A great deal of the structure of the traditional Swazi political system has been retained in the modern pattern of the Swazi National Administration. The Ngwenyama is advised by his kinsmen and chosen councillors from two formally constituted councils. The smaller of these, the Liqoqo, comprises the more important of the Ngwenyama's agnatic kin and a number of chosen advisers. It meets once a week to deal with national matters which are usually channelled to it by a standing committee of the larger council, the Libandla. The Libandla embraces every adult male in the Swazi Nation. It usually meets once a year and it is recognised as the final body from which approval for any contemplated act of legislation should be obtained. Day-to-day contact between the Government and the main council is maintained through the standing committee of the council. To this traditional ruling system has been appended the Swazi National Treasury, with a revenue in the region of R240,000 per year, and formally constituted Swazi Courts from which appeal ultimately lies to the High Court of Swaziland.

From the central institutions of the Swazi National Administration, responsibility devolves upon the chiefs and their Tin Dvuna.

T

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

(HE United Republic of Tanzania was formed on 26th April 1964 by the union of that part of the East African mainland known as Tanganyika, which included Mafia and a number of other small off-shore islands, and Zanzibar, which included not only the island of Zanzibar itself but also the islands of Pemba and Latham. The name Tanzania was adopted on 29th October 1964. The total area of the country is 363,708 square miles.

The area of the mainland (Tanganyika) is approximately 362,700 square miles, including some 20,000 square miles of inland water. It is bounded on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the north by Kenya, Lake Victoria and Uganda; on the west by Rwanda, Burundi, Lake Tanganyika (across which is Zaire); and on the south by Zambia, Malawi, Lake Malawi and Mozambique.

The mainland contains the two extremes of topographical relief of the whole continent of Africa: Kilimanjaro, with a permanent ice-cap rising to 19,340 feet above sea level, and the deep trough-like depression filled by Lake Tanganyika, the world's second deepest lake. Mount Meru, 50 miles west of Kilimanjaro, rises to 14,974 feet. The Mbulu Range of mountains (highest point Mount Hanang, 11,215 feet) lies 150 miles S.W. of Mount Kilimanjaro, and the Mbeya Range (highest point Mount Rungwe, 9,713 feet) lies to the north of Lake Malawi. The Kipengere Range (highest peak 9,715 feet) and the Livingstone Mountains (9,600 feet) and other large mountains are just north of the Mbulu Range and include Loolmalasin (11,969 feet) and the still active volcano Oldonyo Lengeri.

The main rivers are the Pangani or Ruvu, the Wani, the Ruvu (Kingoni), the Rufiji, the Great Ruaha, the Matandu, the Mbwemkuru, the Lukuledi and the Ruvuma, which drain the central plateau and flow into the Indian Ocean; and the Mori, Mara and Kegera, the Malagarasi, the Songwe and Ruhuhu which feed the great lakes.

The climate is very varied and not typically tropical; rainfall can be anything between 14.3 inches to 123-4 inches a year. There are three climatic zones: the hot and humid coastal area; the drier central plateau with a great deal of seasonal variations of temperature; and the semi-temperate mountain areas.

Zanzibar consists of Zanzibar Island, Pemba Island and Latham Island. Zanzibar Island is situated in the Indian Ocean in latitude 6° S. and longitude 39° E. It is separated (224 miles) from the mainland by the Zanzibar Channel and is the largest island off the coast of East Africa, being fifty-three miles long and twenty-four miles wide, with a total area of 640 square miles. The eastern and central parts, comprising two-thirds of the island, consist of low-lying coral

country covered by bush and grass plains, largely uninhabited except for fishing settlements on the east coast. The western side of the island is fertile and densely populated, with several ridges rising to over 200 feet above sea level; the highest ridge, the Masingini Ridge, is 390 feet above sea level. In this area coconuts and to a lesser extent cloves are extensively grown. The island of Pemba lies twentyfive miles to the north-east, in latitude 5° S. and longitude 39° E. It is forty-two miles long and about fourteen miles wide, with an area of 380 square miles. The west and centre of the island consists of a flat-topped ridge about six miles wide, deeply intersected by streams. The coastline is deeply indented especially in the west and the inlets are mostly filled with mangrove swamps. Apart from the narrow belt of coral country in the east the island is fertile and densely populated, clove growing being the major industry. Pemba provides about 83 per cent of Zanzibar's cloves, the total exports of which in 1969 were valued at £9m. sterling. Forty miles to the south-east of Zanzibar is Latham Island, which is no more than an outcrop of calcareous beach rock 300 yards long by 170 yards wide. It is principally notable as the breeding ground for booby, tern and green turtle.

