637. 17. Iram. An ancient Persian garden, now sunk in the sands of Arabia. 638. 18. Jamshyd's Seven-ring'd Cup. Jamshyd was a legendary King of Persia; his cup was symbolical of the seven heavens, seven planets, seven seas, etc. 22. Pehleví. The old literary language of Persia. 36-40. Kaikobád ... Hátim. The proper names are those of Persian heroes; for Zal and Rustum see Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum. 44. Mahmud. The Sultan. 99. Muezzin. The crier who calls the faithful to prayer in Mohammedan countries. 639. 122. Saturn. Lord of the seventh heaven. 127. Me and Thee. Some dividual existence or personality distinct from the whole. 131. Signs. Signs of the zodiac. 641. 225. My computations. Omar was a profound mathematician, and helped to reform the calendar. 237. Allah-breathing. Allah-worshipping. 642. 271. Lantern. Fitzgerald's note describes a Magic-Lanthorn still used in India; the cylindrical Interior being painted with various Figures, and so lightly poised and ventilated as to revolve round the lighted Candle within." 277. The ball, etc. The reference is to the game of polo, of ancient Persian origin. 302. Dervish. A Mohammedan devotee.' 643. 326. Ramazán. The Mohammedan month of fasting, when no food is eaten between sunrise and sunset. 327 ff. With this use of the metaphor of 358. The little Moon . . . that all were CARLYLE SARTOR RESARTUS With 644. This, the most influential of Carlyle's works, appeared as a serial in Fraser's Magazine during the years 1833-4. It is an attack upon the materialistic selfsatisfaction of England; an attempt to show that the only ultimate reality is spirit, is God, and that everything material is merely clothing for the Divine Idea, visible manifestation of God. In form the book is somewhat grotesque. It purports to be a long review of a work on clothing, the magnum opus of Diogenes Teufelsdröckh, a German philosopher. Carlyle speaks through the mouth of Teufelsdröckh; the views ex pressed in the chapter here printed are Carlyle's own. At the same time he comments, in his own person, on the ideas propounded by the German, forestalling criticism, and occasionally explaining oracular utterances. The chapter on Natural Supernaturalism is really the culmination of the whole work. 644. 6. The Clothes-Philosophy. The idea that all appearances are merely the clothing of the Divine Idea which alone has ultimate reality. 645. 34. Miracles. Carlyle objected to science because it tended, so he thought, to remove wonder and worship from human life. It tried to explain" the phenomena of life which Carlyle considered divinely miraculous. 47. Schlagbaum. Carlyle sprinkles German words and phrases through Sartor Resartus as proof of the fact that he is merely reviewing Teufelsdröckh's book. 646. 153. Fortunatus. The hero of Thomas Dekker's play Old Fortunatus, well known in popular legend, possessed such a hat. 160. Wahngasse of Weissnichtwo. The city in which Teufelsdröckh is supposed to live Carlyle calls "Weissnichtwo "; " I know not where." Wahngasse; dreamlane. 168. Groschen. Small German coin. 647: 264. Thaumaturgy. The art of performing miracles. 275. Stein-bruch. Stone-quarry. 278. Ashlar houses. Houses of hewn or squared stone. 321. Johnson went to Cock Lane. See Boswell's Life of Johnson, p. 308. 648. 397. Cimmerian Night. See note on L'Allegro, l. 10. 429. "We are such stuff," etc. From The Tempest, IV. i. 156 f. PAST AND PRESENT: LABOR 649. 60. Ezekiel. There is no reference to a potter's wheel in Ezekiel. Carlyle has probably confused the "Vision of the Wheels," Ezekiel, i: 15-21, and the reference to the potter's wheel in Jeremiah, xviii: 1-6. 121. Sir Christopher. Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723), was the architect entrusted with the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, destroyed in the London fire of 1666. Nell Gwyn was a favorite of Charles II, whose title included the phrase "Defender of the Faith." 140. St. Stephen's. The Parliament houses. 159. Owen's Labor-bank. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a British social reformer, undertook to improve the condition of English laborers, through the establishment of small "ideal communities," including co-operative banks and stores. 168. Downing Street. Many of the offices of the British government are in Downing street. 653. 261. Manes. The souls of the dead, considered as gods of the lower world. 268. Acheron. One of the four rivers of the classical Hades. 