the Church of this Kingdom as now by Law established, which Treaty being now reported to the Parliament and it being reasonable and necessary that the true Protestant Religion as presently professed within this Kingdom with the Worship, Discipline and Government of this Church should be effectually and unalterably secured, therefore Her Majesty with Advice and Consent of the said Estates of Parliament doth hereby establish and confirm the said true Protestant Religion and the Worship, Discipline and Government of this Church to continue without any alteration to the People of this Land in all succeeding Generations and more especially Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid ratifies, approves and for ever confirms the Fifth Act of the First Parliament of King William and Queen Mary intituled an Act ratifying the Confession of Faith and settling Presbyterian Church Government, with all other Acts of Parliament relating thereto in Prosecution of the Declaration of the Estates of this Kingdom containing the Claim of Right bearing date [11 April, 1689]; and Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid expressly provides and declares that the foresaid true Protestant Religion contained in the abovementioned Confession of Faith with the Form and Purity of Worship presently in use within this Church and its Presbyterian Church Government and Discipline (that is to say) the Government of the Church by Kirk Sessions, Presbyteries, Provincial Synods and General Assemblies all established by the foresaid Acts of Parliament pursuant to the Claim of Right shall remain and continue unalterable and that the said Presbyterian Government shall be the only Government of the Church within the Kingdom of Scotland.

[For greater security of Protestant Religion, Universities and Colleges of Scotland to continue. Professors, etc., to acknowledge Civil Government and subscribe to Confession of Faith.]

And further, Her Majesty with Advice aforesaid, expressly declares and statutes that none of the subjects of this Kingdom shall be liable to, but all and every one of them for ever free of any Oath, Test or Subscription within this Kingdom contrary to or inconsistent with the foresaid true Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government, Worship and

Discipline as above established and that the same within the bounds of this Church and Kingdom shall never be imposed upon or required of them in any Sort; And lastly, that after the Decease of Her present Majesty (whom God long preserve), the Sovereign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all Time coming at His or Her Accession to the Crown swear to subscribe that they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid Settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship, Discipline, Right and Privileges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in Prosecution of the Claim of Right.

And it is hereby statute and ordained that this Act of Parliament with the Establishment herein contained shall be held and observed in all Time coming as a fundamental and essential condition of any Treaty or Union to be concluded betwixt the Two Kingdoms without any Alteration thereof or Derogation thereto in any Sort for ever. As also that this Act of Parliament and Settlement therein contained shall be insert and repeated in any Act of Parliament that shall pass for agreeing and concluding the foresaid Treaty or Union betwixt the Two kingdoms and that the same shall be therein expressly declared to be a fundamental and essential Condition of the said Treaty or Union in all Time coming which Articles of Union. and Act immediately above written Her Majesty with Advice and Consent aforesaid statutes enacts and ordains to be and continue in all Time coming the sure and perpetual Foundation of a Complete and Entire Union of the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England under the Express Condition and Provision that this Approbation and Ratification of the foresaid Articles and Act shall be no ways binding on this Kingdom until the said Articles and Act be ratified, approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of England as they are now agreed to be approved and confirmed by Her Majesty with and by the Authority of the Parliament of Scotland, declaring nevertheless that the Parliament of England may provide for the Security of the Church of England as they think expedient to take place within the bounds of the said Kingdom of England and not derogating from the Security above provided

for establishing of the Church of Scotland within the Bounds of this Kingdom as also the said Parliament of England may extend the Additions and other Provisions contained in the Articles of Union as above insert in Favours of the Subjects of Scotland to and in favour of the Subjects of England which shall not suspend or derogate from the Force and Effect of this present Ratification but shall be understood as herein included without the Necessity of a new Ratification in the Parliament of Scotland.

And lastly Her Majesty enacts and declares that all Laws and Statutes in this Kingdom so far as they are contrary to or inconsistent with the Terms of these Articles as above mentioned shall from and after the Union cease and become void.

III. [Cites 6 Anne cap. 8, An Act for securing the Church of England; which re-enacts 13 Eliz. cap. 12, An Act for the ministers of the Church to be of sound religion; and 13 and 14 Car. 2, cap 4, the Act of Uniformity, as regards the Church of England.]

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That after the demise of her Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Sovereign next succeeding to her Majesty in the royal government of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and so for ever hereafter, every King and Queen succeeding . . . at his or her Coronation, shall in the presence of all persons who shall be attending . . . take and subscribe an oath to maintain and preserve inviolably the said settlement of the Church of England.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That this Act, all and every the matters and things therein contained, be, and shall for ever be holden and adjudged to be a fundamental and essential part of any treaty of union to be concluded between the said two Kingdoms.

IV. May it therefore please your most Excellent Majesty, that it may be enacted; and be it enacted by the Queen's most excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by Authority of the same, That all and every the said Articles of Union as ratified and approved by the said Act of Parliament of Scotland, as aforesaid, and

herein before particularly mentioned and inserted; and also the said Act of Parliament of Scotland for establishing the Protestant Religion, and Presbyterian Church Government within that Kingdom, intituled, Act for securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government, and every Clause, Matter, and Thing in the said Articles and Act contained shall be and the said Articles and Act are hereby for ever ratified, approved and confirmed.

V. [Act (6 Anne cap. 8) for securing the Church of England and that of the Parliament of Scotland for securing the Church of Scotland to be held fundamental Conditions of the Union. These Acts] and the said Articles of Union . . . are hereby enacted and ordained to be and continue in all Times coming the complete and entire Union of the Two Kingdoms of England and Scotland.

VI. And whereas since the passing the said Act in the Parliament of Scotland for ratifying the said Articles of Union one other Act intituled Act settling the manner of electing the Sixteen Peers and Forty-five Members to represent Scotland in the Parliament of Great Britain hath likewise passed in the said Parliament of Scotland at Edinburgh [5 February, 1707]. . . the Tenor Whereof follows.

[Here follow detailed provisions for the election of the Peers and the representatives as contained in the Act.]

VII. [Re-enacts these provisions.]

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE THIRTEEN AMERICAN COLONIES. 4 JULY, 1776.

[Jonathan Elliot, "Debates on the Federal Constitution," 2nd ed., 1836. Reprinted 1907. Vol. i. pp. 60-63.]

In Congress, July 4, 1776.

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America.

WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of

the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident-that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws, for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish