or Bokos, his surname Miaulis being derived from the Turkish word for a felucca. He was a wealthy merchant captain living on the Island of Hydra at the outbreak of the Greek war of independence in 1821, and was appointed to the command of the Greek fleet. He assisted at the relief of besieged Missolonghi in 1822-23, and succeeded in blocking the Turks' further advances after their capture of Psara in 1824. He was able to supply troops and stores to Missolonghi in the second siege of 1825, although he could not prevent the fall of the town. He was outnumbered by the Egyptian naval forces, but succeeded in hampering their movements. He was superseded in the command of the Greek naval forces by Lord Dundonald in 1827, and thereafter ably supported his successor, the representative of the powers intervening in behalf of Greece. After the establishment of Greek independence he was a vigorous antagonist of Capodistrias and the Russian party, and again commanded the fleet in the insurrection of 1831. He was one of the deputation commissioned to offer the Greek crown to King Otho, and he remained his staunch supporter. He named by King Otho rear-admiral, and later, vice-admiral.

was

MICA (Lat. mico, flash), a mineral group, marked by high basal cleavage, and laminæ which may be made very thin by a process of continued separation. The micas are silicates; muscovite, the commonest, is a silicate of potassium and aluminum, and is often styled potassium mica; paragonite, or sodium mica, corresponds closely to muscovite, but has sodium instead of potassium; biotite, a silicate of magnesium, potassium and iron, is marked by its darker tints, and is commonly called magnesium iron mica; lepidolite is a lithium mica, with fluorine, potassium and aluminum in its composition, and a rose tint. Mica is widely scattered in North America and Asia, especially India. Ruby colored mica, no matter what its provenance, is now called "Indian." Europe has no commercial supply. Deposits are most frequently found in pegmatite (q.v.) dikes, varying in thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet, and correspondingly in length. Many other minerals accompany it, especially quartz and feldspar, and the mica is scattered through the dike, or vein, as the miners call it. Moreover, scarcely more than 10 per cent, and sometimes as little as 2 per cent, is commercially useful. Mica was well known in prehistoric America, traces of its use being widespread. A great shaft near Mount Mitchell, in North Carolina, was discovered in 1869. This not merely solved the question as to the origin of the early supply, but gave the first impulse to the mining of mica in the United States. Mica lands in North Carolina became tremendously valuable. This boom was quickly followed by the development of the industry in southern New Hampshire; and this

in turn by important discoveries, in the 80's, in Canada and India. In Quebec, Ottawa and Perth and Renfrew counties, Ontario, the supply is of excellent quality, and hence is easily mined and cheap. Hindu labor and an excellent grade of mica make the output of Bengal, Bombay and the Madras presidency even cheaper. To classify the various sources of supply roughly, it may be said that India gives the world one-half, and Canada and the United States each about one-fourth of the entire supply. Everywhere the "veins" start near the surface; hence mining is simple. In New Hampshire there has been a break from the primitive methods, but in North Carolina, apparently the richest field in the United States, the mining is still unorganized, being done almost entirely by farmers, with the simplest of tools, between crops. In this region, mica is largely used as a medium of exchange between farmers and storekeepers.

In 1870 mica waste was first utilized by Frederick Beck, who introduced the use of "mica-flour," or ground mica, as a coating for cheap wall-papers. Scrap-mica, formerly worthless, rose to $17 a ton, and then gradually fell to $6 or $7. This branch of the business is confined to the United States. Since 1895 there has been a fresh and most important use for mica, namely, as an insulator. For this purpose the sheets are split very thin and glued to cloth, then wound into rings for armatures. As a result of this variation of the uses of mica, only the colorless sorts, notably muscovite, are largely used for lamp chimneys and stove doors. Mica is also valuable as a lubricant, as an absorbent of glycerine in making dynamite, and, in the case of the lithium silicates, such as lepidolite, in the manufacture of lithium salts. See MINERAL PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

MICA SCHIST, shist, a schistose rock, metamorphic in nature, containing mica and quartz. The origin of most of the mica schists is uncertain; the sericite variety seems to be the result of mountain-building forces acting upon igneous rocks; other sorts are almost as certainly due to the same force acting upon sedimentary rocks. Mica occurring in schist is usually muscovite, that is, the colorless sort; biotite, or dark mica, is less frequent. Various embedded minerals occur, notably garnets.

MICAH, mi'ką, the sixth of the minor prophets, dwelt in Moresheth, a little town, once a dependency of the Philistine city of Gath, but by the conquests of Uzziah reduced with the whole of western Judah, including the city of Gath, to Hebrew domination. His main public work was accomplished during the reign of Hezekiah. He dwelt on the great international highway between Egypt and Assyria and was led to take a wide view of the political movements in Western Asia in their effect upon his own people. He lived in the 8th century B.C. and he witnessed the ending of the northern kingdom, and the invasion of Palestine by Sargon and Sennacherib. He witnessed also the corruption of morals which Hezekiah only partially corrected. His prophecy is directed against Samaria and Jerusalem, whose sufferings for their sins and irreligion he declares shall be greater than those of Babylon and the other Gentile cities. His style is pure and correct, his images bold, his denunciations full of strength and severity.

...

