liquors. Felanitx is the ancient Canati. Pop. 11,223.

FELCH, Alpheus, American lawyer and politician: b. Limerick, York County, Me., 28 Sept. 1806; d. 1896. He was graduated at Bowdoin College 1827, was admitted to the bar and practised law in Michigan, being elected to the legislature of that State 1836 and appointed bank commissioner 1838-39. He was judge of the Supreme Court 1842-45; governor of Michigan 1846-47; and United States senator 1847-53; he was appointed professor of law in Michigan University in 1879, holding that position till 1883.

FELDER, Cajetan, BARON, Austrian politician: b. Vienna 1814; d. 1894. He was educated at the University of Vienna, where in 1841 he was appointed to the chairs of political history, statistics and international law. From 1868 to 1878 he was burgomaster of Vienna and in 1869 was elected to the upper house. From 1878 to 1884 he was marshal of Lower Austria. He published papers on entomology in 'Reise der Fregatte Novara um die Erde (1864-75), and wrote 'Die Gemeindeverwaltung der Reichshaupt-und Residenzstadt Wien' (2d ed., 1872; 2 additional vols., 1875–78).

FELDKIRCH, felt'kirн, Austria, town in the province of Vorarlberg, 20 miles south of Lake Constance, 1,500 feet above sea-level, on the Ill River. The town is of great military importance because it commands the entrance into the Tyrol from the west through the Arlberg Pass. The town is 24 miles southwest of Bregenz. The principal buildings are the parish church, a Capuchin convent and church, a Jesuit educational institution, known as the "Stella Matutina." There are also cotton spinning and weaving establishments, bell founding and dyeworks. The town has witnessed many armed clashes, notably that of 1799 between the Austrians and the French, when the latter were driven back. The castle of Schattenberg nearby, the ancient seat of the counts of Montfort, is now used as an almshouse. Pop. 5,057.

FELDMANN, Leopold, la'o-pōlt feld'män, German dramatist: b. Munich, Bavaria, 22 May 1802; d. Vienna, 26 March 1882. In 1835 appeared his 'Lays of Hell'; next the comedy The Son on His Travels,' which made a brilliant success at Munich. After five years in travel, chiefly in Greece, as correspondent of the Allgemeine Zeitung, in 1850 he settled in Vienna for life. His comedies were very popular in their day. Among them are 'Free Choice'; 'Sweetheart's Portrait'; 'The Late Countess'; The Comptroller and His Daugh

ter.

FELDSPARS, the most important group of silicate minerals. They are characterized by monoclinic or closely related triclinic crystallization, the frequent occurrence of twin crystals, cleavage in two similar directions inclined at an angle of 90 degrees or nearly 90 degrees, a hardness of about 6, a specific gravity between 2.5 and 2.9, a light color, usually white, pale yellow or green, or flesh-pink, a white streak and a low relief and low order of interference colors as seen in thin sections with the polarizing microscope.

Uses. The chief usefulness of the potash and potash-soda feldspars results from the fact

that within certain limits of temperature they melt without becoming quite fluid and on cooling form a strong colorless or very light colored glass. Because of this quality, feldspar is extensively used in the manufacture of porcelain, serving as a flux to bind together the other constituents, clay and flint. It is also one of the principal ingredients in the glaze for chinaware and tiles. In almost all forms of pottery it is used both in the body and in the glaze; in the former in the proportion of 10 to 30 per cent, in the latter, 35 to 50 per cent. In the manufacture of corundum and emery wheels, feldspar is used as a binder. Small quantities of the purest grade are used in making artificial teeth. It is one of the essential ingredients of opalescent glass. In powdered form it supplies the abrasive in scouring soaps and window cleaners. In crushed form it becomes poultry grit and a surface for the "granitoid" varieties of ready roofing. Many attempts have been made to extract the potash from feldspar for fertilizing purposes, but without success from a commercial point of view. The beautiful play of colors in labradorite has led to its use for table tops and inlaid work. The gem moonstone is a variety of feldspar, usually oligoclase; the sunstone is averturine feldspar. The peculiar radiance of these gems is caused by oriented lamellar inclusions which reflect the light with great intensity.

