ganyika continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13th December 1946. TANGANYIKA CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT The Legislative Council was first constituted by the Tanganyika (Legislative Council) Order in Council, 1926, and consisted of the Governor as President, 13 Official members and not more than ten Unofficial members. The full quota of Unofficials was not filled until 1935, when seven Europeans and three Asians were nominated. In the same year changes were made in the Official membership and a further revision took place two years later. In 1945 the Legislative Council was enlarged to consist of the Governor as President, 15 Official and not more than 14 Unofficial members. As a result of these changes the 14 Unofficial Members included, from 1948 onwards, four Africans (two appointed in 1945, a third in 1947 and a fourth in 1948) and three Asians. In 1949 the Governor appointed a Committee including African, Asian and European representatives to review the country's constitutional structure. Its report was published in 1951 and recommended equal representation of the territory's three main races in the unofficial membership of an enlarged Legislative Council with the retention of an official majority. After further examination the recommendations were put into effect in 1955. The new Council was presided over by a Speaker and had 31 Official members and 30 Unofficials (comprising ten Africans, ten Asians and ten Europeans). From 1948 onwards the Executive Council, which assisted the Governor in an advisory capacity, was remodelled on the 'Member' system, whereby groups of Government Departments were the responsibility of certain individual members of the Executive Council. By the end of 1954 the Executive Council consisted of the Governor as President, three ex officio members, five nominated Official members and six Unofficial members (of whom two were Europeans, two Asians and two Africans). In 1957 the Official members of the Executive Council were redesignated as Ministers and at the same time six Assistant Ministers (four Africans, one European and one Asian) were appointed. The Assistant Ministers became ex officio members of the Legislative Council with the duty of speaking for the departments assigned to them but they were not, however, members of the Executive Council although they might attend meetings and take part in discussions when matters affecting their departments came before it. The first General Election in Tanganyika was held in 1958-59 in two phases, because of the administrative and other problems involved in holding this first series of elections in such a vast country. After the elections the Governor announced that it was proposed to set up a Council of Ministers in which Unofficials, including Africans, would for the first time be appointed to Ministerial office. The new Council which took office in July 1959 had 12 Ministers, five of whom were elected Unofficials (three African, one Asian and one European), and it advised the Governor on constitutional and legislative matters. The Executive Council was still in existence but only advised the Governor on a limited range of subjects. The Governor announced in December 1959 that there would be new elections followed by important constitutional changes. The second General Election, which brought in an elected majority in both the executive and the legislative spheres, was held in August 1960. The elected side of the Legislature comprised 71 seats and of this figure 50 seats were open to contest by all races and 21 reserved for minority communities, 11 Asians and 10 Europeans. Although there were 71 seats in fact there were only 13 contests in 11 constituencies because 58 candidates, 17 of whom were former members of Legislative Council, were returned unopposed. Only two Parties contested the election, the Tanganyika African National Union and the African National Congress. There were, however, a number of independent candidates. The election resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Tanganyika African National Union under the leadership of Mr Julius Nyerere, which obtained 70 of the 71 elected seats. The single successful non-TANU candidate stood as an Independent. On the new government taking office certain changes took place in the constitutional framework of the executive, the principal of which was the abolition of the office of Chief Secretary and the creation of the new office of Deputy Governor, who was a member of the Council of Ministers but not of the Legislative Council. With this change came the abolition of the Executive Council and the introduction of the office of Chief Minister. After the Constitutional Conference held in Dar-es-Salaam in March 1961, under the chairmanship of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the British Government announced that it had agreed to grant internal self-government to Tanganyika from 1st May 1961 and full independence from 28th December 1961. The latter was later altered to 9th December 1961. During the period 1st May to 9th December 1961 the Governor continued to