270. Dante. The greatest of all Italian poets (1265-1321). The quotations are from his Divine Comedy. 278. Se tu segui, etc. "If thou followest thy star." 287. Eccovi l'uom, etc. man who has stood in Hell." "Behold the 288. As poet Dryden says. See Absalom and Achitophel, II. 79-80. 295. Eurydice from Tartarus. See note on L'Allegro, l. 150. 654. 313. Lath-and-plaster hats. A method of advertising then practiced in London. 318. Law-wards. Carlylese for Lords, etymologically incorrect. Anglo-Saxon hlafweard means guardian of the loaf, the bread, not of the law. CROMWELL'S LETTERS AND SPEECHES: THE 655. The battle was fought September 3 (13), 1650. Cromwell's army was suffering from want of food; had Leslie and the Scots remained on Doon Hill, it is probable that Cromwell would have withdrawn by sea. 9. Lambert. John Lambert (1619-1683), Cromwell's second-in-command; one of the most successful of the Parliamentary major-generals. 11. Lesley. David Leslie, afterwards Lord Newark (d. 1682), commander of the Scottish forces. He had previously fought with Cromwell against Charles I. 27. Committee of Estates. The governing committee, in charge of the whole campaign. Burnet. 31. Bishop Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715), Bishop of Salisbury; best known for his History of His Own Time. 656. 79. Monk. George Monk, first Duke of Albermarle (1608-1670), Parliamentary commander during the Civil War, commander of a brigade at Dunbar; later influential in securing the restoration of Charles II. 123. Major Hodgson. John Hodgson 124. A Cornet. The lowest grade of RUSKIN British MODERN PAINTERS: SUNRISE AND SUNSET From chapter 4, "Of Truth of Clouds," (Part II, section 3, of entire work). Ruskin is arguing that Turner has been more true in his representations of nature than others with whom he is compared; the omitted portions, indicated in the text, are repetitions of the question "Has Claude given this?" 657. 14. Atlantis. A mythical city lost beneath the waves of the Atlantic. 658. 126. Who has best delivered this His message? Ruskin's answer is, of course, Turner. THE TWO BOYHOODS Part IX, chapter 9; the entire chapter is reprinted. 5. Giorgione. Italian painter (14771510), born at Castel-franco. "Beautiful fold The where, as a lamb, I slept." 121. Great ships go to pieces. sentence refers to two of Turner's paintings: "The Garden of the Hesperides," and "The Meuse." 661. 255. Once ... twice... thrice. Turner painted three pictures commemorative of Trafalgar: "The Death of Nelson"; "The Battle of Trafalgar”; “ The Fighting Témeraire." 361. Our Lady of Safety. "Santa Maria della Salute"; a church on the Grand Canal. 662. 394. Chiaroscuro. "I Technically the disposition of lights and shadows in a picture; here used for picturesqueness. 456. Among the Yorkshire hills. do not mean that this is his first acquaintance with the country, but the first impressive and touching one, after his mind was formed. The earliest sketches I found in the National Collection are at Clifton and Bristol; the next, at Oxford.” (Ruskin.) 663. 517. Whitby Hill . . . Bolton Brook. The ruins of Whitby and Bolton Abbeys are Salvator 664. 600. Between Arcola and Waterloo. At Arcola Napoleon gained his reputation as a general by defeating the Austrians, September, 1796; his final defeat at Waterloo, June, 1815, ended his military carcer. 664. Put ye in the sickle. Joel, iii: 13. STONES OF VENICE: ST. MARK'S From the first part of chapter iv, vol. II. Following the paragraph with which this selection closes, comes Ruskin's description of the interior of the building, 665. 8. Unworthy thenceforth, etc. Acts, xiii: 13; xv: 38, 39. (Ruskin.) 40. Vite de Santi, etc. Lives of the patron saints of the Venetian Churches. 56. Una stupenda, etc. A wonderful city, never seen before. 73. Cleister-like and quiet. St. Mark's Place," partly covered by turf, and planted with a few trees; and on account of its pleasant aspect called Brollo or Broglio, that is to say, Garden." The canal passed through it, over which is built the bridge of the Malpassi. (Ruskin.) 667. 283. Cortile. An enclosed court-yard in a large house. 320. Vendita Frittole, etc. A fritter and liquor shop. 668. 408. Their bluest veins to kiss. Antony and Cleopatra, II. v. 29. Matthew, 669. 