Production.- The total amount of feldspar sold in the open market in the United States in 1916 was 118,465 long tons, valued at $404,689. There was, besides, a large production which was ground and consumed by the industrial concerns. mining it and of which no report was made. The largest production was recorded for North Carolina - 30,955 tons. In Maine the total marketed was 25,000 tons; and in Maryland, 21,364 tons. The Maryland product brought much the highest price. About 82 per cent of the total output was used in the ceramic industries; about 7 per cent in the manufacture of roofing and for the facing of concrete; and about 3 per cent in the making of glass. The 8 per cent not accounted for is probably that used in experimenting in the endeavor to release the potash from its combination in feldspar, so as to render it available as a fertilizer in the agricultural industry.

Occurrence. The feldspars are the most abundant mineral constituent of the majority of the igneous rocks and are abundant in many metamorphic rocks. They are also present in some sedimentary rocks. The limesoda feldspars are more abundant in the igneous rocks, and the potash feldspars in the metamorphic rocks. In the sedimentary rocks they occur as fragments, especially in the arkose sandstones and graywackes. They occur also in veins, where they were deposited from aqueous solutions. The great pegmatite veins or dikes are believed by some geologists to have been deposited in this way. Feldspars are known also to have been deposited from the gaseous exhalations from volcanic vents.

The feldspars now occupy a most important position from a scientific standpoint, since the present scheme of classification of igneous rocks is chiefly based on the identity of the contained feldspar (see Rocks). Orthoclase is an essential constitutent of granite, syenite and porphyry, while it is also one of the constituents

of gneiss and the other granitoid rocks. Its variety sanidine is the feldspar of trachyte and phonolite. Microcline occurs similarly and is not easily distinguished from orthoclase except by an optical examination, though its two prominent varieties, amazonstone and chesterlite, are quite distinct. Albite is an essential constituent of diorite and is one of the component minerals of many crystalline rocks, occurring associated with orthoclase and microline in much granite and gneiss. Albitic granite is often the matrix of the rarer minerals, and especially of some of the gems. Oligoclase abounds in granite, syenite, gneiss, diorite, trachyte, andesite and diabase, often being associated with orthoclase. Labradorite is an essential constituent of various basic, eruptive rocks, in which it is commonly associated with some member of the pyroxene or amphibole groups, as in norite, gabbro, diabase and basalt. Anorthite occurs in gabbro, basalt and porphyry.

In most rocks the feldspar is in grains too small to be of commercial importance. The feldspar which is commercially valuable is that which occurs as a constituent of the pegmatites. These vary considerably in composition, but fall generally into two groups: (1) the granite pegmatites, being mainly quartz and mica, and (2) the soda pegmatites, which contain no quartz and little or no mica, but are principally soda feldspar (albite), with a little hornblende. Much the larger number of feldspar quarries in the United States are in granite pegmatites; only a few in southeastern Pennsylvania and adjacent parts of Maryland are in soda pegmatites. In size, the pegmatite masses vary from bands a few inches wide to deposits half a mile across and traceable for long distances. In form the masses are quite irregular, but more or less lens-shaped, intrusions along the planes of easiest rupture in the enclosing rocks.

In the granite pegmatites are found in addition to the feldspar an abundance of quartz, white mica, black mica and black tourmaline and smaller quantities of garnet, magnetite and beryl. If the feldspar is required for use in the manufacture of pottery, quartz up to a proportion of 20 per cent and some white mica are not objectionable. The colored minerals, however, are to be avoided. A quartz content of more than 20 per cent may be overcome by adding pure feldspar until the mixture comes down to that percentage. Some potteries demand feldspar in which the quartz content is not more than 5 per cent. The quarries are nearly all worked in open pits, some of which are of mammoth size, one in Glastonbury, Conn., having yielded over 200,000 tons, and another at Elam, Pa., over 100,000 tons. In a few instances short tunnels are used. The output is hand picked to remove the larger masses of mica and quartz and the colored minerals. This discarded material is used in making roofing. Feldspar is ground before marketing, sometimes being roasted in kilns before grinding, but the larger part is ground as it comes from the quarry. For use in the potteries, 99.3 to 99.8 per cent passes through a 100-mesh screen and 96.7 to 98.2 per cent through a 200-mesh screen.