be responsible for Defence and External Affairs. On 1st May 1961 Mr Nyerere, formerly Chief Minister, became the country's first Prime Minister, at the head of a Cabinet of 12. On the same day the Legislative Council was re-named the National Assembly, its composition remaining unchanged. The post of Deputy Governor was abolished from 1st July 1961. In June 1961 the Tanganyika National Assembly unanimously passed a motion asking other member governments of the Commonwealth to join with the British Government in supporting Tanganyika's desire to become a Member of the Commonwealth. All Commonwealth Governments agreed to this and Tanganyika became a Member of the Commonwealth on achieving independence on the 9th December 1961. At the same time the Trusteeship Agreement was terminated by the United Nations. On 15th February 1962 the Tanganyika National Assembly unanimously adopted a government motion that the Constitution be amended to provide for Tanganyika to become a Republic within the Commonwealth. At the Meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers held in London on 10th September 1962 the Prime Minister of Tanganyika was informed by the Heads of Delegations of the other member countries of the Commonwealth that the present relations between their countries and Tanganyika would remain unaffected by this constitutional change and that they would be happy to recognise Tanganyika's continued membership of the Commonwealth. The Republic of Tanganyika was inaugurated on the 9th December 1962. Its Constitution provided for a President who was executive Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces; he was empowered to appoint a Vice-President and Ministers of his Cabinet, though he was not bound to act on their advice. The first President, Dr Nyerere, was directly elected by universal suffrage. The Constitution provided for the election of subsequent Presidents by the National Assembly at five-yearly intervals or on the dissolution of Parliament. ZANZIBAR CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT On 1st July 1913 the control of Zanzibar passed from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office, and by a Zanzibar Order in Council of 1914 the offices of British Consul-General and the Sultan's First Minister were merged in the newly-created post of British Resident, who was appointed, subject to the control of the Governor of the British East Africa Protectorate, as High Commissioner. A Protectorate Council was constituted as an advisory body with the Sultan as President and the British Resident as Vice-President. In 1925 the office of High Commissioner was abolished and the British Resident was made directly responsible to the Colonial Office. Executive and Legislative Councils were constituted in 1926 in place of the old advisory Protectorate Council. In 1960, following recommendations made by Sir Hilary Blood who had been appointed Constitutional Commissioner, a degree of responsible government was granted. Elected Ministers, one of whom was Chief Minister, formed the majority in the Executive Council, and in the Legislative Council there was a large elected majority. In 1962 the franchise was extended to provide for universal adult suffrage, and a Delimitation Commission recommended an increase in the number of elected members in the Legislative Council. On 24th June 1963 internal selfgovernment was introduced. After a General Election in July a Government was formed from a coalition between the Zanzibar Nationalist Party and the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party, which had won a majority of seats (though not of votes) over the Afro-Shirazi Party headed by Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume. At the Independence Conference held in London in September 1963 arrangements were agreed for the final transfer of power, and Zanzibar attained full sovereign independence on 10th December 1963 under the Sultan as Head of State. Establishment of The People's Republic of Zanzibar On 12th January 1964 the Sultan's Government was overthrown by a sudden internal uprising. Zanzibar was proclaimed a People's Republic, with Mr Karume as President. The former constitution was abrogated, but other existing laws continued in force. A Revolutionary Council of 32 members was declared the Supreme Authority in the Republic. A Cabinet of Ministers was appointed to exercise executive power on behalf of, and with the advice of, the Revolutionary Council. Under a Presidential Decree made in February 1964 the Revolutionary Council was to enact constitutional Decrees which were to form the basic law of the Republic, and a Constituent Assembly was to be convened to consider these basic provisions which, after having received the Assembly's assent, were to be the Constitution of Zanzibar. A further Presidential Decree of 11th May 1965 established the Afro-Shirazi Party as the sole party and supreme authority in Zanzibar. UNION OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR After meetings between President Nyerere and President Karume it was decided that Tanganyika and Zanzibar should form one