Laws and Resolutions of Congress, and to issue decrees, instructions, and regulations to secure their faithful execution.

2. To freely appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State. 3 and 4. [To command and administer the army and navy.] 5. To fill up the civil and military offices of a Federal character, with due regard to the express restrictions laid down. in the Constitution.

6. [To pardon criminals except Federal officers who have neglected their duties or are their accomplices.]

7, 8 and 14-16. [To declare war or make peace when authorized by Congress. In case of invasion to declare war immediately; to maintain relations with foreign states; to proclaim state of siege in case of disturbance, and, subject to approval of Congress, to conclude international agreements and approve those concluded by the States.]

9-13. [To report annually to Congress on the situation of the country and recommend measures, to call Congress on extraordinary occasions, to appoint those recommended by Supreme Tribunal to be Federal Magistrates and subject to approval of Senate to appoint members of the Supreme Tribunal and of the Diplomatic Service.]

CHAPTER 4.-Of the Ministers of State.

Arts. 49-52. [They are to assist the President and are not to be responsible to Congress for their advice to the President. They may not hold another office nor appear in Congress, of which they must not be members.]

CHAPTER 5.-Of the Responsibility of the President.

Arts. 53-54. [He will be tried before the Supreme Federal Tribunal in the case of ordinary crimes, and before the Senate in case of breach of duty.]

SECTION 3.-Of the Judicial Power.

Arts. 55-62. [These Articles deal (a) with the appointment, composition and tenure of the Supreme Tribunal; (b) its original and exclusive jurisdiction, e.g. the trial of the President and suits between the Union and States or with foreign States; (c) its appellate jurisdiction, e.g. from Federal Courts and in certain cases from State Courts; (d) the jurisdiction of Federal Courts,

e.g. between one State and citizens of another; (e) limitations, e.g. habeas corpus and also the exclusion of State Courts from the Federal sphere and vice versa.]

TITLE II.-Of the States.

Art. 63. Each State will be governed by the Constitution, and by the laws it may adopt, observing the constitutional principles of the Union.

Art. 64. [Mines and waste lands are their property except such as are reserved by the Union for Federal purposes.] Art. 65. The States are free

1. To conclude among themselves Treaties and Conventions of a non-political nature (Article 48, No. 16).

2. To exercise, in general, each and every power or right which is not denied them by an express clause, or one implicitly contained in an express clause of the Constitution.

Art. 66. The States are precluded from

1. Refusing recognition to documents of the Union, or of other States, of a legislative, administrative, or judicial character;

2. Rejecting coin or bank notes in circulation by order of the Federal Government;

3. Waging or declaring war among themselves, or using reprisals;

4. [Refusing the extradition of criminals.]

Art. 67. [Provision for the administration of the Federal district.]

TITLE III.—Of the Municipalities.

Art. 68. The States will organize themselves in such a way as to guarantee the autonomy of the municipalities in all that concerns their particular interests.

TITLE IV.-Of Brazilian Citizens.

SECTION 1.-Of the Qualifications of Brazilian Citizenship.

Arts. 69-71. [These Articles declare who are citizens, who are electors and who may not be, and also state the cases in which the rights of citizens are suspended or lost.]

SECTION 2-Declaration of Rights.

Art. 72. [Provisions in great detail for the security of the individual in life, liberty, and property.]

Arts. 73-78. [Public offices to be open to all suitable citizens and permanent posts to be guaranteed. Provision is also made for the trial of soldiers and sailors. Rights not specifically mentioned are not thereby void.]

TITLE V.-General Provisions.

Art. 79. A citizen invested with the functions of any one of the three Federal powers cannot exercise those of any other.

Arts. 80-82 [State when a state of siege may be declared; prescribe limits to governmental encroachment; and determine when criminal suits may be revised. Public officials to be responsible for abuse and neglect in their departments.]

Art. 83. [Provision for maintaining the laws of the old régime till they are revoked.]

Art. 84. [Provision that the Federal Government shall guarantee all public debt.]