The potash and potash-soda feldspars mined in the United States are mostly pale fleshcolored to nearly white. Soda feldspars are

pure white or light gray and pale green. When ground, commercial feldspars are either white or very pale pinkish or salmon in hue.

Alteration. The feldspars are often altered into other silicates such as talc, chlorite, or the zeolites, but much the most common change is the production of kaolin (see CLAY). Infiltrating waters containing carbon dioxide dissolve out the alkaline ingredients of the spar, which, entering into new combinations, form various secondary minerals, while the aluminum silicate becomes hydrated and forms kaolin. If the waters contain magnesium salts the feldspar may be altered to talc.

Forms.- Feldspars occur in massive, granular, lamellar, cleavable and compact forms, but crystals are very common. The monoclinic feldspars include orthoclase, or common feldspar, and the very rare barium feldspar, hyalophane. Triclinic feldspars include microcline, anorthoclase, and plagioclase or the feldspars of the albite-anorthite series, embracing albite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite and anorthite, (that is, the soda-lime series). Descriptions of these minerals appear as separate topics. The feldspar group presents a striking illustration of the approximation in angle to forms of higher symmetry coincident with a wide difference in habit. In orthoclase, for example, the common planes n, y approximate very closely to the cube; q, to the octahedron; m, b, c, o to the dodecahedron, and , to the trapezohedron. Feldspar crystals usually appear prismatic and are often tabular parallel to the clinopinacoid, b. Twins of most remarkable variety abound, the commonest of which are after the Carlsbad, Baveno, albite and pericline laws (see CRYSTALLOGRAPHY). Polysynthetic twining is almost universal in the plagioclase feldspars, and, while best observed in thin sections with the polarizing microscope, it is often detected in large masses by the fine striations which so beautifully mark some of the cleavage faces of labradorite, oligoclase or albite.

Optical Characters.- Orthoclase is optically negative, with the axial plane usually at right angles to the clinopinacoid, b; but sometimes it is parallel to b and always becomes so when the temperature is increased to 600° to 1,000° C., this change also being produced by pressure. Microcline is also optically negative and the axial plane is nearly perpendicular to the b-pinacoid. Among the plagioclase feldspars the position of the axial plane changes with the composition, there being a regular progression in its position in passing from albite to anorthite. Albite is optically positive, anorthite is negative, while in some andesine, lying midway between them, the axial angle is practically 90 degrees. Microcline is distinguished from all other feldspars by the characteristic "gridiron structure which is exhibited by thin basal sections when viewed under the microscope in polarized light. This is due to polysynthetic twining according to the albite and pericline laws. The plagioclase feldspars may usually be recognized in thin sections, between crossed nicols, by their characteristic polysynthetic twining, which manifests itself by parallel bands alternately dark and light.

Composition. Common feldspars are crystalline compounds of silica, alumina, and one or more of the bases, potash, soda, and lime, and rarely baryta. There are two principal

classes: (1) the potash, and potash-soda feldspars, and (2) the soda, soda-lime and lime feldspars.

Pure potash feldspars are orthoclase and microcline: they are alike in chemical composition and in physical properties, and for commercial purposes are practically identical. Their theoretical composition is: silica, 64.7 per cent; alumina, 18.4 per cent; and potash, 16.9 per cent. Potash feldspar usually contains some soda in place of the full theoretical complement of potash. If the soda content is greater than the potash content, the feldspar is called anorthoclase.

The theoretical composition of pure soda feldspar (albite) is: silica, 68.7 per cent; alumina, 19.5 per cent; soda, 11.8 per cent. Soda feldspars of the soda-lime group generally contain lime replacing a part of the normal soda content, or through the intermixture of lime feldspar.