Sovereign State. Articles of Union were signed on 22nd April 1964 and on 25th April 1964 legislation ratifying these Articles was enacted by both the Tanganyika Parliament and the Revolutionary Council of Zanzibar. By this legislation the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was created as a single sovereign state, as from 26th April 1964, under President Nyerere. President Karume was declared 1st Vice-President of the United Republic, while retaining the style of President of Zanzibar as head of the separate Legislature and Executive for Zanzibar. There were 18 members from Zanzibar in the National Assembly of the United Republic and some of these became Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries in the United Republic Government. The legislation provided for an interim constitution which laid down that the United Republic should be governed in accordance with the provisions of the existing Tanganyika Constitution suitably modified to provide for a separate Legislature and Executive in Zanzibar with exclusive authority over matters other than reserved matters. Reserved matters were: external affairs; defence; police; emergency powers; citizenship; immigration; external trade and borrowing; The Public Service of the United Republic; income tax, corporation tax, customs and excise duties; harbours, civil aviation, posts and telegraphs. The main subjects which remained within the competence of the Zanzibar Government and for which there were separate ministries or departments included agriculture and fisheries; education and national culture; health and social insurance; information and broadcasting; labour; prisons; roads, power, works and justice. The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar became the United Republic of Tanzania on 29th October 1964. On 5th July 1965 the National Assembly passed the Interim Constitution Act which formally declared Tanzania to be a one-party state. A revised TANU constitution formed the first schedule of the Act, which looked forward to the union of TANU and the Afro-Shirazi party. By the Interim Constitution Act the National Assembly was enlarged and consisted of 107 members elected from the Mainland, 15 elected by the Assembly itself, 17 Regional Commissioners from the Mainland and 3 from Zanzibar, up to 32 members of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council, up to 10 Mainland residents chosen by the President and up to 20 Zanzibar residents similarly chosen. Zanzibar appointments require the approval of the President of Zanzibar. The number of constituencies was increased to 120 for the 1970 General Elections. HISTORICAL List Sir Richard Turnbull, KCMG (later GCMG), 9th December 1961 to 8th December 1962 PRIME MINISTERS Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1961 to 22nd January 1962 PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, 9th December 1962 to 25th April 1964 ZANZIBAR His Highness Seyyid Jamshid bin Abdulla, 10th December 1963 to 11th January 1964 MINISTRY Sheikh Mohammed Shamte Hamedi, MBE, 10th December 1963 to 18th January 1964 PRESIDENT OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF ZANZIBAR Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, 12th January 1964 to 25th April 1964 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANGANYIKA AND ZANZIBAR PRESIDENT Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, from 26th April 1964 FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, from 26th April 1964 to 7th April, 1972 SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT R. M. Kawawa, from 26th April 1964 GOVERNMENT Before the dissolution of Parliament on 10th July 1965 all the 71 Mainland seats were held by the TANU party and all the 18 Zanzibar seats by the AfroShirazi party. At the Mainland elections in September 1965 a total of 700 nominations were received by the District Conferences for the 107 seats and these were reduced to 208 by the National Executive Conference of TANU after the District Conferences had examined and voted on the candidates. Only two candidates were allowed to stand in each constituency, there being 101 contested seats and 6 uncontested. All candidates were required to be party members. The elections were notable for the fact that many of the previous members of Parliament lost their seats. At the Presidential elections, which took place at the same time, there was only one candidate for the office of President. Electors were asked to vote for or against and President Nyerere was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. PRESIDENT AND MINISTERS President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Commander in Chief of the Armed First Vice-President and President of Zanzibar: Hon. Aboud Jumbe Minister of Commerce and Industries: Hon. Amir H. Jamal Minister of Economic Affairs and Development Planning: Dr Wilbert K. Chagula Minister of National Education: Hon. Simon Chiwanga Minister of Communications and Work: Hon. Job M. Lusinde Minister of Labour and Social Welfare: Hon. Alfred Tandau Minister of State, First Vice-President's Office: Hon. Hassan Nassor Moyo |