Arts. 85-88. [Provision for the raising of the Army and its limitation to wars of defence.]

Art. 89. [A Court of Audit to be established.]

Art. 90. The Constitution may be amended at the initiative of the National Congress, or of the Legislatures of the States.

§ 1. A proposal for an amendment will be taken into consideration when it is presented by at least a fourth of the members of either of the Chambers of the National Congress and has been accepted after three discussions by two-thirds of the votes in both Chambers, or when it is asked for by two-thirds of the States in the course of one year, each State being represented by a majority of the votes of its Assembly.

§ 2. This proposal will be considered as approved if it be approved in the following year after three discussions by a majority of two-thirds of the votes in both Chambers of Congress.

§3. The proposal, when approved, will be signed by the Presidents and Secretaries of the two Chambers, and it will be incorporated in the Constitution as an integral part thereof.

§ 4. Bills having for their object the abolition of the Federative Republican form of government, or of the equal representa

tion of the States in the Senate, cannot be introduced for discussion into the Congress.

Art. 91. [Provision for the promulgation of the Constitution.]

Transitory Provisions.

[These Articles provide

(a) for setting in motion the various parts of the Federal Constitutional machinery.

(b) for the establishment of the various State governments. (c) a pension for the ex-Emperor and the purchase of Benjamin Constant's house since he was the founder of the Republic.]

We order all authorities whom this Constitution and its execution concern to execute it and cause it to be executed and observed faithfully and entirely as is therein prescribed.

It shall be published and carried out over the entire country.

Sessions Hall of the National Constituent Congress, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the 24th day of February, 1891, and in the third year of the Republic.

SPEECH OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES (Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P.) ON INTRODUCING THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA BILL (Extracts). 14 MAY, 1900.

[Hansard's "Parliamentary Debates," 4th series, vol. 83 (1900), cols. 46-76. The whole speech and the ensuing debates on the Bill have been reprinted in "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill. Debates in the Imperial Parliament with Appendices." London, Wyman, 1901.]

The SECRETARY OF STATE for the COLONIES (Mr. J. Chamberlain, Birmingham, W.):

This Bill, which is the result of the careful and prolonged labours of the ablest statesmen in Australia, enables that great island continent to enter at once the widening circle of Englishspeaking nations. No longer will she be a congeries of States, each of them separate from and entirely independent of the

others, a position which anyone will see might possibly in the future, through the natural consequences of competition, become a source of danger and lead, at any rate, to friction and to weakness. But, if this Bill passes, in future Australia will be, in the words of the preamble of the Bill which I am about to introduce, "an indissoluble federal Commonwealth firmly united for many of the most important functions of government." After it has been passed there will be for Australia under one administration a uniform postal and telegraphic service, and provision is made making it possible hereafter for railway communication to be under similar control. In the meantime everything which has to do with the exterior relations of the six colonies concerned will be a matter for the Commonwealth, and not for the individual Governments; a common tariff will be established for all the colonies; there will be at the same time inter-colonial free trade, and what is perhaps more important than all, in future there will be a common form and a common control of national defences. Now, this is a consummation long expected and earnestly hoped for by the people of this country. We believe that it is in the interest of Australia, and that has always been with us the first consideration. But we recognize that it is also in our interest as well; we believe the relations between ourselves and those colonies will be simplified, will be more frequent and unrestricted, and, if it be possible, though I hardly think it is, will be more cordial when we have to deal with a single central authority instead of having severally to consult six independent Governments. Whatever is good for Australia is good for the whole British Empire. Therefore, we all of usindependently altogether of party, whether at home or in any other portion of the Empire-rejoice at this proposal, welcome the new birth of which we are witnesses, and anticipate for those great free and progressive communities a future even more prosperous than their past, and an honourable and important position in the history of the Anglo-Saxon race.

It would be absolutely impossible for me, within anything like a reasonable time, to refer to the multifarious details of this great measure, nor do I think it necessary to do so, because I cannot conceive that the House will be inclined to discuss these