Two or more of the various feldspars may be present in the same deposit, or even in the same crystal. None of the lime feldspars have a commercial value. The feldspar mined in the United States is of the potash or soda varieties, or a mixture of the two. Commonly, the potash variety predominates. The average potash content is 13 per cent, but taking the run of the mine, the yield of potash is not more than 10 per cent.

Orthoclase, or potash feldspar, is a potassium-aluminum polysilicate, K Al SiaOs. This compound is dimorphous, microcline, having an identical composition. Sodium often in part replaces the potassium, making soda-orthoclase or soda-microcline. When the sodium largely predominates the mineral passes into anorthoclase (Na,K) Al SiOs; when it replaces all the potassium, the mineral is albite, Na Al SiaOs. Anorthite is a calcium-aluminum polysilicate, Ca AlSi2O. Between it and albite lie various triclinic feldspars, which are regarded as isomorphous mixtures of albite and anorthite.

Bibliography.- Bayley, W. S., Minerals and Rocks (New York 1915); Dana, J. D., Manual of Mineralogy) (New York 1912); Iddings, J. P., 'Rock Minerals' (New York 1911); Phillips, A. H., Mineralogy) (New York 1912); Rogers, A. F., 'Introduction to the Study of Minerals' (New York 1912); United States Geological Survey Bulletin 420 (Washington 1910); United States Mines Bureau 'Bulletin 53 (Washington 1913).

FELEGYHÁZA, fa'ledy-hä-zo, or KISKUN-FE, kish'koon'fě, Hungary, town about 65 miles southeast of Budapest. Agriculture and grazing are the principal occupations of the people of the surrounding country and the trade in cattle, dairy and agricultural products. Pop. 34,924.

is

FELIBIEN, fā'lē'byăn, André, French architect and historiographer: b. Chartres, May 1619; d. Paris, 11 June 1695. He was educated at Chartres and at Paris and in 1647 went to Rome as secretary of embassy to the Marquis de Marueil. In Rome he diligently studied the ancient monuments and the treasures in the libraries. On his return to Paris his ability was recognized by Fouquet and Colbert and in 1663 he was one of the first members of the Academy of Inscriptions. In 1666 he was appointed historiographer to the king and in 1671 became

secretary of the new Academy of Architecture. Two years later he was named custodian of the cabinet of antiques in the palace of Brion. Subsequently he was made deputy controller-general of roads and bridges. He published several important works including 'Entretiens sur les vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excellents peintres anciens et modernes (5 vols., 1666-88; reprinted with additions, Amsterdam 1706; Trévoux 1725); 'Origine de la peinture) (1660); 'Principes de l'architecture, de la sculpture, de la peinture, etc.' (1676-90), and descriptions of Versailles, La Trappe and of the pictures and statues of the royal palaces. He was a man of great probity and sought to conform his life to the motto he had chosen Bene facere et vera dicere.

FÉLIBRES, fä'lē'br, Les, members of the Félibrige Society. See FÉLIBRIGE.

FÉLIBRIGE, fa'le'brezh', a local association of writers of the south of France founded at the Chateau de Font-Ségugne, 21 May 1854 for the purpose of promoting the literary and regional use of the langue d'oc and developing the peculiar life of this ancient tongue. The first article of the constitution of the society, as reformed in 1876, shows the spirit and aims of the organization to be "to bring together and to inspire with a common interest and object all those who, by their writings, help to maintain the language of the land of Oc, and likewise scholars and artists studying and working in the interest of this land." The society was an attempt, on the part of a few, to revive the regional aspirations of the south, once so pronounced, but already to all appearances long dead. Naturally the promoters of the movements, carried away by their enthusiasm and their localism, placed an exaggerated value upon their work. This exaggeration and localism were well fitted to attract attention and to give the movement the proper advertising. According to the prophets of langue d'oc nationalism from a literary and linguistic-artistic point of view this ancient tongue of southern France had ever been and was still "the incarnation of love of country, of independence and of manly feelings and thoughts, the representation of the dignity of a race and the honor of a people." "Let us throw aside all parties of a political nature and work for the upbuilding of our own southern land; for its literary artistic regeneration and for the intensification of our own local life" was the peculiar appeal of the members of the Félibrige. It came at a time when the people of the ancient Provençal tongues, not only in France but in Spain, had already begun to feel the movement of modern life, when the reviving influence of popular education had begun to penetrate, or rather, to percolate into the south. The appeal made throughout a distracted and divided Spain for a united national sentiment which should place the interests of the country before every other interest had met with an apathetic reception throughout Catalonia and all the Spanish Provençal districts; and across the border in France the same phenomenon was observable. The people of the langue d'oc, largely cut off from the people of the centre and north of France on account of their long-preserved localism and the strong provincialism of their various Provençal dia

lects, continued to live very much to themselves and to maintain an attitude of passivism toward the patriotic campaign of the leaders of thought of the rest of the country. But as soon as the organizers of the Catalán movement began to be active in Spain and the félibres to preach their doctrine in southern France, the whole Provençal land began to take an interest in those voices speaking to inhabitants in their own tongue and voicing their most extreme regionalism and their indifference to the somewhat theatrical appeals of the general movement for closer national unity and an exhibition of intenser patriotism and pride in the glorious achievements of France. A common sentiment bound together the Cataláns and the people of the langue d'oc; and the one encouraged the other in their local aspirations. Soon both began to protest against abuses to which they were subjected on the part of the central government in each case. At this critical moment the Félibrige movement turned the people of southern France to the glorious past of their Provençal ancestors and the writers and poets began to chant the prowess of the mighty men of the langue d'oc; while across the border the Cataláns were doing the same thing for the people of Catalonia and the other heirs of the Spanish Provençal tongue.

The Félibrige movement stood for the "racial development of the people of southern France free of all influence directly asserted from Paris." It consequently protested against the acceptance of an interpretation of patriotism whose accomplishment would mean the disappearance of the langue d'oc and the blending of the peoples of the north, centre and south of France into one homogeneous mass of a uniform consistency, made of the same thought and stamp of education. "Let us have liberty to develop in our own way," was the cry from the leaders of the south of France and the east of Spain alike; and this cry was but the expression of a feeling that had long been deep down in the hearts of the Provençal people.

In 1539 Francis I, by royal edict, prohibited the use of the langue d'oc in all public documents. After this date Provençal rapidly degenerated into a dialect and as such became more or less despised by the rest of France who began to look upon it as a sort of jargon. Yet numerous writers continued, from century to century, to use the old southern tongue as the vehicle for their expression. Thus the langue d'oc was, in a literary sense, more alive than its sister tongue, Catalán, from the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 19th century, and the people as a whole were more ready for a langue d'oc revival than were the Cataláns for a revival of their Provençal tongue. Notable dialect poets of the first half of the 19th century prepared the way for the Félibrige movement, among them being Fabre d'Olivet (1767-1825), the Marquis of Lafare-Alais (1791-1846), Pierre Bellot (1783-1855), Jacques Jasmine (1798-1864), Trasconais Desanat (17961873). These appealed to a continually increasing circle of readers and admirers; and readers and writers reacting upon one another increased the sectional feeling, which had begun to assert itself in 1823 on the publication of a collected edition of "troubaire" verses by 10 langue d'oc poets headed by the two Achard brothers. In 1839 the Archæological Society of

Béziers offered prizes for the best compositions of a literary nature in langue d'oc. Bellot and Desanat, about the same time, began the publication of a journal in the southern tongue. This was really the beginning of the Félibrige movement, for it gave the local writers an organ through which they might make themselves heard and work together for the recognition of the tongue d'oc.