462. Of them that sell doves. xxi: 12. TIME AND TIDE Under this title appeared twenty-five letters written ostensibly to Thomas Dixon, of Sunderland, but in fact addressed to the workingmen of England who in 1867, the year the letters appeared, were agitating reform. In them Ruskin appears not as the critic of art, but as the sociologist. THE RELATION OF ART TO MORALS 671. A selection from the third of Ruskin's Lectures on Art, delivered while he was Slade Professor at Oxford. The portion reprinted comprises paragraphs 71-81 of the Lectures. 672. 122. My three years. As Slade Professor of Art at Oxford. 673. 164. The contest of Apelles and Protogenes. The two men were rivals, and attempted to outdo one another in drawing lines of remarkable fineness. 167. The circle of Giotto. Giotto (1267?1337) sent as a sample of his work, and proof of his powers, a perfect circle. Caliban. Characters 675. 382. Miranda . in Shakespeare's Tempest; Caliban is a creature more brute than man; Miranda is the most spotlessly pure of all Shakespeare's heroines. MACAULAY OLIVER GOLDSMITH The life of Goldsmith illustrates the vigor and picturesqueness of Macaulay's style; it is not, however, a thoroughly accurate biography. In particular it should be noted that Macaulay inherited from Boswell the condescending attitude which appears in this essay; more recent critics feel less of this, and are inclined to treat Goldsmith more seriously, both as a man and a thinker. 676. 75. Glorious and Immortal Memory. The memory of William III. 79. The banished dynasty. The Stuarts. 679. 386. The Dunciad. Pope's greatest satire. 479. Bayes in the Rehearsal. The Rehearsal was a burlesque attack on heroic tragedy, written by the Duke of Buckingham and his friends. John Bayes was a satirical portrait of Dryden. 680. 553. Kelly and Cumberland. Hugh Kelly (1739-1777), whose sentimental comedy False Delicacy was brought out with great success at Drury Lane six days before the first performance of The Good-Natured Man at Covent Garden; Richard Cumberland 687. Philomela, daughter of Pandion, King of Attica, was dishonored by her brother-inlaw, Tereus, King of Daulis, in Phocis, a country in northern Greece. Tereus cut out Philomela's tongue that she might not bear witness against him, but she made her secret known to her sister Procne, wife of Tereus, by words woven into a robe. Procne killed her son Itys, served him up as food to his father, and fled with Philomela. On being pursued by Tereus, the sisters prayed for deliverance, and were changed into birds by the gods, Philomela becoming a nightingale. Arnold has reversed the positions of Philomela and Procne. 688. 21. The too clear web. The woven robe which only too clearly revealed the story of the crime. 27. Cephissian vale. The valley of the Cephissus, the chief river of Phocis. THE SCHOLAR-GIPSY The poem is based on the following passage from Glanvil's Vanity of Dogmatizing, 1661; cf. ll. 11, 31, 133, 159. “There was very lately a lad in the University of Oxford, who was by his poverty forced to leave his studies there; and at last to join himself to a company of vagabond gipsies. Among these extravagant people, by the insinuating subtilty of his carriage, he quickly got so much of their love and esteem as that they discovered to him their mystery. After he had been a pretty while exercised in the trade, there chanced to ride by a couple of scholars, who had formerly been of his acquaintance. They quickly spied out their old friend among the gipsies; and he gave them an account of the necessity which drove him to that kind of life, and told them that the people he went with were not such impostors as they were taken for, but that they had a traditional kind of learning among them, and could do wonders by the power of imagination, their fancy binding that of others; that himself had learned much of their art, and when he had compassed the whole secret, he intended, he said, to leave their company, and give the world an account of what he had learned." 690. 95. Lasher. Originally the turbulent water running through an opening in a weir; then applied to the weir itself, or, as here, to the pool below the weir into which the lasher empties. 129. Christ-Church hall. The dininghall in Christ-Church College, Oxford. 692. 208. Averse, as Dido. Eneas, on his journey through Hades, met the shade of Dido, queen of Carthage, who had slain herself when deserted by him; the shade turned away from Eneas with a gesture of aversion. 245. The Syrtes. The ancient name for the modern Gulfs of Sidra and Cabes, on the northern coast of Africa. 