MICAH, Book of. The title of the book, i, 1, describes it as "the word of Yahweh that came to Micah the Morashtite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." In Jeremiah xxvi, 18, is a quotation from the words of the elders: "Micah the Morashtite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah." The chronology of this period is somewhat uncertain. The probable dates, however, are Jotham, 740-736; Ahaz, 736-727; Hezekiah, 727-695. The title, like most similar titles, is doubtless a later editorial addition. Hence the evidence indicates most definitely the activity of Micah during the reign of Hezekiah. The most probable period is shortly before the capture of Samaria, i, 5-6, perhaps about 724 B.C., although this might refer to a later period, inasmuch as Samaria was not entirely destroyed at that time and, according to the Assyrian records, was active again not long after that

event.

It

It is now quite generally agreed that Micah was not the author of the whole of the book. But there is much difference of opinion concerning the details of authorship. The most of chapters i-iii is a unity, with the exception principally of ii, 12-13, and was doubtless written by Micah. This is throughout a message of condemnation with a prediction of punishment upon Judah, and to a minor degree upon Israel, for their sins. The remainder of the book contains some portions of a tenor similar to this, but consists for the most part of messages of blessing and restoration. There are two parts, chapters iv-v, and vi-vii. seems reasonably certain that Micah was not the author of all of iv-vii, especially because of obvious inconsistencies, both within these chapters and as compared with i-iii: v, 2-4, e.g., is out of harmony with v, 5-6; iv, 11-13 is inconsistent with iii, 12. The connection of thought in iv-vii is not close so that evidently either the original order has been changed, or it was originally a composite of miscellaneous portions. The following portions in iv-vii are similar, as messages of punishment, to i-iii, and were probably written by Micah: v, 1, 10-13; vi, 9-16; vii, 1-6. Most of the remainder of iv-vii together with ii, 12-13 contains messages of hope and restoration after disaster. It is a possibility that most of this may have been written by Micah. But, if so, it must have been at a different period, presumably much later, as Isaiah probably gave some messages that were distinctly of hope at the latter end of his ministry. The strong probability remains, however, that these portions were not written by Micah but consist of various later fragments, mostly of the time of the exile and after the exile. The change of tone is less probable for Micah than for Isaiah, because Micah's original message had in it no real hope, while that of Isaiah did, at least from an early period in his ministry.

Micah is described as the Morashtite, meaning probaby an inhabitant of Moresheth-gath, Micah i, 14. This place is not mentioned outside of this verse. It probably was a town named Moresheth, a dependency of the wellknown Philistine city Gath. He was thus of the country, and shows a corresponding type of message, differing markedly from that of his contemporary Isaiah who was a city-dweller, an inhabitant of Jerusalem. Micah's denuncia

tion of the sins of the people and threats of punishment are similar to those of Amos. His most characteristic specific addition to the prophetic message is the prediction, first given by him, that Jerusalem shall be destroyed for the sins of the people, iii, 12. The later additions to Micah for the most part contain no specially notable message. vi, 6-8 give, however, a clear statement of the high prophetic ideal of life.

>

Bibliography. Cheyne, T. K., 'Book of Micah (Cambridge Bible, 2d ed., Cambridge 1895); Smith, G. A., The Book of the Twelve Prophets' ('Expositor's Bible, Vol. I, New York 1896); Smith, J. M. P., Micah' (International Critical Commentary,' New York 1911).

GEORGE RICKER BERRY, Professor of Old Testament Interpretation and Semitic Languages, Colgate University.

MICAH CLARKE, a novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published in 1888. It presents in the form of fiction a graphic and vivid picture of the political condition in England during the Monmouth Rebellion (1685).

MICAWBER, mi-kâ'ber, Mr. Wilkins, a shiftless, unsuccessful optimist, always in trouble, but always sure "something will turn up," one of the secondary characters in Dickens' 'David Copperfield' (1849). He is a portrait of the novelist's father, not only in character but in the principal incidents in his career, and Mrs. Micawber, who has great faith in her husband, was patterned after Dickens' mother.

MICELLAR THEORY, in botany, the theory, proposed in 1862 by the Swiss botanist K. W. Nageli (q.v.), that the accretion of starch-grains and similar bodies within cells in a living plant, and the formation and growth of the walls of cells, was by means of molecules, each an aggregation of lesser molecules, to which he gave the name micellæ. They are invisible to even the highest powers of a microscope. Two or more having united, the growth of the grain to be composed, or the cell-wall to be broadened, is accomplished by more micellæ crowding into crevices between those already in place. Some important plantphysiologists have always refused to accept this hypothesis, which is now generally distrusted.

MICHAEL, mi'kěl or mi'kā-ěl (Hebrew, "who is Godlike"), is spoken of in Daniel (x, 13, 21; xii, 1) as one of the "chief princes," and the "great prince." In Jude (verse 9) he is called the archangel who disputed with the devil about the body of Moses. In the Revelation (xii, 7) it is said "there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon." From this expression it has been inferred that he was the chief of the celestial hierarchy. Milton calls him "of celestial armies prince," and "prince of angels," and attributes to him the command of the heavenly forces. He was ranked by Thomas Aquinas, followed by Dante, as the first of the seven archangels, a character in which he first appears in the Ethiopian Enoch, in which he is represented as executing the commands of God at Judgment Day, or presenting the prayers of the saints before the throne of God. In France especially churches dedicated to this saint, whose day in the Western Church is 29 September, are often built on the loftiest hill tops, to afford the