In 1852 a congress of "Provençal Trobadours" was held at Arles, under the presidency of Joseph Roumanille, a very popular young langue d'oc poet who had just published 'Li Provençalo, a collection of poems by living langue d'oc poets. This work was warmly welcomed by the local press. The following year another successful congress was held at Aix; and this was followed by the publication of a second volume of poems by living langue d'oc poets, which was even more popular than the first. On 21 May 1854 seven Provençal poets, among them Roumanille, in a meeting held at the castle of Font-Ségugne, resolved themselves into the Society of the Félibres for the express purpose of re-establishing the "national tongue" of southern France. The other members of the society, all of whom subsequently became well known in the literary world of the langue d'oc, were Paul Giera, Jean Brunet, Alphonse Tavan, Anselm Mathieu, Théordore Aubanel and Frédéric Mistral. They at once began the publication of an "almanac," printed in the popular tongue, and filled with short stories, verses, sketches and witty sayings. It was welcomed not only in the south but throughout all France and in Provençal Spain. Its popularity grew and its influence extended with every yearly issue. This was quite natural for it was in a class and a field by itself and the brightest and wittiest intellects of the langue d'oc country were interested in making it the best they could; for the "Almanac" soon gathered to itself a harvest of young writers, some of whom were destined to become of almost as great influence as the founders of the society. The new movement rapidly measured the depths of the langue d'oc whose capacity for the expression of the range of human activity and thought soon manifested itself.

His

Félibrige Writers.-The most talented, active and popular of the Félibrige writers was Frédéric Mistral who, at the age of 25, published his 'Mirèdio' (1859), a long narrative poem of considerable merit, which became immensely popular throughout all France. popularity helped him in the battle for the cause of langue d'oc literature which he had so much at heart. In 1867 enthusiastic "Floral Games" were held at Avignon; and at these the guest of the occasion was Victor Balaguer, the most popular of the Catalán poets. The force of the Félibrige movement increased and, in 1876, a more extended organization of the Félibrige Society took place at Avignon to cover the four maintenances, Languedoc, Aquitaine, Provence and Catalonia (Spanish). At the head of the consistory of 50 members, who form the governing body of the association, is the capoulié, the first of whom was Mistral, who held the office from 1876 to 1884 when he was succeeded by Roumanille (1884-91). Then followed Felix Gras (1891-1901) and Pierre Devoluy (1901-), all of whom were literary men of talent. Mistral, the most influential of

them all, did more than any other langue d'oc writer to expurge from the southern tongue foreign words that did not seem to him to have conformed to the genius of the native language. Gras enjoys the reputation of being the best prose writer and historical romancer of the Provençal country. He has also written several long poems. Roumanille had the true poetic touch and his poems, of which several collections have been published, are popular throughout France and Catalonia. Aubanel, too, has had considerable influence upon the younger generation of langue d'oc poets. He has also written good plays, the best of which, 'Lou pan dou pecat' had a success in French dress. Much of the most characteristic of the work of the Félibres has been translated into French and considerable of it into Spanish; and thus has increased the intensity of the Félibriges movement. Yet with all this apparent success, which seems to be to some extent at least artificial, the Félibrige movement is scarcely likely to make of Provençal anything more than the dialect that it is. The attempt to have it replace French in the south of France and to "break the shackles of French influence and oppression" as Mistral has expressed it, would be unfortunate were it to succeed, for Provence is no longer an independent race, whatever her poets may say to the contrary. Yet the Félibrige movement is still strong and scores of papers, magazines and reviews are published in Provençal. See CATALÁN; CATALONIA; CATALÁN LITERATURE; FRENCH LANGUAGE.

Bibliography.- Brousse, J. R. de, 'L'antologie du Félibrige' (Paris 1909); Donnadieu, Les Précurseurs des Félibres' (Paris 1887); Headlam, C., Provence and Languedoc' (London 1912); Jourdanne, G., History of the Félibrige Movement'; Koschwitz, Grammaire Historique de la langue des Félibres) (Griefswald 1894); Ueber die provenzalischen Feliber' (Berlin 1894); Noulet, 'Histoire littéraire des patois du Midi de France (Toulouse 1872); Mistral, Tesor dou Félibrige) (Aix 1879–86); Oddo, La Provence, usages, coutumes, etc.) (Paris 1902); Roque-Ferrier, 'Etude méridionales) (Paris 1892); Taillandier, 'Etudes Littéraires (Paris 1881).