Mafia Island is situated 80 miles south of Dar-es-Salaam and has excellent deep-sea fishing grounds. East African Airways run scheduled flights to the island and small aircraft land visitors on the Fishing Club's own airstrip.

The climate of Zanzibar is tropical, tempered throughout the year with constant sea breezes except during the rainy seasons. The heavy rains fall in April and May with lesser rains in November and December. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for Zanzibar town are 84.4°F and 76.6°F respectively and for Wete, in Pemba, 86.3°F and 76.1°F. The annual rainfall for Zanzibar town averages 61.9 inches and for Wete 76.9 inches.

At the last census in August 1967 the total population was 12,311,911 of whom 11,957,176 lived on the mainland and 480,000 in Zanzibar. The estimated annual growth rate is at present 2.6 per cent. It is expected that the rate will be higher after 1975 and the population is expected to reach the 17.9 million mark in 1980. There are some 120 tribes on the mainland, none of which exceed 10 per cent of the population. The largest is the Sukuma tribe and others include the Nyamwezi; Ha; Makondi; Gogo, Haya; Masai and Chagga. Swahili is the principal language and with English, the official language. The main religions are Islam and Christianity of many denominations.

For administrative purposes the mainland is divided into 18 regions under Regional Commissioners, namely Arusha, Coast, Dodoma, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Iringa, Mbeye, Tabora, Tanga, Singida and West Lake. The regions are further divided into Districts under Area Commissioners.

The capital of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam, had a 1967 population of 272,821. Other leading towns include, Zanzibar (68,490), Tanga (61,058), Mwanza (34,864), Arusha (32,452), (Administrative Centre of the East African Community), Moshi (26,864), Morogoro (25,262), Dodoma (23,559), Iringa (21,746), Kigoma (21,369) and Mtwara (20,413).

Dar-es-Salaam is the principal port and handied 3.1 million deadweight tons of cargo in 1972. Major extensions to port facilities are in progress. Other ports include Tanga, Mtwara, Zanzibar and Wete together with Mwanza, Musoma and Bukoba on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika. Coastal shipping services connect the mainland and Zanzibar and Lake services are

operated on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi with neighbouring countries.

The principal international airport is Dar-es-Salaam (runway 2,400 metres). Other airports include Zanzibar, Arusha, Mwanza and Tanga. Frequent air services are operated by East African Airways and there are a number of air charter firms. A new international airport is open between Arusha and Moshi to take ‘Jumbo Jets'.

The railway system is part of East African railways and consists of over 1,600 miles of metre gauge track. A new railway linking Dar-es-Salaam with Zambia (The Tanzam Railway) is under construction. There are over 19,200 kilometres of roads of which over 2,500 kilometres are bitumenized. Road links with Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya are being modernised in a major development programme. An oil pipeline 1,700 kilometres long supplies oil products from a refinery in Dar-es-Salaam to Zambia. Radio Services are operated by Radio Tanzania in Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar.

The economy of Tanzania has grown considerably since Independence. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased from £384 million sterling in 1966 to £511 million in 1972 (at 1966 prices) of which the monetary sector in 1972 accounted for 71.1 per cent. 40.2 per cent of GDP was agricultural in 1969 and 9.8 per cent manufacturing, but the latter grew by 10.8 per cent in 1968-69. Tourism is now growing at about 30 per cent annually. Overall economic and development policy is governed by the 1969-74 Development Plan and by the precepts of the 1967 Arusha Declaration in emphasising self-reliance and the equitable distribution of economic resources.