249. Iberians. Iberia was the ancient name for the Spanish peninsula. tician, who held chairs at Johns Hopkins and Oxford Universities. 715. 636. Cambridge. The study of mathematics has long been an important part of the curriculum at Cambridge University. 662. Mr. Darwin's famous proposition. The proposition occurs in Part IV, chapter 21, of The Descent of Man, and is really a summing up of the whole book. 716. 741. A Sandemanian. A member of the religious sect founded in Scotland by Robert Sandeman, about 1725. 718. 952. A school report. Arnold was for many years a government inspector of schools. 719. 1005. Letters will call out, etc. In this sentence Arnold sums up his entire argu ment. HUXLEY IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE 720. This essay was delivered as a lecture in London, January 7, 1866, and is included in Volume I, Methods and Results, of Huxley's collected works. 721. 89. Laud. William Laud (1573-1645), Archbishop of Canterbury. He was the head of the established English Church, and a violent enemy of the anti-Stuart parties, who accomplished his execution in 1645. The Earl of Rochester and Sir Charles Sedley were court wits and poets in the time of Charles II. 722. 187. Principia. Sir Isaac Newton (16421727) published the Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, setting forth his theories about gravitation, in 1689. 208. Inquisitorial cardinals. Galileo (15641642) was persecuted by the Inquisition because of his acceptance of Copernicus's theories concerning the solar system. 214. Vesalius and Harvey. Vesalius was a Belgian anatomist of the 16th century; William Harvey (1578-1657) was English physician who published in 1628 a treatise De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in which he set forth the theory of the circulation of the blood. an 239. Writ in water. Keats suggested as his epitaph: "Here lies one whose name was writ in water." 723. 266. Revenant. Ghost. 309. Boyle, . . . Evelyn. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English chemist; and John Evelyn (1620-1706), the diarist. 726. 653. Count Rumford. Benjamin Thompson (1753-1814), a scientist of international reputation. NEWMAN THE IDEA OF A UNIVERSITY 728. 33. On an occasion like this. The Discourses on University Subjects were delivered in 1852 before the Catholics of Dublin. 731. 361. "The world is all before it." An adaptation of Paradise Lost, xii: 646-7: "The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide." 375. The judgment-stricken king. Pentheus, in Euripides's Bacchæ, in his madness sees two suns. 732. 446. St. Thomas. Thomas Aquinas (1227?-1274), canonized in 1323; one of the greatest of the scholastic philosophers. 733. 524. Pompey's Pillar. A column erected at Alexandria in honor of Diocletian. 734. 627 ff. τετράγωνος. Four square. Nil admirari. To wonder at nothing. Felix qui, etc. Happy is he who has come to know the relationships of things, and has placed beneath his feet all fear, and inexorable fate, and the roar of greedy Acheron. Virgil's Georgics, ii. 490 ff. 735. 704. The learning of a Salmasius or a Burman. Claude Saumaise (1588-1653) Pieter was a French classical scholar. Burmann the Elder (1688-1741) and his nephew Pieter Burmann the younger (1714-1778) were both Dutch scholars. 706. Imperat aut servit. It is either master or servant. 710. Vis consili, etc. Brute force without intelligence falls by its own weight. 712. Tarpeia. A woman of Roman legend, crushed to death by the shields of Sabine warriors, when she asked for what they wore on their arms (bracelets) as a reward for betraying Rome. 738. 1031. Genius loci. Genius of the place. 739. 1153. The exiled prince. See As You Like It, II. i. 16. 1156. The poor boy in the poem. "Crabbe's Tales of the Hall. This poem, let me say, I read on its first publication, above thirty years ago, with extreme delight, and have never lost my love of it; and on taking it up lately, found I was even more touched by it than heretofore." (Newman's note.) APOLOGIA PRO VITA SUA Early editions of the Apologia contained the correspondence between Newman and Charles Kingsley, author of Westward Ho! The correspondence as a whole, and Newman's summary which is here reprinted, had been given to the public by Newman before the Apologia was published; they were omitted from later editions of the Apologia. ROSSETTI THE BLESSED DAMOZEL 740. The pictorial quality of this poem is characteristic of the work of Rossetti, famous as painter as well as poet; his painting of |