JOHN HUBERT CORNYN, Editorial Staff of The Americana. FELICISSIMUS. The author of a church schism in Carthage in the 3d century. At this time Cyprian was newly elected bishop of Carthage. Felicissimus was appointed deacon by Novatus without consulting Cyprian, who declared that his prerogatives had been encroached upon. At the time of the Decian persecution Cyprian was absent from Carthage for some time. Some presbyters on their own authority began to readmit the lapsi to the communion. Before his return Cyprian interfered and sent a commission to investigate. Felicissimus denounced him for this as encroaching upon his rights as a deacon, and his church became the centre of the lapsi wishing to have their cases decided quickly. When Cyprian returned in 251, a synod met and excluded Felicissimus from the Church and five presbyters who were his adherents. This did not silence him, but brought him other followers including several African bishops. Fortunatus, one of the five presbyters,

was elected bishop of Carthage. Felicissimus was sent to Rome to win over Cornelius the bishop to their side but was not successful. Not long after, the schism seems to have ceased to exist.

FELICUDI, fā-lē-coo'dē (ancient PHŒNICUSA), one of the Lipari Isles, off the north coast of Sicily, 10 miles west of Salina. It is about nine miles in circumference, has rugged cliffs of basalt, and three lofty summits, evidently produced by an extinct volcano. The soil is both fertile and well cultivated. Pop. 800.

FELIDÆ, fe'li-de, the cat family, which contains the most highly developed of the order Carnivora. The characters of the family are the possession of a slender, extremely flexible body of great muscular power; the limbs fivetoed, the thumb of the anterior limbs not reaching the ground; the skull relatively short, the facial portion much shortened, very broad, and giving, by its capacious zygomatic arches, a rounder outline, and abundant space for the powerful muscles which move the lower jaw. The incisors are three in number on each side, above and below; the powerful canines are trenchant on both edges, and are sometimes grooved; the premolars are three above and two below, the molars one above and below — in all, 30 teeth. The premolars are laterally compressed, the third upper tooth, the carnassial, or sectorial premolar, having only a minute inner tubercle. All are digitigrade. The divisions as given by Carus are: Sub-genus 1. Felis. Claws retractile; limbs low; tail as long as the body. A. Old World forms. (a) Lions (F. leo). Color uniform; a mane; Africa and western Asia. (b) Tigers (F. tigris). No name; body striped; whole of Asia, from the Altai and Amur to Java and the Cauccasus. (c) Leopards (F. pardus). Large species, with spots or rings, and round pupils; Africa and South Asia. (d) Serval (F. serval). Small spotted species; South Africa. (e) Cats (F. catus). Small, not spotted, sometimes striped; pupils elliptic vertical. B. New World forms. (a) Leonine. Color uniform, no mane. Puma (F. concolor). (b) Leopard-like. Jaguar (F. onca). Sub-genus 2. Cynailurus. Claws not quite retractile. Hair on neck and between shoulders, long, manelike. Cheetah (F. jubata); Africa and South Asia. Sub-genus 3. Lynx. With ear-tufts and short tails. A. Old World forms. Caracal (F. caracal) and chaus; South Asia and Africa. B. New World forms. Canadian lynx (F. canadensis); Red cat (F. fasciata); Bay lynx (F. rufus)—all in North America. The family was represented in Tertiary times by the cave-tiger (F. spelea); an American species (F. protopanther); and an Indian (F. cristata). Machairodus, within its enormous sabre-like upper canine, ranged from Miocene to Pleistocene times in Europe.

In addition to this formidable apparatus of cutting-teeth, the tongue is covered with small recurved prickles by which they can clean from the bones of their prey every particle of flesh.

There are no quadrupeds in which the muscles of the jaws and limbs are more fully developed. The skeleton presents a light but wellbuilt mechanism; the bones, though slender, are extremely compact; the trunk, having to contain the simple digestive apparatus requisite for