Tanzania is a member of the East African Community and shares common services with Kenya and Uganda. In 1972 total exports and re-exports were £139 million and total imports £176 million. 15 per cent of exports went to Britain and 27 per cent to the rest of the sterling area. 16 per cent of imports came from Britain, 21 per cent from EEC and 11 per cent from Kenya and Uganda Leading exports were coffee, cotton, diamonds, sisal, cloves, cashew nuts and petroleum products. Leading imports were manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment.

Forecast recurrent revenue for 1972-73 is £131 million, recurrent expenditure £131 million and development expenditure £76 million.

Tanzania's National Days are:

12th January (Anniversary of the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964);

5th February (Anniversary of the founding of the Afro-Shirazi Party);

26th April, Union Day (Anniversary of the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964);

7th July, Saba Saba Day (Anniversary of the founding of TANU in 1954); and 9th December, Jamhuri Day (Anniversary of Tanganyika's independence in 1961 and of the formation of the Republic in 1962).

HISTORY

It is known that the East African coast had trade connections with Arabia and India before the beginning of the Christian era.

In the first century A.D. the coast, including Zanzibar, was, and had long been, under the control of the ruler of south-western Arabia; the geography and products of the area were known to the Greeks of Alexandria and the most southerly market-town known to the ancients, Rhapta, must have been situated

somewhere on the coast within a hundred miles of Dar-es-Salaam. From the eleventh century onwards the Sultanate of Kilwa came into prominence, attaining its greatest prosperity in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when its rulers controlled the trade of a long stretch of the coast, extending down to Sofala, near the present Beira in Mozambique.

In 1498 the arrival of Vasco da Gama off the coast of East Africa heralded a period of Portuguese predominance over the coasts and waters of East Africa. Though very few of the Portuguese settled in the country, the civilisation of the coastal towns suffered a severe decline. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, however, the Portuguese began to give way to the Turks and Arabs, notably the Imams of Oman. But Arab influence declined during the eighteenth century and the allegiance to Muscat became more and more shadowy until 1832 when the fifth ruler of the Albusaidi dynasty, Seyyid Said, moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. The second period of Arab domination was the great period of the slave trade. Bagamoyo, Sadani and Pangani on the Tanganyika coast were the usual points of departure and Tabora the most important inland centre. After Seyyid Said's death in 1856 his territories were divided between his two elder sons, and Zanzibar, with the adjacent coast, became an independent sultanate.

The country later known as Tanganyika came under German influence largely through the initiative of Dr Karl Peters, who in 1884 journeyed into the interior and in six weeks concluded twelve treaties with chiefs, whose chiefdoms were then declared to be German territory. In 1885 the land which Peters had acquired, including 60,000 square miles of territory over which the Sultan of Zanzibar claimed suzerainty, was placed under the protection of the Imperial German Government. A ten-mile belt along the coast was regarded as belonging to Zanzibar but in 1888 Germany acquired the right of collecting duties on the coast and in 1890 took over the coastal strip on payment of £200,000 to the Sultan of Zanzibar. Later the same year the supremacy of British interests in Zanzibar and Pemba was recognised by France and Germany and on 4th November the islands were proclaimed a British Protectorate, Zanzibar affairs being handled by the Foreign Office. In 1891 a constitutional government was established in Zanzibar and the Sultan appointed a British subject, Lloyd Mathews, as his First Minister. The British Representative at that time was the Consul-General, Sir Gerald Portal.

Soon after the outbreak of the 1914-18 War clashes took place between British and German forces on the northern frontier of Tanganyika, but the main campaign to occupy the country did not begin until 1916. By the end of that year all the country north of the Central Railway was occupied by British or Belgian forces and a provisional Civil Administration was established for that area on the 1st January 1917. In November 1917 the German forces were driven across the Ruvuma River into Portuguese East Africa and the occupation of the whole of the territory was then completed.

By Article 119 of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, signed at Versailles on the 28th June 1919, Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all her rights over her overseas possessions, including her East African colony. The Principal Allied and Associated Powers agreed that His Britannic Majesty should exercise a mandate to administer this former German colony, except for the areas of Ruanda and Urundi for which the mandate was given to the Belgian Government. The administration of Tan